Stock and Stock-Based Incentive Plans | Stock and Stock-Based Incentive Plans (A) Share Repurchase Program As of May 31, 2019 , a total of $2 billion of board authorizations for repurchases of our common stock was outstanding, with no expiration date, of which $1.91 billion remained available for repurchase. Common Stock Repurchases Three Months Ended May 31 2019 2018 Number of shares repurchased (in thousands) 2,953.1 3,307.6 Average cost per share $ 69.35 $ 62.69 Available for repurchase, as of end of period (in millions) $ 1,909.1 $ 809.5 (B) Stock Incentive Plans We maintain long-term incentive plans for management, certain employees and the nonemployee members of our board of directors. The plans allow for the granting of equity-based compensation awards, including nonqualified stock options, incentive stock options, stock appreciation rights, restricted stock awards, stock- and cash-settled restricted stock units, stock grants or a combination of awards. To date, we have no t awarded any incentive stock options. The majority of associates who receive share-based compensation awards primarily receive cash-settled restricted stock units. Senior management and other key associates receive awards of nonqualified stock options, stock-settled restricted stock units and/or restricted stock awards. Nonemployee directors receive awards of nonqualified stock options, stock grants, stock-settled restricted stock units and/or restricted stock awards. Excluding stock grants, all share-based compensation awards, including any associated dividend rights, are subject to forfeiture. Nonqualified Stock Options. Nonqualified stock options are awards that allow the recipient to purchase shares of our common stock at a fixed price. Stock options are granted at an exercise price equal to the fair market value of our common stock on the grant date. The stock options generally vest annually in equal amounts over 4 years . These options expire 7 years after the date of the grant. Cash-Settled Restricted Stock Units. Also referred to as restricted stock units, or RSUs, these are awards that entitle the holder to a cash payment equal to the fair market value of a share of our common stock for each unit granted. Conversion generally occurs at the end of a three -year vesting period. However, the cash payment per RSU will not be greater than 200% or less than 75% of the fair market value of a share of our common stock on the grant date. The initial grant date fair values are based on the volume-weighted average prices of our common stock on the grant dates. RSUs are liability awards and do not have voting rights. Stock-Settled Market Stock Units. Also referred to as market stock units, or MSUs, these are restricted stock unit awards with market conditions granted to eligible key associates that are converted into between zero and two shares of common stock for each unit granted. Conversion generally occurs at the end of a three-year vesting period. The conversion ratio is calculated by dividing the average closing price of our stock during the final 40 trading days of the three -year vesting period by our stock price on the grant date, with the resulting quotient capped at two . This quotient is then multiplied by the number of MSUs granted to yield the number of shares awarded. The grant date fair values are determined using a Monte-Carlo simulation and are based on the expected market price of our common stock on the vesting date and the expected number of converted common shares. MSUs do not have voting rights. Other Share-Based Incentives Stock-Settled Performance Stock Units . Also referred to as performance stock units, or PSUs, these are restricted stock unit awards with performance conditions granted to eligible key associates that are converted into between zero and two shares of common stock for each unit granted. Conversion generally occurs at the end of a three -year vesting period. For the fiscal 2018 grants, the conversion ratio is based on the company reaching certain target levels set by the board of directors for cumulative three-year pretax diluted earnings per share at the end of the three-year period, with the resulting quotient subject to meeting a minimum 25% threshold and capped at 200% . For the fiscal 2020 grants, the conversion ratio is based on the company reaching certain target levels set by the board of directors for annual pretax diluted earnings per share excluding any unrealized gains or losses on equity investments in private companies at the end of the each one-year period for one-third of the granted units, with the resulting quotients subject to meeting a minimum 25% threshold and capped at 200% . These quotients are then multiplied by the number of PSUs granted to yield the number of shares awarded. The grant date fair values are based on the volume-weighted average prices of our common stock on the grant dates. PSUs do not have voting rights. As of May 31, 2019 , 128,487 units were outstanding at a weighted average grant date fair value per share of $68.32 . Stock-Settled Deferred Stock Units . Also referred to as deferred stock units, or DSUs, these are restricted stock unit awards granted to non-employee members of our board of directors that are converted into one share of common stock for each unit granted. Conversion occurs at the end of the one -year vesting period unless the director has exercised the option to defer conversion until separation of service to the company. The grant date fair values are based on the volume-weighted average prices of our common stock on the grant dates. DSUs have no voting rights. As of May 31, 2019 , 24,712 units were outstanding at a grant date fair value of $72.58 . Restricted Stock Awards . Restricted stock awards, or RSAs, are awards of our common stock that are subject to specified restrictions that generally lapse after a one - to three -year period from the date of the grant. The grant date fair values are based on the volume-weighted average prices of our common stock on the grant dates. Participants holding restricted stock are entitled to vote on matters submitted to holders of our common stock for a vote. As of May 31, 2019 , there were no units outstanding. (C) Share-Based Compensation Composition of Share-Based Compensation Expense Three Months Ended May 31 (In thousands) 2019 2018 Cost of sales $ 2,825 $ 1,291 CarMax Auto Finance income 1,805 1,197 Selling, general and administrative expenses 40,893 26,977 Share-based compensation expense, before income taxes $ 45,523 $ 29,465 Composition of Share-Based Compensation Expense – By Grant Type Three Months Ended May 31 (In thousands) 2019 2018 Nonqualified stock options $ 11,842 $ 11,115 Cash-settled restricted stock units (RSUs) 26,113 12,354 Stock-settled market stock units (MSUs) 4,409 4,636 Other share-based incentives: Stock-settled performance stock units (PSUs) 2,209 406 Restricted stock (RSAs) — 487 Stock-settled deferred stock units (DSUs) 452 — Employee stock purchase plan 498 467 Total other share-based incentives $ 3,159 $ 1,360 Share-based compensation expense, before income taxes $ 45,523 $ 29,465 Unrecognized Share-Based Compensation Expense – By Grant Type As of May 31, 2019 Weighted Average Unrecognized Remaining Compensation Recognition Life (Costs in millions) Costs (Years) Nonqualified stock options $ 59.0 2.8 Stock-settled market stock units 21.4 1.9 Other share-based incentives: Stock-settled performance stock units 2.4 0.1 Stock-settled deferred stock units 0.2 1.9 Total other share-based incentives 2.6 1.6 Total $ 83.0 2.5 We recognize compensation expense for stock options, MSUs, PSUs, DSUs and RSAs on a straight-line basis (net of estimated forfeitures) over the requisite service period, which is generally the vesting period of the award. The PSU expense is adjusted for any change in management’s assessment of the performance target level that is probable of being achieved. The variable expense associated with RSUs is recognized over their vesting period (net of estimated forfeitures) and is calculated based on the volume-weighted average price of our common stock on the last trading day of each reporting period. The total costs for matching contributions for our employee stock purchase plan are included in share-based compensation expense. There were no capitalized share-based compensation costs as of or for the three months ended May 31, 2019 or 2018 . Stock Option Activity Weighted Weighted Average Average Remaining Aggregate Number of Exercise Contractual Intrinsic (Shares and intrinsic value in thousands) Shares Price Life (Years) Value Outstanding as of February 28, 2019 7,869 $ 57.96 Options granted 1,575 78.61 Options exercised (727 ) 45.76 Options forfeited or expired — — Outstanding as of May 31, 2019 8,717 $ 62.71 4.7 $ 136,236 Exercisable as of May 31, 2019 4,488 $ 58.98 3.7 $ 86,617 Stock Option Information Three Months Ended May 31 2019 2018 Options granted 1,574,735 1,720,387 Weighted average grant date fair value per share $ 22.08 $ 18.71 Cash received from options exercised (in millions) $ 33.3 $ 9.1 Intrinsic value of options exercised (in millions) $ 19.4 $ 4.2 Realized tax benefits (in millions) $ 5.3 $ 1.2 For stock options, the fair value of each award is estimated as of the date of grant using a binomial valuation model. In computing the value of the option, the binomial model considers characteristics of fair-value option pricing that are not available for consideration under a closed-form valuation model (for example, the Black-Scholes model), such as the contractual term of the option, the probability that the option will be exercised prior to the end of its contractual life and the probability of termination or retirement of the option holder. For this reason, we believe that the binomial model provides a fair value that is more representative of actual experience and future expected experience than the value calculated using a closed-form model. Estimates of fair value are not intended to predict actual future events or the value ultimately realized by the recipients of share-based awards. Assumptions Used to Estimate Option Values Three Months Ended May 31 2019 2018 Dividend yield 0.0 % 0.0 % Expected volatility factor (1) 27.3 % - 29.5 % 29.0 % - 31.4 % Weighted average expected volatility 29.3 % 29.1 % Risk-free interest rate (2) 2.3 % - 2.4 % 1.7 % - 2.9 % Expected term (in years) (3) 4.6 4.6 (1) Measured using historical daily price changes of our stock for a period corresponding to the term of the options and the implied volatility derived from the market prices of traded options on our stock. (2) Based on the U.S. Treasury yield curve at the time of grant. (3) Represents the estimated number of years that options will be outstanding prior to exercise. Cash-Settled Restricted Stock Unit Activity Weighted Average Number of Grant Date (Units in thousands) Units Fair Value Outstanding as of February 28, 2019 1,609 $ 58.00 Stock units granted 563 $ 78.61 Stock units vested and converted (491 ) $ 51.66 Stock units cancelled (31 ) $ 61.05 Outstanding as of May 31, 2019 1,650 $ 66.86 Cash-Settled Restricted Stock Unit Information Three Months Ended May 31 2019 2018 Stock units granted 562,586 628,547 Initial weighted average grant date fair value per share $ 78.61 $ 63.04 Payments (before payroll tax withholdings) upon vesting (in millions) $ 36.5 $ 20.0 Realized tax benefits (in millions) $ 10.0 $ 5.6 Expected Cash Settlement Range Upon Restricted Stock Unit Vesting As of May 31, 2019 (In thousands) Minimum (1) Maximum (1) Fiscal 2021 $ 26,783 $ 71,420 Fiscal 2022 21,645 57,721 Fiscal 2023 23,835 63,561 Total expected cash settlements $ 72,263 $ 192,702 (1) Net of estimated forfeitures. Stock-Settled Market Stock Unit Activity Weighted Average Number of Grant Date (Units in thousands) Units Fair Value Outstanding as of February 28, 2019 509 $ 74.36 Stock units granted 128 $ 98.43 Stock units vested and converted (148 ) $ 63.97 Stock units cancelled — $ — Outstanding as of May 31, 2019 489 $ 83.83 Stock-Settled Market Stock Unit Information Three Months Ended May 31 2019 2018 Stock units granted 128,376 202,043 Weighted average grant date fair value per share $ 98.43 $ 81.86 Realized tax benefits (in millions) $ 3.8 $ 1.4 |