Summary of Significant Accounting Policies | 2. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies Use of Estimates The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts reported in the financial statements and accompanying notes. Actual results could differ materially from those estimates. Restricted Cash Restricted cash consists of a certificate of deposit held by our bank as collateral for a standby letter of credit in the same notional amount by our landlord to secure our obligations under our corporate office and laboratory facility lease that we entered into in December 2016. We are required to maintain this restricted cash balance for the duration of this lease, the amount of which is subject to reduction starting on January 1, 2023, if certain conditions are met. Fair Value of Financial Instruments We determine the fair value of financial and nonfinancial assets and liabilities using the fair value hierarchy, which describes three levels of inputs that may be used to measure fair value, as follows: Level 1 —Quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities; Level 2 —Observable inputs other than Level 1 prices such as quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities, quoted prices for identical or similar assets or liabilities in markets that are not active, or other inputs that are observable or can be corroborated by observable market data for substantially the full term of the assets or liabilities; and Level 3 —Unobservable inputs that are supported by little or no market activity and that are significant to the fair value of the assets or liabilities. We determine the fair value of Level 1 assets using quoted prices in active markets for identical assets. We review trading activity and pricing for Level 2 investments as of each measurement date. Level 2 inputs, which are obtained from various third-party data providers, represent quoted prices for similar assets in active markets and were derived from observable market data, or, if not directly observable, were derived from or corroborated by other observable market data. There were no transfers between Level 1 and Level 2 securities in the periods presented. In certain cases where there is limited activity or less transparency around inputs to valuation, we classify securities as Level 3 within the valuation hierarchy. We do not have any assets or liabilities measured using Level 3 inputs as of March 31, 2018. The following table summarizes our financial instruments that were measured at fair value on a recurring basis by level of input within the fair value hierarchy defined above (in thousands): March 31, 2018 Basis of Fair Value Measurements Total Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Assets Money market funds $ 19,119 $ 19,119 $ — $ — U.S. Treasury securities 309,415 309,415 — — Corporate bonds 15,183 — 15,183 — Commercial paper 31,523 — 31,523 — Certificate of deposit 1,543 — 1,543 — Total $ 376,783 $ 328,534 $ 48,249 $ — December 31, 2017 Basis of Fair Value Measurements Total Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Assets Money market funds $ 31,802 $ 31,802 $ — $ — U.S. Treasury securities 232,900 232,900 — — Certificate of deposit 1,543 — 1,543 — Total $ 266,245 $ 264,702 $ 1,543 $ — Revenue Recognition Effective January 1, 2018, we adopted ASU 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606) , or Topic 606, The terms of our collaborative research and development agreements include up-front and license fees, research funding, milestone and other contingent payments to us for the achievement of defined collaboration objectives and certain preclinical, clinical, regulatory and sales-based events, as well as royalties on sales of commercialized products. Arrangements that include up-front payments are recorded as deferred revenue upon receipt or when due and may require deferral of revenue recognition to a future period until we perform obligations under these arrangements. We record research funding payable to us as accounts receivable when our right to consideration is unconditional. The event-based milestone payments represent variable consideration, and we use the most likely amount method to estimate this variable consideration. Given the high degree of uncertainty around achievement of these milestones, we determine the milestone amounts to be fully constrained and do not recognize revenue until the uncertainty associated with these payments is resolved. We will recognize revenue from sales-based royalty payments when or as the sales occur. We will re-evaluate the transaction price in each reporting period as uncertain events are resolved and other changes in circumstances occur. A performance obligation is a promise in a contract to transfer a distinct good or service to our collaborative partners and is the unit of account in Topic 606. A contract’s transaction price is allocated to each distinct performance obligation based on relative standalone selling price and recognized as revenue when, or as, the performance obligation is satisfied. Under Topic 606, we elected to use the practical expedients permitted related to adoption, which do not require us to disclose certain information regarding our remaining performance obligations as of the end of the reporting period. Topic 606 is applicable for revenue recognized in accordance with the p Net Loss Per Share of Common Stock We compute basic net loss per common share by dividing net loss attributable to common stockholders by the weighted-average number of shares of common stock outstanding during the period. We excluded the following securities from the calculation of diluted net loss per share as the effect would have been antidilutive (in thousands): Three Months Ended March 31, 2018 2017 Options to purchase common stock 4,032 3,711 Restricted stock awards (RSAs) 829 1,047 4,861 4,758 Accounting Pronouncements Adopted in 2018 In May 2014, the Financial Accounting Standards Board, or FASB, issued Topic 606, which supersedes nearly all existing revenue recognition guidance under GAAP. The FASB subsequently issued amendments to Topic 606 that have the same effective date and transition date. The core principle of Topic 606 is to recognize revenues when promised goods or services are transferred to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration that is expected to be received for those goods or services. Topic 606 defines a five-step process to achieve this core principle and, in doing so, it is possible more judgment and estimates may be required within the revenue recognition process than are required under existing GAAP, including identifying performance obligations in a contract, estimating the amount of variable consideration to include in the transaction price and allocating the transaction price to each separate performance obligation. We adopted this new guidance, effective January 1, 2018, using the modified retrospective transition method, in which the standard is applied as of the date of initial adoption. We recorded the cumulative effect of initially applying the standard as an adjustment to the opening balance of retained earnings. The adoption of the new revenue recognition guidance resulted in a decrease of $1.4 million to deferred revenue and an increase of $1.4 million to retained earnings as of January 1, 2018. We determined that the classification between deferred revenue, current portion, and deferred revenue, long-term portion, will change from the adoption of Topic 606. We concluded that we will classify deferred revenue for all licensing and collaboration arrangements as deferred revenue, long-term and reclassified to deferred revenue, current when the remaining term of the estimated performance period is one year or less. Our adoption of Topic 606 on January 1, 2018 affected the following financial statement line items: Condensed Statements of Operations Three Months ended March 31, 2018 (in thousands, except per share data) Under Topic 606 Under Topic 605 Effect of change Collaboration and license revenue $ 32,486 $ 33,693 $ (1,207 ) Operating expenses 54,030 54,030 — Operating loss $ (21,544 ) $ (20,337 ) $ (1,207 ) Net loss $ (20,390 ) $ (19,183 ) $ (1,207 ) Net loss per share applicable to common stockholders - basic and diluted $ (0.63 ) $ (0.59 ) $ (0.04 ) Condensed Balance Sheets As of March 31, 2018 (in thousands) Under Topic 606 Under Topic 605 Effect of change Receivable from collaborative partner $ 4,269 $ 4,269 $ — Deferred revenue, current portion 4,443 11,773 (7,330 ) Deferred revenue, long-term portion 14,816 7,652 7,164 Accumulated deficit (174,623 ) (174,789 ) 166 Condensed Statements of Cash Flows Three Months ended March 31, 2018 (in thousands) Under Topic 606 Under Topic 605 Effect of change Net loss $ (20,390 ) $ (19,183 ) $ (1,207 ) Decrease in deferred revenue in connection with Topic 606 adoption 1,373 — 1,373 Changes in operating assets and liabilities Receivable from collaborative partner 8,864 8,864 — Deferred revenue (3,677 ) (3,511 ) (166 ) Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at beginning of period 61,333 61,333 — Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at end of period 67,484 67,484 — In May 2017, FASB issued ASU 2017-09 Compensation-Stock Compensation (Topic 718) – Scope of Modification Accounting In November 2016, FASB issued ASU 2016-18 Statement of Cash Flows (Topic 230) – Restricted Cash Accounting Pronouncements Not Yet Adopted In February 2016, FASB issued ASU 2016-02 Leases (Topic 842) all annual and interim reporting periods thereafter. 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