regimens containing glecaprevir or paritaprevir, as well as the final $15.0 million milestone payment for glecaprevir, which we earned upon the November 2017 reimbursement approval of MAVIRET™ in Japan. For the 2017 twelve-month period, revenue consisted of the $65.0 million in milestone payments, as well as $37.8 million in royalties earned on AbbVie’s worldwide net sales of HCV regimens containing paritaprevir or glecaprevir.
Research and development expenses totaled $26.9 million for the three months ended September 30, 2018, compared to $16.5 million for the three months ended September 30, 2017. For the twelve months ended September 30, 2018, research and development expenses totaled $94.9 million compared to $57.5 million for the same period in 2017. The increase in research and development expenses in both periods was primarily due to increased preclinical and clinical costs associated with the progression of Enanta’s wholly-owned R&D programs innon-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), primary biliary cholangitis (PBC), and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), as well as research efforts in hepatitis B virus (HBV).
General and administrative expenses totaled $5.8 million for the three months ended September 30, 2018, compared to $5.1 million for the three months ended September 30, 2017. For the twelve months ended September 30, 2018, general and administrative expenses totaled $23.4 million, compared to $20.7 million for the same period in 2017. The increase in general and administrative expenses in both periods was primarily due to increases in compensation expense driven by increased headcount to support Enanta’s wholly-owned R&D programs.
Enanta recorded income tax expense of $8.5 million for the three months ended September 30, 2018 compared to an income tax expense of $18.4 million for the same period in 2017. Enanta recorded income tax expense of $21.2 million for the year ended September 30, 2018 compared to income tax expense of $9.2 million for the same period in 2017. The Company’s effective tax rate for fiscal 2018 was approximately 23% compared to approximately 34% in fiscal 2017. Enanta’s effective tax rate for fiscal 2018 reflects the impact of anon-cash revaluation charge against deferred tax assets due to the reduced federal corporate income tax rate in the U.S. Tax Cuts and Jobs Act enacted in December 2017.
Net income for the three months ended September 30, 2018 was $27.4 million, or $1.30 per diluted common share, compared to a net income of $36.5 million, or $1.86 per diluted common share, for the corresponding period in 2017. For the twelve months ended September 30, 2018, net income was $72.0 million, or $3.48 per diluted common share, compared to net income of $17.7 million, or $0.91 per diluted common share, for the corresponding period in 2017.
Enanta’s cash, cash equivalents and short-term and long-term marketable securities totaled $325.1 million at September 30, 2018. This compares to a total of $293.7 million at September 30, 2017. Enanta expects that its current cash, cash equivalents and marketable securities, as well as its continuing royalty revenue, will be sufficient to meet the anticipated cash requirements of its existing business and development programs for the foreseeable future.
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