Stockholder's Equity | 8. Stockholders’ Equity Authorized, Issued, and Outstanding Common Stock The Company’s authorized common stock has a par value of $0.001 per share and consists of 250,000,000 shares as of March 31, 2020, and December 31, 2019; 97,876,042 and 97,413,721 shares were issued and outstanding at March 31, 2020, and December 31, 2019, respectively. The following table summarizes common stock share activity for the three months ended March 31, 2020 and 2019 (dollars in thousands): Three Months Ended March 31, 2020 Shares of Common Stock Common Stock Additional Paid-in Capital Accumulated Deficit Total Stockholders’ Equity Balance, December 31, 2019 97,413,721 $ 97 $ 284,226 $ (271,428 ) $ 12,895 Net loss — — — (7,002 ) (7,002 ) Stock-based compensation expense — — 410 — 410 Common stock issued through employee stock purchase plan 22,143 — 18 — 18 Common stock issued, net of expenses 285,276 1 206 — 207 Common stock issued for vested restricted stock units 154,902 — (73 ) — (73 ) Balance, March 31, 2020 97,876,042 $ 98 $ 284,787 $ (278,430 ) $ 6,455 Three Months Ended March 31, 2019 Shares of Common Stock Common Stock Additional Paid-in Capital Accumulated Deficit Total Stockholders’ Equity Balance, December 31, 2018 47,971,989 $ 48 $ 248,895 $ (217,718 ) $ 31,225 Net loss — — — (22,908 ) (22,908 ) Stock-based compensation expense — — 492 — 492 Common stock issued through employee stock purchase plan 19,259 — 20 — 20 Common stock issued, net of expenses 2,226,569 2 2,507 — 2,509 Common stock issued for vested restricted stock units 14,612 — (8 ) — (8 ) Balance, March 31, 2019 50,232,429 $ 50 $ 251,906 $ (240,626 ) $ 11,330 Shares Reserved for Future Issuance The Company had reserved shares of common stock for future issuance as follows: March 31, 2020 December 31, 2019 Outstanding stock options 7,684,762 5,261,860 Outstanding restricted stock units 862,514 966,394 Warrants to purchase common stock associated with June 2016 Public Offering 4,218,750 4,218,750 Warrants to purchase common stock associated with March 2018 Public Offering – Series 2 7,988,175 7,988,175 Warrants to purchase common stock associated with December 2019 Public Offering 44,722,222 44,722,222 Option to purchase common stock associated with December 2019 Public Offering — 5,833,333 Warrants to purchase common stock associated with Solar loan agreement 122,435 122,435 For possible future issuance for the conversion of the 6% senior convertible notes 11,382,000 11,382,000 For possible future issuance under 2014 Equity Incentive Plan (Note 9) 1,900,861 554,774 For possible future issuance under Employee Stock Purchase Plan 81,499 74,231 For possible future issuance under 2015 Inducement Award Plan (Note 9) 315,500 315,500 Total common shares reserved for future issuance 79,278,718 81,439,674 Convertible Debt and Derivative Liability In connection with the Company’s issuance of its Notes, the Company bifurcated the embedded conversion option, inclusive of the interest make-whole provision and make-whole fundamental change provision, and recorded the embedded conversion option as a long-term derivative liability in the Company’s balance sheet in accordance with ASC 815, Derivatives and Hedging The derivative liability will be remeasured at each reporting period using the binomial lattice model with changes in fair value recorded in the statements of operations in other (income) expense. For the three months ended March 31, 2020 and 2019, the Company recorded a gain of $0.7 million and a loss of $3.4 million due to the change in fair value of the derivative liability. Warrants Associated with June 2016, March 2018, and December 2019 Public Offerings The outstanding warrants associated with the June 2016, March 2018, and December 2019 public offerings contain a provision where the warrant holder has the option to receive cash, equal to the Black-Scholes fair value of the remaining unexercised portion of the warrant, as cash settlement in the event that there is a fundamental transaction (contractually defined to include various merger, acquisition or stock transfer activities). Due to this provision, ASC 480, Distinguishing Liabilities from Equity, Warrant Associated with Solar Loan Agreement On the closing date of t he Company’s previous loan agreement with Solar, p |