Investments | 3. Investments Composition of Net Investment Income and of Invested Assets The components of net investment income for the three and six months ended June 30, 2015 and 2014 are as follows: Three Months Ended June 30, Six Months Ended June 30, 2015 2014 2015 2014 Available for sale investments $ 31,705 $ 31,619 $ 63,922 $ 61,946 Other investments 3,570 10,785 15,958 24,327 Cash and cash equivalents 434 511 1,064 1,297 35,709 42,915 $ 80,944 $ 87,570 Investment expenses (3,457 ) (3,613 ) (6,831 ) (7,278 ) Net investment income $ 32,252 $ 39,302 $ 74,113 $ 80,292 The following table summarizes the composition of the investment portfolio by investment type at June 30, 2015 and December 31, 2014 : June 30, 2015 December 31, 2014 Type of Investment Fair Value Percentage Fair Value Percentage Fixed maturity investments $ 4,933,776 75.3 % $ 5,092,581 77.1 % Cash and cash equivalents (1) 561,687 8.6 % 632,667 9.6 % Other investments (2) 623,868 9.5 % 541,454 8.2 % Short-term investments 16,366 0.2 % 9,014 0.1 % Equity securities 420,411 6.4 % 331,368 5.0 % Total $ 6,556,108 100.0 % $ 6,607,084 100.0 % (1) Includes net receivable on sales of investments and net payable on purchases of investments. (2) Consists of investments in alternative funds and specialty funds. 3. Investments, cont'd. The following table summarizes the composition by investment rating of the fixed maturity and short-term investments at June 30, 2015 and December 31, 2014 . In some cases, where bonds are unrated, the rating of the issuer has been applied. June 30, 2015 December 31, 2014 Ratings (1) Fair Value Percentage Fair Value Percentage U.S. government and agencies securities $ 483,511 9.8 % $ 587,411 11.5 % AAA / Aaa 1,168,977 23.6 % 1,206,252 23.6 % AA / Aa 1,614,866 32.6 % 1,717,343 33.7 % A / A 1,051,739 21.3 % 1,045,301 20.5 % BBB 505,731 10.2 % 427,018 8.4 % Below BBB 105,825 2.1 % 96,244 1.9 % Not rated 19,493 0.4 % 22,026 0.4 % Total $ 4,950,142 100.0 % $ 5,101,595 100.0 % (1) The credit rating for each security reflected above was determined based on the rating assigned to the individual security by Standard & Poor's Financial Services LLC ("Standard & Poor's"). If a rating is not supplied by Standard & Poor's, the equivalent rating supplied by Moody's Investors Service, Inc. ("Moody's"), Fitch Ratings, Inc., or DBRS, Inc. is used. Contractual maturities of the Company’s fixed maturity and short-term investments are shown below as of June 30, 2015 and December 31, 2014 . Expected maturities may differ from contractual maturities because borrowers may have the right to call or prepay obligations with or without call or prepayment penalties. June 30, 2015 December 31, 2014 Amortized Cost Fair Value Amortized Cost Fair Value Due within one year $ 145,833 $ 146,729 $ 126,921 $ 127,821 Due after one year through five years 1,513,058 1,516,820 1,627,154 1,632,259 Due after five years through ten years 435,077 434,624 474,959 479,138 Due after ten years 48,466 49,940 43,314 46,720 Residential mortgage-backed securities 1,062,261 1,076,732 1,149,536 1,175,006 Commercial mortgage-backed securities 992,858 1,003,518 960,598 979,419 Collateralized loan and debt obligations 325,750 327,642 247,510 248,011 Asset-backed securities 392,416 394,137 411,529 413,221 Total $ 4,915,719 $ 4,950,142 $ 5,041,521 $ 5,101,595 In addition to the Company's fixed maturity, short-term and equity investments, the Company invests in (i) hedge funds and private investment funds that generally invest in senior secured bank debt, high yield credit, distressed debt, distressed real estate, derivatives, and equity long/short strategies ("alternative funds") and (ii) high yield loan funds ("specialty funds"). The Company's alternative funds and specialty funds are recorded on the Company's balance sheet as "other investments." At June 30, 2015 and December 31, 2014 , the Company had invested, net of capital returned, a total of $452.7 million and $387.2 million , respectively, in other investments. At June 30, 2015 and December 31, 2014 , the carrying value of other investments was $623.9 million and $541.5 million , respectively. 3. Investments, cont'd. The following table summarizes the composition and redemption restrictions of other investments as of June 30, 2015 and December 31, 2014 : June 30, 2015 Market Value Unfunded Commitments Ineligible for Redemption over next 12 months Alternative funds Hedge funds $ 458,681 $ — $ 81,153 Private investment funds 78,574 53,151 78,574 Total alternative funds 537,255 53,151 159,727 Specialty funds High yield loan funds 86,613 — — Total specialty funds 86,613 — — Total other investments $ 623,868 $ 53,151 $ 159,727 December 31, 2014 Market Value Unfunded Ineligible for Alternative funds Hedge funds $ 411,280 $ — $ 10,580 Private investment funds 74,664 70,542 74,664 Total alternative funds 485,944 70,542 85,244 Specialty funds High yield loan funds 55,510 — — Total specialty funds 55,510 — — Total other investments $ 541,454 $ 70,542 $ 85,244 Hedge funds – The redemption frequency of the hedge funds range from monthly to biennially with notice periods from 30 to 90 days. Over one year, it is estimated that the Company can liquidate approximately 82.3% of the hedge fund portfolio, with the remainder over the following two years. Private investment funds – The Company generally has no right to redeem its interest in any private investment funds in advance of dissolution of the applicable partnership. Instead, the nature of these investments is that distributions are received by the Company in connection with the liquidation of or distribution of earnings from the underlying assets of the applicable limited partnership. It is estimated that the majority of the underlying assets of the limited partnerships would liquidate over 5 to 10 years from inception of the limited partnership. A secondary market, with unpredictable liquidity, exists for limited partner interests in private equity funds. High yield loan funds – There are generally no restrictions on the Company's right to redeem its interest in high yield loan funds with the exception of certain redemption frequency and notice requirements. The redemption frequency of these funds ranges from monthly to quarterly with notice periods from 30 to 90 days. 3. Investments, cont'd. Net Realized and Unrealized Gains Realized and unrealized gains and losses are recognized in earnings using the first in, first out method. The analysis of net realized and unrealized gains and the change in the fair value of investment-related derivative financial instruments for the three and six months ended June 30, 2015 and 2014 is as follows: Three Months Ended June 30, Six Months Ended June 30, 2015 2014 2015 2014 Gross realized gains on investment sales $ 14,647 $ 7,387 $ 37,313 $ 17,634 Gross realized losses on investment sales (5,058 ) (5,319 ) (9,954 ) (11,303 ) Change in fair value of derivative financial instruments (1) 91 1,343 510 1,952 Net realized and unrealized gains $ 9,680 $ 3,411 $ 27,869 $ 8,283 (1) For additional information on the Company's derivative financial instruments, see Note 7. Unrealized Gains and Losses and Other-Than-Temporary Impairments The Company classifies its investments in fixed maturity investments, short-term investments and equities as available for sale. The amortized cost, fair value and related gross unrealized gains and losses and non-credit other-than-temporary impairment (“OTTI”) losses on the Company’s securities classified as available for sale at June 30, 2015 and December 31, 2014 are as follows: June 30, 2015 Amortized Cost Gross Unrealized Gains Gross Unrealized Losses Fair Value Non-Credit OTTI (2) Fixed maturity investments U.S. government and agencies securities $ 480,584 $ 5,285 $ (2,358 ) $ 483,511 $ — U.S. state and municipal securities 40,893 164 (520 ) 40,537 — Foreign government securities 156,874 1,293 (534 ) 157,633 — Government guaranteed corporate securities 30,167 434 (32 ) 30,569 — Corporate securities 1,417,548 8,872 (6,923 ) 1,419,497 — Residential mortgage-backed securities 1,062,261 19,786 (5,315 ) 1,076,732 (2,940 ) Commercial mortgage-backed securities 992,858 15,152 (4,492 ) 1,003,518 — Collateralized loan and debt obligations (1) 325,750 2,166 (274 ) 327,642 — Asset-backed securities 392,416 2,069 (348 ) 394,137 — Total fixed maturity investments 4,899,351 55,221 (20,796 ) 4,933,776 (2,940 ) Short-term investments 16,368 — (2 ) 16,366 — Total fixed income investments $ 4,915,719 $ 55,221 $ (20,798 ) $ 4,950,142 $ (2,940 ) Equity securities Equity investments $ 281,005 $ 16,678 $ (6,331 ) $ 291,352 $ — Emerging market debt funds 61,874 — (1,837 ) 60,037 — Convertible funds 46,331 2,240 — 48,571 — Preferred equity investments 13,581 1,993 (46 ) 15,528 — Short-term fixed income fund 4,923 — — 4,923 — Total equity securities $ 407,714 $ 20,911 $ (8,214 ) $ 420,411 $ — (1) Balances include amounts related to collateralized debt obligations held with total fair values of $15.2 million . (2) Represents total OTTI recognized in accumulated other comprehensive income. It does not include the change in fair value subsequent to the impairment measurement date. At June 30, 2015 , the gross unrealized loss related to fixed income investments for which a non-credit OTTI was recognized in accumulated other comprehensive income was nil . 3. Investments, cont'd. December 31, 2014 Amortized Cost Gross Unrealized Gains Gross Unrealized Losses Fair Value Non-Credit OTTI (2) Fixed maturity investments U.S. government and agencies securities $ 582,970 $ 6,471 $ (2,030 ) $ 587,411 $ — U.S. state and municipal securities 39,340 191 (118 ) 39,413 — Foreign government securities 239,217 2,983 (1,664 ) 240,536 — Government guaranteed corporate securities 47,436 675 (9 ) 48,102 — Corporate securities 1,354,370 12,742 (5,650 ) 1,361,462 — Residential mortgage-backed securities 1,149,536 27,542 (2,072 ) 1,175,006 (3,233 ) Commercial mortgage-backed securities 960,598 21,374 (2,553 ) 979,419 (5 ) Collateralized loan and debt obligations (1) 247,510 1,449 (948 ) 248,011 — Asset-backed securities 411,529 2,265 (573 ) 413,221 — Total fixed maturity investments 5,032,506 75,692 (15,617 ) 5,092,581 (3,238 ) Short-term investments 9,015 — (1 ) 9,014 — Total fixed income investments $ 5,041,521 $ 75,692 $ (15,618 ) $ 5,101,595 $ (3,238 ) Equity securities Equity investments $ 176,167 $ 29,660 $ (3,292 ) $ 202,535 $ — Emerging market debt funds 60,826 — (676 ) 60,150 — Convertible funds 46,331 — (220 ) 46,111 — Preferred equity investments 13,858 2,022 (44 ) 15,836 — Short-term fixed income funds 6,740 — (4 ) 6,736 — Total equity securities $ 303,922 $ 31,682 $ (4,236 ) $ 331,368 $ — (1) Balances include amounts related to collateralized debt obligations held with total fair values of $15.2 million . (2) Represents total OTTI recognized in accumulated other comprehensive income. It does not include the change in fair value subsequent to the impairment measurement date. At December 31, 2014 , the gross unrealized loss related to fixed income investments for which a non-credit OTTI was recognized in accumulated other comprehensive income was nil . 3. Investments, cont'd. The following tables summarize, for all available for sale securities in an unrealized loss position at June 30, 2015 and December 31, 2014 , the aggregate fair value and gross unrealized loss by length of time the security has continuously been in an unrealized loss position. Less than 12 months 12 months or greater Total June 30, 2015 Unrealized Losses (1) Fair Value Unrealized Losses (1) Fair Value Unrealized Losses (1) Fair Value Fixed maturity investments U.S. government and agencies securities $ (1,687 ) $ 149,003 $ (671 ) $ 16,995 $ (2,358 ) $ 165,998 U.S. state and municipal securities (520 ) 21,615 — — (520 ) 21,615 Foreign government securities (413 ) 46,557 (121 ) 2,849 (534 ) 49,406 Government guaranteed corporate securities (32 ) 3,300 — — (32 ) 3,300 Corporate securities (6,428 ) 731,507 (495 ) 29,369 (6,923 ) 760,876 Residential mortgage-backed securities (4,014 ) 344,126 (1,301 ) 52,474 (5,315 ) 396,600 Commercial mortgage-backed securities (3,603 ) 324,191 (889 ) 35,150 (4,492 ) 359,341 Collateralized loan and debt obligations (215 ) 95,946 (59 ) 27,618 (274 ) 123,564 Asset-backed securities (208 ) 101,724 (140 ) 12,983 (348 ) 114,707 Total fixed maturity investments (17,120 ) 1,817,969 (3,676 ) 177,438 (20,796 ) 1,995,407 Short-term investments (2 ) 1,506 — — (2 ) 1,506 Total fixed income investments $ (17,122 ) 1,819,475 (3,676 ) 177,438 (20,798 ) 1,996,913 Equity securities Equity investments $ (6,315 ) $ 144,058 $ (16 ) $ 133 $ (6,331 ) $ 144,191 Emerging market debt funds (1,837 ) 60,037 — — (1,837 ) 60,037 Preferred equity investments (46 ) 2,917 — — (46 ) 2,917 Total equity securities $ (8,198 ) $ 207,012 $ (16 ) $ 133 $ (8,214 ) $ 207,145 (1) Gross unrealized losses include unrealized losses on non-OTTI and non-credit OTTI securities recognized in accumulated other comprehensive income at June 30, 2015 . As of June 30, 2015 , 981 available for sale securities were in an unrealized loss position aggregating $29.0 million . Of those, 92 securities with aggregated unrealized losses of $3.7 million had been in a continuous unrealized loss position for twelve months or greater. 3. Investments, cont'd. Less than 12 months 12 months or greater Total December 31, 2014 Unrealized Losses (1) Fair Value Unrealized Losses (1) Fair Value Unrealized Losses (1) Fair Value Fixed maturity investments U.S. government and agencies securities $ (481 ) $ 155,350 $ (1,549 ) $ 45,993 $ (2,030 ) $ 201,343 U.S. state and municipal securities (47 ) 3,295 (71 ) 6,841 (118 ) 10,136 Foreign government securities (1,378 ) 37,904 (286 ) 4,306 (1,664 ) 42,210 Government guaranteed corporate securities (9 ) 4,598 — — (9 ) 4,598 Corporate securities (4,023 ) 533,139 (1,627 ) 84,278 (5,650 ) 617,417 Residential mortgage-backed securities (260 ) 62,832 (1,812 ) 108,899 (2,072 ) 171,731 Commercial mortgage-backed securities (1,068 ) 180,222 (1,485 ) 78,412 (2,553 ) 258,634 Collateralized loan and debt obligations (876 ) 176,439 (72 ) 6,491 (948 ) 182,930 Asset-backed securities (415 ) 199,205 (158 ) 19,095 (573 ) 218,300 Total fixed maturity investments (8,557 ) 1,352,984 (7,060 ) 354,315 (15,617 ) 1,707,299 Short-term investments (1 ) 1,953 — — (1 ) 1,953 Total fixed income investments $ (8,558 ) $ 1,354,937 $ (7,060 ) $ 354,315 $ (15,618 ) $ 1,709,252 Equity securities Equity investments $ (3,292 ) $ 53,591 $ — $ — $ (3,292 ) $ 53,591 Emerging market debt funds (676 ) 60,150 — — (676 ) 60,150 Convertible funds (220 ) 46,111 — — (220 ) 46,111 Preferred equity investments (44 ) 4,449 — — (44 ) 4,449 Short-term fixed income fund (4 ) 6,736 — — (4 ) 6,736 Total equity securities $ (4,236 ) $ 171,037 $ — $ — $ (4,236 ) $ 171,037 (1) Gross unrealized losses include unrealized losses on non-OTTI and non-credit OTTI securities recognized in accumulated other comprehensive income at December 31, 2014 . As of December 31, 2014 , 747 available for sale securities were in an unrealized loss position aggregating $19.9 million . Of those, 171 securities with aggregated unrealized losses of $7.1 million had been in a continuous unrealized loss position for twelve months or greater. The analysis of OTTI for the three and six months ended June 30, 2015 and 2014 is as follows: Three Months Ended June 30, Six Months Ended June 30, 2015 2014 2015 2014 Total other-than-temporary impairment losses $ (424 ) $ (198 ) $ (1,073 ) $ (309 ) Portion of loss recognized in other comprehensive (loss) income — — — — Net impairment losses recognized in earnings $ (424 ) $ (198 ) $ (1,073 ) $ (309 ) 3. Investments, cont'd. Of the $0.4 million ( 2014 : $0.2 million ) of OTTI losses recognized by the Company in the second quarter of 2015 , the majority were related to fixed maturity investments and equity investments for which the Company has subsequently made a decision to sell. The increase in gross unrealized losses on the Company's fixed income investments at June 30, 2015 compared to December 31, 2014 was primarily due to an increase in interest rates and widening of credit spreads during the six months ended June 30, 2015 . At June 30, 2015 , the Company did not have the intent to sell any of the remaining fixed income investments in an unrealized loss position and determined that it was unlikely that the Company would be required to sell those securities in an unrealized loss position. The Company has the ability and intent to hold its equity securities until recovery; therefore, the Company does not consider its fixed income investments or equity securities to be other-than-temporarily impaired at June 30, 2015 . The following table provides a roll-forward of the amount related to credit losses for the Company's available for sale investments recognized in earnings for which a portion of an OTTI loss was recognized in accumulated other comprehensive income for the three and six months ended June 30, 2015 and 2014 : Three Months Ended Six Months Ended 2015 2014 2015 2014 Beginning balance $ (795 ) $ (1,520 ) $ (838 ) $ (1,553 ) Addition for the amount related to the credit loss for which an other-than-temporary impairment was not previously recognized — — — — Addition for the amount related to the credit loss for which an other-than-temporary impairment was previously recognized — — — — Reductions for increases in cash flows expected to be collected that are recognized over the remaining life of the security — — — — Reductions for securities sold during the period 39 79 82 112 Ending balance $ (756 ) $ (1,441 ) $ (756 ) $ (1,441 ) Variable Interest Entities Entities that do not have sufficient equity at risk to allow the entity to finance its activities without additional financial support or in which the equity investors, as a group, do not have the characteristics of a controlling financial interest are referred to as variable interest entities ("VIE"). A VIE is consolidated by the variable interest holder that is determined to have the controlling financial interest (primary beneficiary) as a result of having both the power to direct the activities of a VIE that most significantly impact the VIE's economic performance and the obligation to absorb losses or right to receive benefits from the VIE that could potentially be significant to the VIE. The Company determines whether it is the primary beneficiary of an entity subject to consolidation based on a qualitative assessment of the VIE's capital structure, contractual terms, nature of the VIE's operations and purpose and the Company's relative exposure to the related risks of the VIE on the date it becomes initially involved in the VIE. The Company reassesses its VIE determination with respect to an entity on an ongoing basis. The Company is involved in the normal course of business with VIEs primarily as a passive investor in residential and commercial mortgage-backed securities and through its interests in various other investments that are structured as limited partnerships considered to be third party VIEs. The Company determined that it was not the primary beneficiary for any of these investments as of June 30, 2015 . The Company believes its exposure to loss with respect to these investments is generally limited to the investment carrying amounts reported in the Company's Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets and any unfunded investment commitments. |