Investments | Investments We consider all fixed maturity and equity securities to be available-for-sale and report them at fair value with the net unrealized gains or losses reported after-tax (net of any valuation allowance) as a component of other comprehensive income. The proceeds from sales of securities for the three and six months ended June 30, 2015 , were $56.7 million and $156.6 million , respectively. The proceeds for the three and six months ended June 30, 2014 , were $57.4 million and $122.3 million , respectively. There was no receivable for unsettled sales as of June 30, 2015 or 2014. Gross gains of $0.5 million and gross losses of $0.1 million were realized on sales of available for sale securities during the three months ended June 30, 2015 , compared with gross gains of $1.9 million and gross losses of $0.1 million realized on sales during the three months ended June 30, 2014 . Gross gains of $2.7 million and gross losses of $0.7 million were realized on sales of available for sale securities during the six months ended June 30, 2015 , compared with gross gains of $2.7 million and gross losses of $0.2 million realized on sales during the six months ended June 30, 2014 . Gains or losses on securities are determined on a specific identification basis. Summarized information for the major categories of our investment portfolio follows ($ in thousands): June 30, 2015 Amortized Cost or Cost Gross Unrealized Gains Gross Unrealized Losses Fair Value OTTI Recognized in Accumulated OCI (1) Fixed maturities: U.S. government $ 68,979 $ 387 $ (87 ) $ 69,279 $ 0 State and municipal 494,780 8,117 (621 ) 502,276 (69 ) Mortgage-backed securities: Residential 342,421 4,531 (2,541 ) 344,411 (2,660 ) Commercial 72,179 162 (316 ) 72,025 0 Total mortgage-backed securities 414,600 $ 4,693 (2,858 ) $ 416,435 (2,660 ) Asset-backed securities 58,459 210 (15 ) 58,654 (8 ) Corporates 392,125 4,757 (2,756 ) 394,127 (246 ) Total fixed maturities 1,428,944 18,164 (6,337 ) 1,440,771 (2,983 ) Equity securities 76,691 17,706 0 94,397 0 Short-term investments 4,123 0 (2 ) 4,121 0 Total $ 1,509,758 $ 35,870 $ (6,339 ) $ 1,539,290 $ (2,983 ) December 31, 2014 Amortized Cost or Cost Gross Unrealized Gains Gross Unrealized Losses Fair Value OTTI Recognized in Accumulated OCI (1) Fixed maturities: U.S. government $ 66,625 $ 502 $ (193 ) $ 66,933 $ 0 State and municipal 493,350 10,637 (337 ) 503,650 (69 ) Mortgage-backed securities: Residential 349,371 6,547 (1,390 ) 354,528 (2,914 ) Commercial 50,914 182 (258 ) 50,838 0 Total mortgage-backed securities 400,285 6,729 (1,648 ) 405,366 (2,914 ) Asset-backed securities 58,546 131 (70 ) 58,607 (8 ) Corporates 393,611 5,999 (2,324 ) 397,286 (441 ) Total fixed maturities 1,412,417 23,998 (4,572 ) 1,431,843 (3,433 ) Equity securities 77,862 16,546 0 94,408 0 Short-term investments 803 0 (1 ) 803 0 Total $ 1,491,082 $ 40,544 $ (4,573 ) $ 1,527,054 $ (3,433 ) (1) The total non-credit portion of OTTI recognized in Accumulated OCI reflecting the original non-credit loss at the time the credit impairment was determined. The following tables set forth the amount of unrealized loss by investment category and length of time that individual securities have been in a continuous unrealized loss position ($ in thousands): Less than 12 Months 12 Months or More Number of Securities with Unrealized Losses Fair Value Gross Unrealized Losses Unrealized Losses as % of Cost Number of Securities with Unrealized Losses Fair Value Gross Unrealized Losses Unrealized Losses as % of Cost June 30, 2015 Fixed maturities: U.S. government 9 $ 17,112 $ (63 ) 0.4 % 4 $ 5,165 $ (24 ) 0.5 % State and municipal 60 149,383 (621 ) 0.4 % 0 0 0 0.0 % Mortgage-backed securities: Residential 159 118,336 (1,388 ) 1.2 % 64 46,853 (1,153 ) 2.4 % Commercial 11 36,809 (222 ) 0.6 % 3 14,254 (94 ) 0.7 % Total mortgage-backed securities 170 155,145 (1,610 ) 1.0 % 67 61,107 (1,247 ) 2.0 % Asset-backed securities 12 10,760 (10 ) 0.1 % 2 1,156 (4 ) 0.4 % Corporates 116 160,029 (2,522 ) 1.6 % 8 10,222 (234 ) 2.2 % Total fixed maturities 367 492,429 (4,827 ) 1.0 % 81 77,650 (1,510 ) 1.9 % Equity securities 0 0 0 0.0 % 0 0 0 0.0 % Short-term investments 3 3,621 (2 ) 0.1 % 0 0 0 0.0 % Total 370 $ 496,050 $ (4,829 ) 1.0 % 81 $ 77,650 $ (1,510 ) 1.9 % Less than 12 Months 12 Months or More Number of Securities with Unrealized Losses Fair Value Gross Unrealized Losses Unrealized Losses as % of Cost Number of Securities with Unrealized Losses Fair Value Gross Unrealized Losses Unrealized Losses as % of Cost December 31, 2014 Fixed maturities: U.S. government 2 $ 5,275 $ (13 ) 0.3 % 8 $ 21,051 $ (180 ) 0.8 % State and municipal 45 108,721 (290 ) 0.3 % 2 4,183 (47 ) 1.1 % Mortgage-backed securities: Residential 24 12,855 (34 ) 0.3 % 109 100,752 (1,356 ) 1.3 % Commercial 8 15,638 (122 ) 0.8 % 5 9,519 (136 ) 1.4 % Total mortgage-backed securities 32 28,493 (156 ) 0.5 % 114 110,271 (1,492 ) 1.3 % Asset-backed securities 24 23,351 (60 ) 0.3 % 2 1,150 (9 ) 0.8 % Corporates 103 142,046 (1,820 ) 1.3 % 16 19,865 (503 ) 2.5 % Total fixed maturities 206 307,886 (2,340 ) 0.8 % 142 156,521 (2,232 ) 1.4 % Equity securities 0 0 0 0.0 % 0 0 0 0.0 % Short-term investments 2 803 (1 ) 0.1 % 0 0 0 0.0 % Total 208 $ 308,689 $ (2,341 ) 0.8 % 142 $ 156,521 $ (2,232 ) 1.4 % The determination of whether unrealized losses are “other-than-temporary” requires judgment based on subjective as well as objective factors. Factors we considered and resources we used in our determination include: • whether the unrealized loss is credit-driven or a result of changes in market interest rates; • the length of time the security’s market value has been below its cost; • the extent to which fair value is less than cost basis; • the intent to sell the security; • whether it is more likely than not that there will be a requirement to sell the security before its anticipated recovery; • historical operating, balance sheet and cash flow data contained in issuer SEC filings; • issuer news releases; • near-term prospects for improvement in the issuer and/or its industry; • industry research and communications with industry specialists; and • third-party research and credit rating reports. We regularly evaluate for potential impairment each security position that has either of the following: a fair value of less than 95% of its book value or an unrealized loss that equals or exceeds $ 100,000 . The following table summarizes those securities, excluding the rabbi trust, with unrealized gains or losses: June 30, December 31, Number of positions held with unrealized: Gains 711 778 Losses 451 350 Number of positions held that individually exceed unrealized: Gains of $500,000 3 3 Losses of $500,000 0 0 Percentage of positions held with unrealized: Gains that were investment grade 92 % 92 % Losses that were investment grade 88 % 84 % Percentage of fair value held with unrealized: Gains that were investment grade 93 % 94 % Losses that were investment grade 89 % 86 % The following table sets forth the amount of unrealized loss, excluding the rabbi trust, by age and severity at June 30, 2015 ($ in thousands): Age of Unrealized Losses: Fair Value of Securities with Unrealized Losses Total Gross Unrealized Losses Less Than 5%* 5% - 10%* Greater Than 10%* Three months or less $ 381,565 $ (2,994 ) $ (2,876 ) $ (118 ) $ 0 Four months through six months 84,909 (1,396 ) (905 ) 0 (491 ) Seven months through nine months 24,560 (341 ) (142 ) (199 ) 0 Ten months through twelve months 9,352 (174 ) (95 ) (79 ) 0 Greater than twelve months 73,315 (1,433 ) (1,433 ) 0 0 Total $ 573,700 $ (6,339 ) $ (5,452 ) $ (395 ) $ (491 ) * As a percentage of amortized cost or cost. The change in unrealized gains (losses) on marketable securities included the following ($ in thousands): Pre-tax Fixed Maturities Equity Securities Short-Term Investments Tax Effects Net Six months ended June 30, 2015 Unrealized holding gains (losses) on securities arising during the period $ (7,313 ) $ 2,259 $ (2 ) $ 1,770 $ (3,287 ) Realized gains on securities sold (875 ) (1,098 ) 0 691 (1,283 ) Impairment loss recognized in earnings 590 0 0 (206 ) 383 Change in unrealized gains (losses) on marketable securities, net $ (7,599 ) $ 1,160 $ (2 ) $ 2,254 $ (4,186 ) Six months ended June 30, 2014 Unrealized holding gains on securities arising during the period $ 18,850 $ 4,515 $ 5 $ (8,179 ) $ 15,190 Realized gains on securities sold (1,246 ) (1,273 ) (5 ) 883 (1,641 ) Impairment loss recognized in earnings 33 0 0 (12 ) 22 Change in unrealized gains (losses) on marketable securities, net $ 17,638 $ 3,242 $ (1 ) $ (7,308 ) $ 13,571 For fixed maturity securities that are other-than-temporarily impaired, we assess our intent to sell and the likelihood that we will be required to sell the security before recovery of our amortized cost. If a fixed maturity security is considered other-than-temporarily impaired but we do not intend to and are not more than likely to be required to sell the security before our recovery of amortized cost, we separate the amount of the impairment into a credit loss component and the amount due to all other factors ("non-credit component"). The excess of the amortized cost over the present value of the expected cash flows determines the credit loss component of an impairment charge on a fixed maturity security. The present value is determined using the best estimate of cash flows discounted at (1) the effective interest rate implicit at the date of acquisition for non-structured securities or (2) the book yield for structured securities. The techniques and assumptions for determining the best estimate of cash flows vary depending on the type of security. We recognize the credit loss component of an impairment charge in net earnings and the non-credit component in accumulated other comprehensive income. If we intend to sell or will, more likely than not, be required to sell a security, we treat the entire amount of the impairment as a credit loss. The following table is a progression of credit losses on fixed maturity securities that were bifurcated between a credit and non-credit component ($ in thousands): Six months ended June 30, 2015 2014 Beginning balance $ 852 $ 956 Additions for: Previously impaired securities 0 19 Newly impaired securities 0 13 Reductions for: Securities sold and paid down (85 ) (74 ) Ending balance $ 766 $ 914 The table below sets forth the scheduled maturities of fixed maturity securities at June 30, 2015 , based on their fair values ($ in thousands). We report securities that do not have a single maturity date at average maturity. Actual maturities may differ from contractual maturities because certain securities may be called or prepaid by the issuers. Fair Value Amortized Cost Maturity Securities with Unrealized Gains Securities with Unrealized Losses Securities with No Unrealized Gains or Losses All Fixed Maturity Securities All Fixed Maturity Securities One year or less $ 70,725 $ 13,087 $ 7,326 $ 91,138 $ 90,524 After one year through five years 405,984 172,795 0 578,779 571,076 After five years through ten years 133,482 150,059 243 283,785 282,626 After ten years 6,011 5,970 0 11,980 11,657 Mortgage- and asset-backed securities 246,053 228,168 869 475,089 473,059 Total $ 862,254 $ 570,079 $ 8,438 $ 1,440,771 $ 1,428,944 |