Investments | Investments We consider all fixed maturity and equity securities to be available-for-sale and report them at fair value with the net unrealized gains or losses reported after-tax (net of any valuation allowance) as a component of other comprehensive income. The proceeds from sales of securities for the three and six months ended June 30, 2016 , were $100.2 million and $208.8 million , respectively, while the proceeds from sales of securities for the three and six months ended June 30, 2015 , were $56.7 million and $156.6 million , respectively. There was no receivable for unsettled sales as of June 30, 2016 , or 2015 . Gross gains of $0.9 million and gross losses of $0.9 million were realized on sales of available-for-sale securities during the three months ended June 30, 2016 , compared with gross gains of $0.5 million and gross losses of $0.1 million realized on sales during the three months ended June 30, 2015 . Gross gains of $2.2 million and gross losses of $1.9 million were realized on sales of available-for-sale securities during the six months ended June 30, 2016 , compared with gross gains of $2.7 million and gross losses of $0.7 million realized on sales during the six months ended June 30, 2015 . Gains or losses on securities are determined on a specific identification basis. Summarized information for the major categories of our investment portfolio follows ($ in thousands): June 30, 2016 Amortized Cost or Cost Gross Unrealized Gains Gross Unrealized Losses Fair Value OTTI Recognized in Accumulated OCI (1) Fixed maturities: U.S. government $ 63,229 $ 1,007 $ 0 $ 64,236 $ 0 State and municipal 453,409 10,752 (55 ) 464,106 (51 ) Mortgage-backed securities: Residential 326,176 7,798 (256 ) 333,717 (2,165 ) Commercial 67,272 309 (209 ) 67,372 0 Total mortgage-backed securities 393,448 $ 8,106 (465 ) $ 401,089 (2,165 ) Asset-backed securities 49,116 227 (10 ) 49,333 (8 ) Corporates 399,095 6,973 (1,026 ) 405,043 (51 ) Total fixed maturities 1,358,297 27,066 (1,556 ) 1,383,806 (2,276 ) Equity securities 78,869 11,873 0 90,742 0 Short-term investments 4,066 1 (0 ) 4,066 0 Total $ 1,441,231 $ 38,940 $ (1,557 ) $ 1,478,615 $ (2,276 ) December 31, 2015 Amortized Cost or Cost Gross Unrealized Gains Gross Unrealized Losses Fair Value OTTI Recognized in Accumulated OCI (1) Fixed maturities: U.S. government $ 64,849 $ 103 $ (282 ) $ 64,669 $ 0 State and municipal 472,402 7,393 (129 ) 479,666 (51 ) Mortgage-backed securities: Residential 333,554 3,678 (2,448 ) 334,784 (2,374 ) Commercial 71,137 16 (929 ) 70,224 0 Total mortgage-backed securities 404,691 3,694 (3,377 ) 405,008 (2,374 ) Asset-backed securities 54,106 50 (138 ) 54,018 (8 ) Corporates 385,462 1,281 (8,638 ) 378,105 (61 ) Total fixed maturities 1,381,510 12,521 (12,564 ) 1,381,467 (2,495 ) Equity securities 78,815 11,120 0 89,935 0 Short-term investments 4,656 0 (4 ) 4,651 0 Total $ 1,464,981 $ 23,640 $ (12,568 ) $ 1,476,053 $ (2,495 ) (1) The total non-credit portion of OTTI recognized in Accumulated OCI reflecting the original non-credit loss at the time the credit impairment was determined. The following tables set forth the amount of unrealized loss by investment category and length of time that individual securities have been in a continuous unrealized loss position ($ in thousands): Less than 12 Months 12 Months or More June 30, 2016 Number of Securities with Unrealized Losses Fair Value Gross Unrealized Losses Unrealized Losses as % of Cost Number of Securities with Unrealized Losses Fair Value Gross Unrealized Losses Unrealized Losses as % of Cost Fixed maturities: U.S. government 0 $ 0 $ 0 0.0 % 0 $ 0 $ 0 0.0 % State and municipal 7 14,350 (22 ) 0.2 % 1 2,967 (33 ) 1.1 % Mortgage-backed securities: Residential 19 7,071 (16 ) 0.2 % 56 23,240 (240 ) 1.0 % Commercial 2 6,715 (22 ) 0.3 % 10 31,994 (187 ) 0.6 % Total mortgage-backed securities 21 13,786 (38 ) 0.3 % 66 55,234 (427 ) 0.8 % Asset-backed securities 10 6,902 (9 ) 0.1 % 1 824 (1 ) 0.2 % Corporates 40 53,889 (440 ) 0.8 % 26 32,518 (585 ) 1.8 % Total fixed maturities 78 88,927 (509 ) 0.6 % 94 91,542 (1,047 ) 1.1 % Equity securities 0 0 0 0.0 % 0 0 0 0.0 % Short-term investments 3 3,299 (0 ) 0.0 % 0 0 0 0.0 % Total 81 $ 92,226 $ (510 ) 0.5 % 94 $ 91,542 $ (1,047 ) 1.1 % Less than 12 Months 12 Months or More December 31, 2015 Number of Securities with Unrealized Losses Fair Value Gross Unrealized Losses Unrealized Losses as % of Cost Number of Securities with Unrealized Losses Fair Value Gross Unrealized Losses Unrealized Losses as % of Cost Fixed maturities: U.S. government 18 $ 36,024 $ (241 ) 0.7 % 4 $ 4,687 $ (41 ) 0.9 % State and municipal 27 54,680 (129 ) 0.2 % 0 0 0 0.0 % Mortgage-backed securities: Residential 205 133,814 (1,436 ) 1.1 % 64 39,001 (1,012 ) 2.5 % Commercial 9 28,733 (349 ) 1.2 % 10 34,169 (580 ) 1.7 % Total mortgage-backed securities 214 162,547 (1,785 ) 1.1 % 74 73,170 (1,592 ) 2.1 % Asset-backed securities 36 35,313 (132 ) 0.4 % 2 1,153 (7 ) 0.6 % Corporates 172 239,440 (7,149 ) 2.9 % 12 14,373 (1,488 ) 9.4 % Total fixed maturities 467 528,003 (9,436 ) 1.8 % 92 93,384 (3,128 ) 3.2 % Equity securities 0 0 0 0.0 % 0 0 0 0.0 % Short-term investments 2 4,651 (4 ) 0.1 % 0 0 0 0.0 % Total 469 $ 532,654 $ (9,440 ) 1.7 % 92 $ 93,384 $ (3,128 ) 3.2 % The determination of whether unrealized losses are “other-than-temporary” requires judgment based on subjective as well as objective factors. Factors we considered and resources we used in our determination include: • whether the unrealized loss is credit-driven or a result of changes in market interest rates; • the length of time the security’s market value has been below its cost; • the extent to which fair value is less than cost basis; • the intent to sell the security; • whether it is more likely than not that there will be a requirement to sell the security before its anticipated recovery; • historical operating, balance sheet and cash flow data contained in issuer SEC filings; • issuer news releases; • near-term prospects for improvement in the issuer and/or its industry; • industry research and communications with industry specialists; and • third-party research and credit rating reports. We regularly evaluate for potential impairment each security position that has either of the following: a fair value of less than 95% of its book value or an unrealized loss that equals or exceeds $ 100,000 . The following table summarizes those securities, excluding the rabbi trust, with unrealized gains or losses: June 30, 2016 December 31, 2015 Number of positions held with unrealized: Gains 1,023 602 Losses 175 561 Number of positions held that individually exceed unrealized: Gains of $500,000 2 2 Losses of $500,000 0 0 Percentage of positions held with unrealized: Gains that were investment grade 95 % 94 % Losses that were investment grade 73 % 89 % Percentage of fair value held with unrealized: Gains that were investment grade 95 % 95 % Losses that were investment grade 69 % 88 % The following table sets forth the amount of unrealized losses, excluding the rabbi trust, by age and severity at June 30, 2016 , ($ in thousands): Fair Value of Securities with Unrealized Losses Total Gross Unrealized Losses Less Than 5%* 5% - 10%* Total Gross Greater Than 10%* Age of Unrealized Losses Three months or less $ 56,881 $ (287 ) $ (287 ) $ 0 $ 0 Four months through six months 17,338 (52 ) (52 ) 0 0 Seven months through nine months 8,170 (70 ) (70 ) 0 0 Ten months through twelve months 13,103 (145 ) (45 ) (100 ) 0 Greater than twelve months 88,276 (1,003 ) (819 ) (179 ) (5 ) Total $ 183,768 $ (1,557 ) $ (1,272 ) $ (279 ) $ (5 ) * As a percentage of amortized cost or cost. The change in unrealized gains (losses) on marketable securities included the following ($ in thousands): Pre-tax Fixed Maturities Equity Securities Short-Term Investments Tax Effects Net Six months ended June 30, 2016 Unrealized holding gains on securities arising during the period $ 25,531 $ 753 $ 3 $ (9,200 ) $ 17,086 Realized (gains) losses on securities sold (293 ) (0 ) 2 102 (189 ) Impairment loss recognized in earnings 316 0 0 (111 ) 205 Change in unrealized, net $ 25,553 $ 753 $ 5 $ (9,209 ) $ 17,102 Six months ended June 30, 2015 Unrealized holding (losses) gains on securities arising during the period $ (7,313 ) $ 2,259 $ (2 ) $ 1,770 $ (3,287 ) Realized gains on securities sold (875 ) (1,098 ) 0 691 (1,283 ) Impairment loss recognized in earnings 590 0 0 (206 ) 383 Change in unrealized, net $ (7,599 ) $ 1,160 $ (2 ) $ 2,254 $ (4,186 ) For fixed maturity securities that are other-than-temporarily impaired, we assess our intent to sell and the likelihood that we will be required to sell the security before recovery of our amortized cost. If a fixed maturity security is considered other-than-temporarily impaired but we do not intend to and are not more than likely to be required to sell the security before our recovery of amortized cost, we separate the amount of the impairment into a credit loss component and the amount due to all other factors ("non-credit component"). The excess of the amortized cost over the present value of the expected cash flows determines the credit loss component of an impairment charge on a fixed maturity security. The present value is determined using the best estimate of cash flows discounted at (i) the effective interest rate implicit at the date of acquisition for non-structured securities; or (ii) the book yield for structured securities. The techniques and assumptions for determining the best estimate of cash flows vary depending on the type of security. We recognize the credit loss component of an impairment charge in net earnings and the non-credit component in accumulated other comprehensive income. If we intend to sell or will, more likely than not, be required to sell a security, we treat the entire amount of the impairment as a credit loss. For our securities held with unrealized losses, we believe, based on our analysis, we will recover our cost basis in these securities and we do not intend to sell the securities nor is it more likely than not there will be a requirement to sell the securities before they recover in value. The following table is a progression of credit losses on fixed maturity securities that were bifurcated between a credit and non-credit component ($ in thousands): Six months ended June 30, 2016 2015 Beginning balance $ 683 $ 852 Securities sold and paid down (65 ) (85 ) Ending balance $ 618 $ 766 The table below sets forth the scheduled maturities of fixed maturity securities at June 30, 2016 , based on their fair values ($ in thousands). We report securities that do not have a single maturity date at average maturity. Actual maturities may differ from contractual maturities because certain securities may be called or prepaid by the issuers. Fair Value Amortized Cost Securities with Unrealized Gains Securities with Unrealized Losses Securities with No Unrealized Gains or Losses All Fixed Maturity Securities All Fixed Maturity Securities Maturity One year or less $ 62,071 $ 4,759 $ 0 $ 66,830 $ 66,112 After one year through five years 543,587 50,250 0 593,837 583,974 After five years through ten years 218,261 48,715 1,195 268,171 261,272 After ten years 4,547 0 0 4,547 4,375 Mortgage- and asset-backed securities 373,676 76,746 0 450,422 442,564 Total $ 1,202,142 $ 180,469 $ 1,195 $ 1,383,806 $ 1,358,297 |