The Company and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies | The Company and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies The Company Proofpoint, Inc. (the “Company”) was incorporated in Delaware in June 2002 and is headquartered in California. Proofpoint is a leading security-as-a-service provider that enables large and mid-sized organizations worldwide to defend, protect, archive and govern their most sensitive data. The Company's security-as-a-service platform is comprised of an integrated suite of on-demand data protection solutions, including threat protection, incident response, regulatory compliance, archiving, governance, eDiscovery, and secure communication. Basis of Presentation and Consolidation These condensed consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Company and its wholly-owned subsidiaries. All inter-company transactions and balances have been eliminated in consolidation. Starting January 1, 2016, the Company began separately presenting the effect of exchange rate changes on cash and cash equivalents in its condensed consolidated statements of cash flows due to growing operations in foreign currency environments. Amounts in the comparable prior period have been reclassified to conform to the current period presentation. The Company completed a number of acquisitions during the year ended December 31, 2015, which are more fully described in Note 2, "Acquisitions". The condensed consolidated financial statements include the results of operations from these business combinations from their date of acquisition. These condensed consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with United States generally accepted accounting principles (“GAAP”), pursuant to the rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”). Certain information and note disclosures have been condensed or omitted pursuant to such rules and regulations. The accompanying Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet as of December 31, 2015 is derived from audited financial statements as of that date but does not include all of the information and footnotes required by accounting principles generally accepted in the United States for complete financial statements. The unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements have been prepared on the same basis as the annual financial statements and, in the opinion of management, reflect all adjustments, which include only normal recurring adjustments, necessary for a fair statement of the periods presented. The results of operations for the three and six months ended June 30, 2016 are not necessarily indicative of the results to be expected for the year ending December 31, 2016 or for other interim periods or for future years. These condensed consolidated financial statements should be read in conjunction with the Company’s audited consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes for the year ended December 31, 2015 included in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K filed with the SEC. The Company’s significant accounting policies are described in Note 1 to those audited consolidated financial statements. Refer to "Sales Commissions" below regarding the Company's change in accounting policy for sales commissions effective January 1, 2016. Use of Estimates The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements, and the reported amounts of expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could differ from those estimates and such difference may be material to the financial statements. Goodwill and Intangible Assets Goodwill represents the excess of the purchase price of the acquired enterprise over the fair value of identifiable assets acquired and liabilities assumed. The Company performs an annual goodwill impairment test during the fourth quarter of a calendar year and more frequently if an event or circumstances indicates that impairment may have occurred. For the purposes of impairment testing, the Company has determined that it has one operating segment and one reporting unit. The Company performs a two-step impairment test of goodwill whereby the fair value of the reporting unit is compared to its carrying value. If the fair value of the reporting unit exceeds the carrying value of the net assets assigned to that unit, goodwill is not considered impaired and further testing is not required. If the carrying value of the net assets assigned to the reporting unit exceeds the fair value of the reporting unit, then the Company must perform the second step of the impairment test in order to determine the implied fair value of the reporting unit’s goodwill. If the carrying value of a reporting unit’s goodwill exceeds its implied fair value, then impairment loss equal to the difference is recorded. The identification and measurement of goodwill impairment involves the estimation of the fair value of the Company. The estimate of fair value of the Company, based on the best information available as of the date of the assessment, is subjective and requires judgment, including management assumptions about expected future revenue forecasts and discount rates, changes in the overall economy, trends in the stock price and other factors. No impairment indicators were identified by the Company as of June 30, 2016 . Intangible assets consist of developed technology, customer relationships, non-compete arrangements, trademarks and patents and order backlog. The values assigned to intangibles are based on estimates and judgments regarding expectations for success and life cycle of solutions and technologies acquired. Intangible assets are amortized on a straight-line basis over their estimated lives, which approximate the pattern in which the economic benefits of the intangible assets are consumed, as follows (in years): Low High Patents 4 5 Developed technology 3 7 Customer relationships 2 7 Non-compete agreements 2 4 Order backlog 1 3 Trade names and trademarks 1 5 Revenue Recognition The Company derives its revenue primarily from two sources: (1) subscription revenue for rights related to the use of the security-as-a-service platform and (2) hardware, training and professional services revenue provided to customers related to their use of the platform. The Company records its revenues net of any value added or sales tax. Subscription revenue is derived from a subscription‑based enterprise licensing model with contract terms typically ranging from one to three years, and consists of (i) subscription fees from the licensing of the security-as-a-service platform, (ii) subscription fees for access to the on-demand elements of the platform and (iii) subscription fees for the right to access the Company’s customer support services. Revenue is recognized when all of the following criteria have been met: • Persuasive evidence of an arrangement exists; • Delivery has occurred or services have been rendered; • Sales price is fixed or determinable; and • Collectability is reasonably assured. The Company generates sales directly through its sales team and, to a growing extent, through its channel partners. Sales to channel partners are made at a discount and revenues are recorded at this discounted price once all revenue recognition criteria are met. Channel partners generally receive an order from an end-customer prior to placing an order with the Company, and these partners do not carry any inventory of the Company's products or solutions. Payment from channel partners is not contingent on the partner’s success in sales to end-customers. In the event that the Company offers rebates, joint marketing funds, or other incentive programs to a partner, recorded revenues are reduced by these amounts accordingly. From time to time, certain third parties that the Company has an arrangement with provide the Company with referrals for which the Company pays a referral fee. The referral fee paid could vary depending on the level of effort. These fees are recorded in sales and marketing expense in proportion to the related revenue streams consistent with the sales commissions accounting. The Company did not incur any material referral fee expenses during the three and six months ended June 30, 2016 and 2015. The Company applies industry-specific software revenue recognition guidance to transactions involving the licensing of software, as well as related support, training, and other professional services. The Company has analyzed all of the elements included in its multiple element software arrangements and has determined that it does not have sufficient VSOE of fair value to allocate revenue to its subscription and software license agreements, support, training and professional services. The Company defers all revenue under the software arrangement until the commencement of the subscription services and any associated professional services. Once the subscription services and the associated professional services have commenced, the entire fee from the arrangement is recognized ratably over the remaining period of the arrangement. If the professional services are essential to the functionality of the subscription, then the revenue recognition does not commence until such services are completed. The Company's revenue arrangements typically include subscription services to its security-as-a-service platform. These hosted on demand service arrangements do not provide customers with the right to take possession of the software supporting the hosted services. Certain arrangements also include the sale of hardware appliances. Revenue from hardware appliances containing software components and hardware components that function together to deliver the hardware appliance's essential functionality is excluded from the scope of the industry specific revenue recognition guidance. The Company recognizes revenue from its hosted on demand services in accordance with general revenue recognition accounting guidance. Only revenue derived from the licensing of the software is recognized in accordance with the industry specific revenue guidance. When a sales arrangement contains multiple elements, such as hardware appliances, subscription services, customer support services, and/or professional services, the Company allocates revenue to each unit of accounting or element based on a selling price hierarchy. An element constitutes a separate unit of accounting when the delivered item has standalone value and delivery of the undelivered element is probable and within the Company's control. When applying the relative selling price method, the Company determines the selling price for each deliverable using vendor-specific objective evidence (“VSOE”) of selling price. If VSOE does not exist, the Company uses third-party evidence (“TPE”) of selling price. If neither VSOE nor TPE of selling price exist for a deliverable, the Company uses its best estimate of selling price ("BESP") for that deliverable. Revenue allocated to each element is then recognized when the basic revenue recognition criteria are met for each element. The Company determines BESP for an individual element within a multiple element revenue arrangement using the same methods utilized to determine the selling price of an element sold on a standalone basis. The Company estimates the selling price for its subscription solutions by considering internal factors such as historical pricing practices and it estimates the selling price of hardware and other services using a cost plus model. Hardware appliance revenue is recognized upon shipment. Subscription and support revenue are recognized over the contract period commencing on the start date of the contract. Professional services and training, when sold with hardware appliances or subscription and support services, are accounted for separately when those services have standalone value. In determining whether professional services and training services can be accounted for separately from subscription and support services, the Company considers the following factors: availability of the services from other vendors, the nature of the services, and the dependence of the subscription services on the customer’s decision to buy the professional services. If professional services and training do not qualify for separate accounting, the Company recognizes the professional services and training ratably over the contract term of the subscription services. Delivery generally occurs when the hardware appliance is delivered to a common carrier freight on board shipping point by the Company or the hosted service has been activated and communicated to the customer accordingly. The Company’s fees are typically considered to be fixed or determinable at the inception of an arrangement and are negotiated at the outset of an arrangement, generally based on specific products and quantities to be delivered. In the event payment terms are provided that differ significantly from the Company's standard business practices, the fees are deemed to not be fixed or determinable and revenue is recognized as the fees become paid. The Company assesses collectability based on a number of factors, including credit worthiness of the customer and past transaction history of the customer. Through June 30, 2016 , the Company has not experienced significant credit losses. Deferred Revenue Deferred revenue primarily consists of billings or payments received in advance of revenue recognition from the sale of the Company’s subscription fees, training and professional services. Once the revenue recognition criteria are met, this revenue is recognized ratably over the term of the associated contract. Comprehensive Loss Comprehensive loss includes all changes in equity that are not the result of transactions with stockholders. The Company’s comprehensive loss consists of its net loss and changes in unrealized gains (losses) from its available-for-sale investments. The Company had no material reclassifications out of accumulated other comprehensive loss into net loss for the three and six months ended June 30, 2016 and 2015 . Sales Commissions Effective January 1, 2016, the Company changed its accounting policy for sales commissions that are incremental and directly related to its customer sales contracts in which revenue is deferred. These commission costs are accrued and capitalized upon execution of a non-cancelable customer contract, and subsequently expensed over the term of such contract in proportion to the related future revenue streams. For commission costs where revenue is recognized, the related commission costs are recorded in the period of revenue recognition. Prior to this change in accounting policy, commission costs were expensed in the period in which they were incurred. The adoption of this accounting policy change has been applied retrospectively to all periods presented in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, in which the cumulative effect of the change has been reflected as of the beginning of the first period presented. Deferred commissions as of June 30, 2016 and December 31, 2015 were $22,181 and $22,802 , respectively. During the three and six months ended June 30, 2016, the Company deferred $9,109 and $15,038 of commission costs and amortized $8,249 and $15,660 within sales and marketing expense, respectively. During the three and six months ended June 30, 2015, the Company deferred $7,392 and $11,892 of commission costs and amortized $5,013 and $9,552 within sales and marketing expense, respectively. The Company believes this change in accounting policy is preferable as the direct and incremental commission costs are closely related to the revenue, and therefore they should be recorded as an asset and recognized as an expense over the same period that the related revenue is recognized. The cumulative effect of the change on accumulated deficit was $15,060 as of December 31, 2014. The following tables present the changes to the financial statement lines as a result of the accounting change for the periods presented in the accompanying unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements: Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet As of December 31, 2015 As reported Adjustment As adjusted Short-term deferred commissions $ — $ 19,314 $ 19,314 Long-term deferred commissions $ — $ 3,488 $ 3,488 Accumulated deficit $ (380,702 ) $ 22,802 $ (357,900 ) Condensed Consolidated Statement of Operations Three months ended June 30, 2015 Six months ended June 30, 2015 As reported Adjustment As adjusted As reported Adjustment As adjusted Operating expenses: Sales and marketing $ 38,017 $ (2,379 ) $ 35,638 $ 70,929 $ (2,340 ) $ 68,589 Net loss $ (24,973 ) $ 2,379 $ (22,594 ) $ (46,646 ) $ 2,340 $ (44,306 ) Net loss per share, basic and diluted $ (0.63 ) $ 0.06 $ (0.57 ) $ (1.19 ) $ 0.06 $ (1.13 ) Weighted average shares outstanding, basic and diluted 39,567 — 39,567 39,264 — 39,264 Condensed Consolidated Statement of Comprehensive Loss Three months ended June 30, 2015 Six months ended June 30, 2015 As reported Adjustment As adjusted As reported Adjustment As adjusted Net loss $ (24,973 ) $ 2,379 $ (22,594 ) $ (46,646 ) $ 2,340 $ (44,306 ) Unrealized gains on short-term investments, net $ 5 $ — $ 5 $ 25 $ — $ 25 Comprehensive loss $ (24,968 ) $ 2,379 $ (22,589 ) $ (46,621 ) $ 2,340 $ (44,281 ) There have been no changes, other than as discussed above, in the Company's significant accounting policies for the three and six months ended June 30, 2016, as compared to the significant accounting policies described in the Company's Annual Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2015. Recent Accounting Pronouncements In June 2016, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) issued an Accounting Standards Update No. 2016-13, Financial Instruments - Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments (ASU 2016-13). ASU 2016-13 changes the impairment model for most financial assets, and will require the use of an expected loss model in place of the currently used incurred loss method. Under this model, entities will be required to estimate the lifetime expected credit loss on such instruments and record an allowance to offset the amortized cost basis of the financial asset, resulting in a net presentation of the amount expected to be collected on the financial asset. The update to the standard is effective for interim and annual periods beginning after December 15, 2019. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of the adoption of ASU 2016-13 on its consolidated financial statements. In March 2016, FASB issued Accounting Standards Update No. 2016-09, Compensation-Stock Compensation (Topic 718): Improvements to Employee Share-Based Payment Accounting (ASU 2016-09). ASU 2016-09 changes how companies account for certain aspects of share-based payment awards to employees, including the accounting for income taxes, forfeitures, and statutory tax withholding requirements, as well as classification in the statement of cash flows. The update to the standard is effective for interim and annual periods beginning after December 15, 2016. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of the adoption of ASU 2016-09 on its consolidated financial statements. In February 2016, FASB issued Accounting Standards Update No. 2016-02, Leases (Topic 842) (ASU 2016-02), which requires lessees to put most leases on their balance sheets but recognize the expenses on their statements of operations in a manner similar to current practice. ASU 2016-02 states that a lessee would recognize a lease liability for the obligation to make lease payments and a right-to-use asset for the right to use the underlying asset for the lease term. The new standard is effective for interim and annual periods beginning after December 15, 2018 and early adoption is permitted. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of the adoption of ASU 2016-02 on its consolidated financial statements. In May 2014, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update No. 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers: Topic 606 (ASU 2014-09), to supersede nearly all existing revenue recognition guidance under U.S. GAAP. The core principle of ASU 2014-09 is to recognize revenues when promised goods or services are transferred to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration that is expected to be received for those goods or services. ASU 2014-09 defines a five step process to achieve this core principle and, in doing so, it is possible more judgment and estimates may be required within the revenue recognition process than required under existing U.S. GAAP including identifying performance obligations in the contract, estimating the amount of variable consideration to include in the transaction price and allocating the transaction price to each separate performance obligation. Originally, ASU 2014-09 would be effective for the Company starting January 1, 2017 using either of two methods: (i) retrospective to each prior reporting period presented with the option to elect certain practical expedients as defined within ASU 2014-09; or (ii) retrospective with the cumulative effect of initially applying ASU 2014-09 recognized at the date of initial application and providing certain additional disclosures as defined per ASU 2014-09. In July 2015, the FASB voted to amend ASU 2014-09 by approving a one-year deferral of the effective date as well as providing the option to early adopt the standard on the original effective date. The FASB has issued several updates to the standard which i) clarify the application of the principal versus agent guidance (ASU 2016-08); ii) clarify the guidance on inconsequential and perfunctory promises and licensing (ASU 2016-10) and iii) narrow-scope improvements and practical expedients (ASU 2016-12). The Company is currently evaluating the timing and impact of the adoption of the standard on its consolidated financial statements. |