Fair Value of Financial Instruments | Fair Value of Financial Instruments Based on the nature of the Company’s business and its role as a "dealer" in the securities industry or as a manager of alternative asset management funds, the fair values of its financial instruments are determined internally. The Company’s processes are designed to ensure that the fair values used for financial reporting are based on observable inputs wherever possible. In the event that observable inputs are not available, unobservable inputs are developed based on an evaluation of all relevant empirical market data, including prices evidenced by market transactions, interest rates, credit spreads, volatilities and correlations and other security-specific information. Valuation adjustments related to illiquidity or counterparty credit risk are also considered. In estimating fair value, the Company may utilize information provided by third party pricing vendors to corroborate internally-developed fair value estimates. The Company employs specific control processes to determine the reasonableness of the fair value of its financial instruments. The Company’s processes are designed to ensure that the internally-estimated fair values are accurately recorded and that the data inputs and the valuation techniques used are appropriate, consistently applied, and that the assumptions are reasonable and consistent with the objective of determining fair value. Individuals outside of the trading departments perform independent pricing verification reviews as of each reporting date. The Company has established parameters which set forth when the fair value of securities are independently verified. The selection parameters are generally based upon the type of security, the level of estimation risk of a security, the materiality of the security to the Company’s financial statements, changes in fair value from period to period, and other specific facts and circumstances of the Company’s securities portfolio. In evaluating the initial internally-estimated fair values made by the Company’s traders, the nature and complexity of securities involved (e.g., term, coupon, collateral, and other key drivers of value), level of market activity for securities, and availability of market data are considered. The independent price verification procedures include, but are not limited to, analysis of trade data (both internal and external where available), corroboration to the valuation of positions with similar characteristics, risks and components, or comparison to an alternative pricing source, such as a discounted cash flow model. The Company’s valuation committee, comprised of members of senior management and risk management, provides oversight and overall responsibility for the internal control processes and procedures related to fair value measurements. The following is a description of the valuation techniques used to measure fair value. Cash Equivalents Cash equivalents include highly liquid investments with original maturities of 90 days or less. Actively traded money market funds are measured at their net asset value and classified as Level I. Financial Instruments and Other Inventory Positions Owned The Company records financial instruments and other inventory positions owned and financial instruments and other inventory positions sold, but not yet purchased at fair value on the consolidated statements of financial condition with unrealized gains and losses reflected on the consolidated statements of operations. Equity securities – Exchange traded equity securities are valued based on quoted prices from the exchange for identical assets or liabilities as of the period-end date. To the extent these securities are actively traded and valuation adjustments are not applied, they are categorized as Level I. Non-exchange traded equity securities (principally hybrid preferred securities) are measured primarily using broker quotations, prices observed for recently executed market transactions and internally-developed fair value estimates based on observable inputs and are categorized within Level II of the fair value hierarchy. Convertible securities – Convertible securities are valued based on observable trades, when available. Accordingly, these convertible securities are categorized as Level II. Corporate fixed income securities – Fixed income securities include corporate bonds which are valued based on recently executed market transactions of comparable size, internally-developed fair value estimates based on observable inputs, or broker quotations. Accordingly, these corporate bonds are categorized as Level II. Taxable municipal securities – Taxable municipal securities are valued using recently executed observable trades or market price quotations and therefore are generally categorized as Level II. Certain illiquid taxable municipal securities are valued using market data for comparable securities (maturity and sector) and management judgment to infer an appropriate current yield or other model-based valuation techniques deemed appropriate by management based on the specific nature of the individual security and are therefore categorized as Level III. Tax-exempt municipal securities – Tax-exempt municipal securities are valued using recently executed observable trades or market price quotations and therefore are generally categorized as Level II. Certain illiquid tax-exempt municipal securities are valued using market data for comparable securities (maturity and sector) and management judgment to infer an appropriate current yield or other model-based valuation techniques deemed appropriate by management based on the specific nature of the individual security and are therefore categorized as Level III. Short-term municipal securities – Short-term municipal securities include auction rate securities, variable rate demand notes, and other short-term municipal securities. Variable rate demand notes and other short-term municipal securities are valued using recently executed observable trades or market price quotations and therefore are generally categorized as Level II. Auction rate securities with limited liquidity are categorized as Level III and are valued using discounted cash flow models with unobservable inputs such as the Company’s expected recovery rate on the securities. Mortgage-backed securities – Mortgage-backed securities are valued using observable trades, when available. Certain mortgage-backed securities are valued using models where inputs to the model are directly observable in the market, or can be derived principally from or corroborated by observable market data. These mortgage-backed securities are categorized as Level II. Other mortgage-backed securities, which are principally collateralized by residential mortgages, have experienced low volumes of executed transactions resulting in less observable transaction data. Certain mortgage-backed securities collateralized by residential mortgages are valued using cash flow models that utilize unobservable inputs including credit default rates, prepayment rates, loss severity and valuation yields. As judgment is used to determine the range of these inputs, these mortgage-backed securities are categorized as Level III. U.S. government agency securities – U.S. government agency securities include agency debt bonds and mortgage bonds. Agency debt bonds are valued by using either direct price quotes or price quotes for comparable bond securities and are categorized as Level II. Mortgage bonds include bonds secured by mortgages, mortgage pass-through securities, agency collateralized mortgage-obligation ("CMO") securities and agency interest-only securities. Mortgage pass-through securities, CMO securities and interest-only securities are valued using recently executed observable trades or other observable inputs, such as prepayment speeds and therefore are generally categorized as Level II. Mortgage bonds are valued using observable market inputs, such as market yields ranging from 187 - 573 basis points ("bps") on spreads over U.S. treasury securities, or models based upon prepayment expectations ranging from 0% - 21% conditional prepayment rate ("CPR"). These securities are categorized as Level II. U.S. government securities – U.S. government securities include highly liquid U.S. treasury securities which are generally valued using quoted market prices and therefore categorized as Level I. The Company does not transact in securities of countries other than the U.S. government. Derivatives – Derivative contracts include interest rate swaps, interest rate locks, credit default swap index contracts, U.S. treasury bond futures and equity option contracts. These instruments derive their value from underlying assets, reference rates, indices or a combination of these factors. The Company's equity option derivative contracts are valued based on quoted prices from the exchange for identical assets or liabilities as of the period-end date. To the extent these contracts are actively traded and valuation adjustments are not applied, they are categorized as Level I. The Company’s credit default swap index contracts are valued using market price quotations and are classified as Level II. The majority of the Company’s interest rate derivative contracts, including both interest rate swaps and interest rate locks, are valued using market standard pricing models based on the net present value of estimated future cash flows. The valuation models used do not involve material subjectivity as the methodologies do not entail significant judgment and the pricing inputs are market observable, including contractual terms, yield curves and measures of volatility. These instruments are classified as Level II within the fair value hierarchy. Certain interest rate locks transact in less active markets and were valued using valuation models that included the previously mentioned observable inputs and certain unobservable inputs that required significant judgment, such as the premium over the MMD curve. These instruments are classified as Level III. Investments The Company’s investments valued at fair value include equity investments in private companies and partnerships, investments in registered mutual funds, warrants of public and private companies and private company debt. Investments in registered mutual funds are valued based on quoted prices on active markets and classified as Level I. Company-owned warrants, which have a cashless exercise option, are valued based upon the Black-Scholes option-pricing model and certain unobservable inputs. The Company applies a liquidity discount to the value of its warrants in public and private companies. For warrants in private companies, valuation adjustments, based upon management’s judgment, are made to account for differences between the measured security and the stock volatility factors of comparable companies. Company-owned warrants are reported as Level III assets. Investments in private companies are valued based on an assessment of each underlying security, considering rounds of financing, third party transactions and market-based information, including comparable company transactions, trading multiples (e.g., multiples of revenue and earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation and amortization ("EBITDA")) and changes in market outlook, among other factors. These securities are generally categorized as Level III. Fair Value Option – The fair value option permits the irrevocable fair value option election on an instrument-by-instrument basis at initial recognition of an asset or liability or upon an event that gives rise to a new basis of accounting for that instrument. The fair value option was elected for certain merchant banking and other investments at inception to reflect economic events in earnings on a timely basis. Merchant banking and other equity investments of $13.1 million and $19.7 million , included within investments on the consolidated statements of financial condition, are accounted for at fair value and are classified as Level III assets at March 31, 2017 and December 31, 2016 , respectively. The realized and unrealized net gains from fair value changes included in earnings as a result of electing to apply the fair value option to certain financial assets were $0.5 million and $0.3 million for the three months ended March 31, 2017 and 2016 , respectively. The following table summarizes quantitative information about the significant unobservable inputs used in the fair value measurement of the Company’s Level III financial instruments as of March 31, 2017 : Valuation Weighted Technique Unobservable Input Range Average Assets: Financial instruments and other inventory positions owned: Municipal securities: Tax-exempt securities Discounted cash flow Expected recovery rate (% of par) (2) 5 - 60% 19.4% Short-term securities Discounted cash flow Expected recovery rate (% of par) (2) 66 - 94% 91.0% Mortgage-backed securities: Collateralized by residential mortgages Discounted cash flow Credit default rates (3) 0 - 6% 0.9% Prepayment rates (4) 1 - 35% 17.4% Loss severity (3) 0 - 100% 21.6% Valuation yields (3) 0 - 7% 4.8% Derivative contracts: Interest rate locks Discounted cash flow Premium over the MMD curve (1) 2 - 5 bps 3.4 bps Investments at fair value: Equity securities in private companies Market approach Revenue multiple (2) 2 - 5 times 4.1 times EBITDA multiple (2) 10 - 15 times 12.2 times Liabilities: Financial instruments and other inventory positions sold, but not yet purchased: Derivative contracts: Interest rate locks Discounted cash flow Premium over the MMD curve (1) 1 - 49 bps 13.3 bps Sensitivity of the fair value to changes in unobservable inputs: (1) Significant increase/(decrease) in the unobservable input in isolation would result in a significantly lower/(higher) fair value measurement. (2) Significant increase/(decrease) in the unobservable input in isolation would result in a significantly higher/(lower) fair value measurement. (3) Significant changes in any of these inputs in isolation could result in a significantly different fair value. Generally, a change in the assumption used for credit default rates is accompanied by a directionally similar change in the assumption used for the loss severity and a directionally inverse change in the assumption for valuation yields. (4) The potential impact of changes in prepayment rates on fair value is dependent on other security-specific factors, such as the par value and structure. Changes in the prepayment rates may result in directionally similar or directionally inverse changes in fair value depending on whether the security trades at a premium or discount to the par value. The following table summarizes the valuation of the Company’s financial instruments by pricing observability levels defined in FASB Accounting Standards Codification Topic 820, "Fair Value Measurement" ("ASC 820") as of March 31, 2017 : Counterparty and Cash Collateral (Dollars in thousands) Level I Level II Level III Netting (1) Total Assets: Financial instruments and other inventory positions owned: Corporate securities: Equity securities $ 524 $ 44,636 $ — $ — $ 45,160 Convertible securities — 53,781 — — 53,781 Fixed income securities — 36,882 — — 36,882 Municipal securities: Taxable securities — 66,284 — — 66,284 Tax-exempt securities — 379,682 1,117 — 380,799 Short-term securities — 61,419 744 — 62,163 Mortgage-backed securities — — 5,492 — 5,492 U.S. government agency securities — 342,669 — — 342,669 U.S. government securities 521 — — — 521 Derivative contracts — 276,781 1,633 (253,872 ) 24,542 Total financial instruments and other inventory positions owned 1,045 1,262,134 8,986 (253,872 ) 1,018,293 Cash equivalents 1,058 — — — 1,058 Investments at fair value 37,087 — 110,693 (2) — 147,780 Total assets $ 39,190 $ 1,262,134 $ 119,679 $ (253,872 ) $ 1,167,131 Liabilities: Financial instruments and other inventory positions sold, but not yet purchased: Corporate securities: Equity securities $ 80,795 $ 912 $ — $ — $ 81,707 Fixed income securities — 22,508 — — 22,508 U.S. government agency securities — 21,790 — — 21,790 U.S. government securities 273,030 — — — 273,030 Derivative contracts — 261,157 3,906 (259,559 ) 5,504 Total financial instruments and other inventory positions sold, but not yet purchased $ 353,825 $ 306,367 $ 3,906 $ (259,559 ) $ 404,539 (1) Represents cash collateral and the impact of netting on a counterparty basis. The Company had no securities posted as collateral to its counterparties. (2) Noncontrolling interests of $40.2 million are attributable to third party ownership in consolidated merchant banking and senior living funds. The following table summarizes the valuation of the Company’s financial instruments by pricing observability levels defined in ASC 820 as of December 31, 2016 : Counterparty and Cash Collateral (Dollars in thousands) Level I Level II Level III Netting (1) Total Assets: Financial instruments and other inventory positions owned: Corporate securities: Equity securities $ 82 $ 6,281 $ — $ — $ 6,363 Convertible securities — 103,486 — — 103,486 Fixed income securities — 21,018 — — 21,018 Municipal securities: Taxable securities — 60,404 2,686 — 63,090 Tax-exempt securities — 558,252 1,077 — 559,329 Short-term securities — 34,431 744 — 35,175 Mortgage-backed securities — 273 5,365 — 5,638 U.S. government agency securities — 205,685 — — 205,685 U.S. government securities 29,970 — — — 29,970 Derivative contracts — 288,955 13,952 (273,690 ) 29,217 Total financial instruments and other inventory positions owned 30,052 1,278,785 23,824 (273,690 ) 1,058,971 Cash equivalents 768 — — — 768 Investments at fair value 32,783 — 123,319 (2) — 156,102 Total assets $ 63,603 $ 1,278,785 $ 147,143 $ (273,690 ) $ 1,215,841 Liabilities: Financial instruments and other inventory positions sold, but not yet purchased: Corporate securities: Equity securities $ 89,453 $ — $ — $ — $ 89,453 Fixed income securities — 17,324 — — 17,324 U.S. government agency securities — 6,723 — — 6,723 U.S. government securities 180,650 — — — 180,650 Derivative contracts — 273,166 1,487 (269,446 ) 5,207 Total financial instruments and other inventory positions sold, but not yet purchased $ 270,103 $ 297,213 $ 1,487 $ (269,446 ) $ 299,357 (1) Represents cash collateral and the impact of netting on a counterparty basis. The Company had no securities posted as collateral to its counterparties. (2) Noncontrolling interests of $45.1 million are attributable to third party ownership in consolidated merchant banking and senior living funds. The Company’s Level III assets were $119.7 million and $147.1 million , or 10.3 percent and 12.1 percent of financial instruments measured at fair value at March 31, 2017 and December 31, 2016 , respectively. The value of transfers between levels are recognized at the beginning of the reporting period. There were no significant transfers between Level I, Level II or Level III for the three months ended March 31, 2017 . The following tables summarize the changes in fair value associated with Level III financial instruments held at the beginning or end of the periods presented: Unrealized gains/ (losses) for assets/ Balance at Realized Unrealized Balance at liabilities held at December 31, Transfers Transfers gains/ gains/ March 31, March 31, (Dollars in thousands) 2016 Purchases Sales in out (losses) (1) (losses) (1) 2017 2017 (1) Assets: Financial instruments and other inventory positions owned: Municipal securities: Taxable securities $ 2,686 $ — $ (2,703 ) $ — $ — $ 716 $ (699 ) $ — $ — Tax-exempt securities 1,077 — — — — — 40 1,117 40 Short-term securities 744 — — — — — — 744 — Mortgage-backed securities 5,365 996 (790 ) — — 314 (393 ) 5,492 (71 ) Derivative contracts 13,952 240 (10,885 ) — — 10,645 (12,319 ) 1,633 (347 ) Total financial instruments and other inventory positions owned 23,824 1,236 (14,378 ) — — 11,675 (13,371 ) 8,986 (378 ) Investments at fair value 123,319 6,587 (24,469 ) — — 8,656 (3,400 ) 110,693 6,493 Total assets $ 147,143 $ 7,823 $ (38,847 ) $ — $ — $ 20,331 $ (16,771 ) $ 119,679 $ 6,115 Liabilities: Financial instruments and other inventory positions sold, but not yet purchased: Derivative contracts $ 1,487 $ (719 ) $ — $ — $ — $ 719 $ 2,419 $ 3,906 $ 3,061 Total financial instruments and other inventory positions sold, but not yet purchased $ 1,487 $ (719 ) $ — $ — $ — $ 719 $ 2,419 $ 3,906 $ 3,061 (1) Realized and unrealized gains/(losses) related to financial instruments, with the exception of customer matched-book derivatives, are reported in institutional brokerage on the consolidated statements of operations. Realized and unrealized gains/(losses) related to customer matched-book derivatives are reported in investment banking. Realized and unrealized gains/(losses) related to investments are reported in investment banking revenues or investment income on the consolidated statements of operations. Unrealized gains/ (losses) for assets/ Balance at Realized Unrealized Balance at liabilities held at December 31, Transfers Transfers gains/ gains/ March 31, March 31, (Dollars in thousands) 2015 Purchases Sales in out (losses) (1) (losses) (1) 2016 2016 (1) Assets: Financial instruments and other inventory positions owned: Municipal securities: Taxable securities $ 5,816 $ — $ (611 ) $ — $ (5,216 ) $ 11 $ — $ — $ — Tax-exempt securities 1,177 — — — — — — 1,177 — Short-term securities 720 — — — — — 28 748 28 Mortgage-backed securities 121,124 26,519 (27,213 ) — — 1,067 (3,606 ) 117,891 (730 ) Derivative contracts — — — — — — 5 5 5 Total financial instruments and other inventory positions owned 128,837 26,519 (27,824 ) — (5,216 ) 1,078 (3,573 ) 119,821 (697 ) Investments at fair value 109,444 14,131 — — (9,088 ) — 2,354 116,841 2,354 Total assets $ 238,281 $ 40,650 $ (27,824 ) $ — $ (14,304 ) $ 1,078 $ (1,219 ) $ 236,662 $ 1,657 Liabilities: Financial instruments and other inventory positions sold, but not yet purchased: Derivative contracts $ 7,148 $ — $ (9,882 ) $ — $ — $ 9,882 $ (1,740 ) $ 5,408 $ 4,534 Total financial instruments and other inventory positions sold, but not yet purchased $ 7,148 $ — $ (9,882 ) $ — $ — $ 9,882 $ (1,740 ) $ 5,408 $ 4,534 (1) Realized and unrealized gains/(losses) related to financial instruments, with the exception of customer matched-book derivatives, are reported in institutional brokerage on the consolidated statements of operations. Realized and unrealized gains/(losses) related to customer matched-book derivatives are reported in investment banking. Realized and unrealized gains/(losses) related to investments are reported in investment banking revenues or investment income on the consolidated statements of operations. The carrying values of the Company’s cash, securities either purchased or sold under agreements to resell, receivables and payables either from or to customers and brokers, dealers and clearing organizations and short-term financings approximate fair value due to their liquid or short-term nature. |