| Background and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies | NOTE 1. BACKGROUND AND SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES (a) The Company Globus Medical, Inc., together with its subsidiaries, is a medical device company that develops and commercializes healthcare solutions in a mission to improve the quality of life of patients with musculoskeletal disorders. We are primarily focused on implants that promote healing in patients with musculoskeletal disorders, including the use of a robotic guidance and navigation system and products to treat patients who have experienced orthopedic traumas. We are an engineering-driven company with a history of rapidly developing and commercializing advanced products and procedures to assist surgeons in effectively treating their patients and to address new treatment options. With over 200 products launched, we offer a comprehensive portfolio of innovative and differentiated technologies that address a variety of musculoskeletal pathologies, anatomies, and surgical approaches. We are headquartered in Audubon, Pennsylvania, and market and sell our products through our exclusive sales force in the United States, as well as within North, Central & South America, Europe, Asia, Africa and Australia. The sales force consists of direct sales representatives and distributor sales representatives employed by exclusive independent distributors. The terms the “Company,” “Globus,” “we,” “us” and “our” refer to Globus Medical, Inc. and, where applicable, our consolidated subsidiaries. (b) Basis of Presentation The accompanying consolidated financial statements have been prepared in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (“U.S. GAAP”). (c) Principles of Consolidation The accompanying consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Globus and its wholly owned subsidiaries. All intercompany balances and transactions are eliminated in consolidation. (d) Use of Estimates The preparation of the consolidated financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosures of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the consolidated financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. We base our estimates, in part, on historical experience that management believes to be reasonable under the circumstances. Actual results could differ from those estimates. Estimates and assumptions are periodically reviewed and the effects of revisions are reflected in the consolidated financial statements in the period they are determined to be necessary. Significant areas that require management’s estimates include intangible assets, contingent payment liabilities, allowance for doubtful accounts, stock-based compensation, write-down for excess and obsolete inventory, useful lives of assets, the outcome of litigation, recoverability of intangible assets and income taxes. We are subject to risks and uncertainties due to changes in the healthcare environment, regulatory oversight, competition, and legislation that may cause actual results to differ from estimated results. During fourth quarter of 2017, we completed a review of the estimated useful life of our Instruments and Modules and cases. Based on historical useful life information, forecasted product life cycles and demand expectations, the useful life of Instruments and Modules and cases were extended from three to five years . This was accounted for as a change in accounting estimate and was made on a prospective basis effective October 1, 2017. For the three months ended December 31, 2018, depreciation expense was lower by approximately $ 1.3 million than it would have been had the useful life of these assets not been extended. The effect of this change on basic and diluted earnings per share for the three months ended December 31, 2018 was $ 0.01 per share. For the year ended December 31, 2018, depreciation expense was lower by approximately $ 5.7 million than it would have been had the useful life of these assets not been extended, with a diluted earnings per share impact of $ 0.05 per share . (e ) Foreign Currency Translation The functional currency of our foreign subsidiaries is generally their local currency. Assets and liabilities of the foreign subsidiaries are translated at the period end currency exchange rate and revenues and expenses are translated at an average currency exchange rate for the period. The resulting foreign currency translation gains and losses are included as a component of accumulated other comprehensive income. Gains and losses arising from intercompany foreign transactions are included in other income, net on the consolidated statement of income (f) Cash, Cash Equivalents, and Restricted Cash Cash and cash equivalents include cash on hand and all highly liquid investments with a maturity of three months or less when purchased. The following table provides a reconciliation of cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash reported within the statement of financial position that sum to the total of the same such amounts shown in the statement of cash flows: December 31, (In thousands) 2019 2018 2017 2016 Cash and cash equivalents $ 195,474 $ 139,647 $ 118,817 $ 66,954 Restricted cash 250 100 — 477 Total cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash as presented in the consolidated statement of cash flows $ 195,724 $ 139,747 $ 118,817 $ 67,431 (g) Concentrations of Credit Risk Financial instruments, which potentially subject us to concentrations of credit risk, are primarily marketable securities and accounts receivable. Concentrations of credit risk with respect to accounts receivable are limited due to the large number of entities comprising our customer base. We perform ongoing credit evaluations of our customers and generally do not require collateral. There was no customer that accounted for 10 % or more of sales for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018, and 2017, respectively. (h) Marketable Securities Our marketable securities include municipal bonds, corporate debt securities, commercial paper, securities of government, federal agency, and other sovereign obligations, and asset-backed securities, and are classified as available-for-sale as of December 31, 2019 and 2018. Available-for-sale securities are recorded at fair value in both short-term and long-term marketable securities on our consolidated balance sheets. The change in fair value for available-for-sale securities is recorded, net of taxes, as a component of accumulated other comprehensive income or loss on our consolidated balance sheets. Premiums and discounts are recognized over the life of the related security as an adjustment to yield using the straight-line method. Realized gains or losses from the sale of our marketable securities are determined on a specific identification basis. Realized gains and losses, along with interest income and the amortization/accretion of premiums/discounts are included as a component of other income, net, on our consolidated statements of income. Interest receivable is recorded as a component of prepaid expenses and other current assets on our consolidated balance sheets. We maintain a portfolio of various holdings, types and maturities, though most of the securities in our portfolio could be liquidated at minimal cost at any time. We invest in securities that meet or exceed standards as defined in our investment policy. Our policy also limits the amount of credit exposure to any one issue, issuer or type of security. We review our securities for other-than-temporary impairment at each reporting period. If an unrealized loss for any security is considered to be other-than-temporary, the loss will be recognized in our consolidated statement of income in the period the determination is made. Purchases of marketable securities include payables to broker of $ 10.3 million during the twelve months ended December 31, 2019. (i) Inventories Inventories are stated at the lower of cost or net realizable value. Cost is determined on a first-in, first-out basis. The majority of our inventories are finished goods and we utilize both in-house manufacturing and third-party suppliers to source our products. We periodically evaluate the carrying value of our inventories in relation to our estimated forecast of product demand, which takes into consideration the estimated life cycle of product releases. When quantities on hand exceed estimated sales forecasts, we record a write-down for such excess inventories. Once inventory has been written down, it creates a new cost basis for inventory that is not subsequently written up. During years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017, net adjustments to cost of sales related to excess and obsolete inventory were $ 2.5 million, $ 10.5 million and $ 11.5 million, respectively. The net adjustments for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017 reflect a combination of additional expense for excess and obsolete related provisions ($ 11.2 million, $ 17.6 million and $ 20.7 million, respectively) offset by sales and disposals ($ 8.7 million, $ 7.1 million and $ 9.2 million, respectively) of inventory for which an excess and obsolete provision was provided previously through expense recognized in prior periods. (j) Property and Equipment Property and equipment are recorded at cost less accumulated depreciation. Additions or improvements are capitalized, while repairs and maintenance are expensed as incurred. Depreciation and amortization are provided using the straight-line method over the related useful lives of the assets. When assets are sold or otherwise disposed of, the related property, equipment, and accumulated depreciation amounts are relieved from the accounts, and any gain or loss is recorded in the consolidated statements of income. Purchases of property and equipment included in accounts payable and accrued expenses were $ 4.2 million, $ 10.1 million, and $ 6.5 million during the twelve months ended December 31, 2019, 2018, and 2017, respectively. (k) Goodwill and Intangible Assets Goodwill represents the excess purchase price over the fair values of the identifiable assets acquired less the liabilities assumed. Goodwill is tested for impairment at a minimum on an annual basis. Goodwill is tested for impairment at the reporting unit level by comparing the reporting unit’s carrying amount to the fair value of the reporting unit. The fair values are estimated using an income and discounted cash flow approach. We perform our annual impairment test for goodwill in the fourth quarter of each year. We consider qualitative indicators of the fair value of a reporting unit when it is unlikely that a reporting unit has impaired goodwill. During the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017, we did not record any impairment charges related to goodwill. Intangible assets consist of purchased in-process research and development (“IPR&D”), developed technology, supplier network, patents, customer relationships and non-compete agreements. Intangible assets with finite useful lives are amortized over the period of estimated benefit using the straight-line method and estimated useful lives ranging from one to seventeen years. Intangible assets are tested for impairment annually or whenever events or circumstances indicate that a carrying amount of an asset (asset group) may not be recoverable. If impairment is indicated, we measure the amount of the impairment loss as the amount by which the carrying amount exceeds the fair value of the asset. Fair value is generally determined using a discounted future cash flow analysis. During 2017, we recorded an impairment charge of $ 0.5 million related to one of our developed technologies related to one of our systems as a component of selling, general and administrative expense. There were no impairments of finite-lived intangible assets during the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018. IPR&D has an indefinite life and is not amortized until completion of the project at which time the IPR&D becomes an amortizable asset. If the related project is not completed in a timely manner, we may have an impairment related to the IPR&D, calculated as the excess of the asset’s carrying value over its fair value. There were no impairments of IPR&D during the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 or 2017. (l) Impairment of Long-Lived Assets We periodically evaluate the recoverability of the carrying amount of long-lived assets, which include property and equipment, as well as whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset group may not be fully recoverable. An impairment is assessed when the undiscounted future cash flows from the use and eventual disposition of an asset group are less than its carrying value. If impairment is indicated, we measure the amount of the impairment loss as the amount by which the carrying amount exceeds the fair value of the asset group. Our fair value methodology is based on quoted market prices, if available. If quoted market prices are not available, an estimate of fair value is made based on prices of similar assets or other valuation techniques including present value techniques. During the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017, we did no t record any impairment charges related to long-lived assets. (m) Revenue Recognition Revenue is recognized upon transfer of control of promised products or services to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration we expect to receive in exchange for those products or services. Sales and other taxes we collect concurrent with revenue-producing activities are excluded from revenue. Incidental items that are immaterial in the context of the contract are recognized as expense. For purposes of disclosing disaggregated revenue, we disaggregate our revenue, into two categories, Musculoskeletal Solutions and Enabling Technologies, based on the timing of revenue recognition. Our Musculoskeletal Solutions products consist primarily of the implantable devices, disposables, and unique instruments used in an expansive range of spine, orthopedic trauma, hip, knee and extremity procedures. The majority of our Musculoskeletal Solutions contracts have a single performance obligation and revenue is recognized at a point in time. Our Enabling Technologies products are the advanced hardware and software systems and related technologies that are designed to enhance a surgeon’s capabilities and streamline surgical procedures by making them less invasive, more accurate, and more reproducible to improve patient care. The majority of our Enabling Technologies product contracts typically contain multiple performance obligations, including maintenance and support, and revenue is recognized as we fulfill each performance obligation. For contracts with multiple performance obligations, we allocate the contract’s transaction price to each performance obligation using our best estimate of the standalone selling price of each distinct good or service in the contract. Our policy is to classify shipping and handling costs billed to customers as sales and the related expenses as cost of goods sold. Nature of Products and Services A significant portion of our Musculoskeletal Solutions product revenue is generated from consigned inventory maintained at hospitals or with sales representatives. Revenue from the sale of consigned Musculoskeletal products is recognized when we transfer control, which occurs at the time the product is used or implanted. For all other Musculoskeletal Solutions product transactions, we recognize revenue when we transfer title to the goods, provided there are no remaining performance obligations that will affect the customer’s final acceptance of the sale. We use an observable price to determine the stand-alone selling price for the identified performance obligation. Revenue from the sale of Enabling Technologies products is generally recognized when title transfers to the customer which occurs at the time the product is shipped or delivered. Depending on the terms of the arrangement, we may also defer the recognition of a portion of the consideration received as we have to satisfy a future performance obligation to provide maintenance and support. We use an observable price to determine the stand-alone selling price for each separate performance obligation. Contract Balances Timing of revenue recognition may differ from the timing of invoicing to customers. We record a receivable when revenue is recognized prior to invoicing, or deferred revenue when revenue is recognized subsequent to invoicing. Deferred revenue is comprised mainly of unearned revenue related to the sales of certain Enabling Technologies products, which includes maintenance and support services. Deferred revenue is generally invoiced annually at the beginning of each contract period and recognized ratably over the coverage period. For the three months and years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017, there was an immaterial amount of revenue recognized from previously deferred revenue. Disaggregation of Revenue The following table represents total sales by revenue stream: Three Months Ended Year Ended December 31, December 31, (In thousands) 2019 2018 2017 2019 2018 2017 Musculoskeletal Solutions products $ 197,757 $ 181,638 $ 165,114 $ 738,377 $ 666,040 $ 625,057 Enabling Technologies products 13,910 14,300 10,920 46,991 46,929 10,920 Total sales $ 211,667 $ 195,938 $ 176,034 $ 785,368 $ 712,969 $ 635,977 (n) Cost of Goods Sold Cost of goods sold consists primarily of costs from our in-house manufacturing, costs of products purchased from third-party suppliers, excess and obsolete inventory charges, depreciation of surgical instruments and cases, royalties, shipping, inspection and related costs incurred in making our products available for sale or use. (o) Research and Development Research and development costs are expensed as incurred. Research and development costs include salaries, employee benefits, supplies, consulting services, clinical services and clinical trial costs, and facilities costs. Costs incurred in obtaining technology licenses and patents are charged immediately to research and development expense if the technology licensed has not reached technological feasibility and has no alternative future use. (p) Other Income In June 2018, we sold assets for $ 5.0 million, which resulted in a gain on sale of assets of $ 4.6 million. (q) Stock -Based Compensation The cost for employee and non-employee director awards is measured at the grant date based on the fair value of the award. The fair value of the portion of the award that is ultimately expected to vest is recognized as expense over the requisite service period (generally the vesting period of the equity award). Awards issued to non-employees are recorded at their fair value as determined in accordance with authoritative guidance, and are periodically revalued as the awards vest and are recognized as expense over the requisite service period. The determination of the fair value of stock options is made utilizing the Black-Scholes option-pricing model which is affected by our stock price and a number of assumptions, including expected volatility, expected term, risk-free interest rate and expected dividends. Expected volatility is based on the historical volatility of the Company’s common stock over the most recent period commensurate with the estimated expected term of the Company’s stock options offering period which is derived from historical experience. The risk-free interest rate assumption is based on observed interest rates of U.S. Treasury securities appropriate for the expected terms of the stock options. The dividend yield assumption is based on the history and expectation of no dividend payouts. (r) Income Taxes Deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the future tax consequences attributable to differences between the financial statement carrying amounts of existing assets and liabilities and their respective tax bases. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using enacted tax rates expected to apply to taxable income in the year in which such items are expected to be recovered or settled. The effect on deferred tax assets and liabilities of a change in tax rates is recognized in the period that includes the enactment date. A valuation allowance is established to offset any deferred tax assets if, based upon available evidence, it is more likely than not that some or all of the deferred tax assets will not be realized. Significant judgment is required in determining income tax provisions and in evaluating tax positions. We will establish additional provisions for income taxes when, despite the belief that tax positions are fully supportable, there remain certain positions that do not meet the minimum probability threshold that a tax position is more likely than not to be sustained upon examination by the taxing authority. In the normal course of business, we and our subsidiaries are examined by various federal, state, and foreign tax authorities. We regularly assess the potential outcomes of these examinations and any future examinations for the current or prior years in determining the adequacy of the provision for income taxes. We periodically assess the likelihood and amount of potential adjustments and adjust the income tax provision, the current tax liability, and deferred taxes in the period in which the facts that give rise to a revision become known. (s) Fair Value of Financial Instruments As of December 31, 2019 and 2018, the carrying values of cash and cash equivalents, short and long-term investments, accounts receivable, accounts payable and accrued expenses approximate their respective fair values based on their short and long-term nature. We classify our financial assets and liabilities that are measured at fair value into one of the three categories based upon inputs used to determine fair value. See “Note 6. Fair Value Measurements” below for more details regarding inputs and classifications. (t) Advertising Expense We expense advertising costs as they are incurred. Advertising expense was $ 1.1 million, $ 1.9 million and $ 1.5 million, for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018, and 2017, respectively. (u) Legal Costs We are involved in a number of proceedings, legal actions, and claims. Such matters are subject to many uncertainties, and the outcomes of these matters are not within our control and may not be known for prolonged periods of time. In some actions, the claimants seek damages, as well as other relief, including injunctions prohibiting us from engaging in certain activities, which, if granted, could require significant expenditures and/or result in lost revenues. We record a liability in the consolidated financial statements for these actions when a loss is known or considered probable and the amount can be reasonably estimated. If the reasonable estimate of a known or probable loss is a range, and no amount within the range is a better estimate than any other, the minimum amount of the range is accrued. If a loss is reasonably possible but not known or probable, and can be reasonably estimated, the estimated loss or range of loss is disclosed. In most cases, significant judgment is required to estimate the amount and timing of a loss to be recorded. We expense legal costs related to loss contingencies as incurred. (v) Acquisition Related Costs Acquisition related costs represents the change in fair value of business acquisition related contingent consideration; costs related to integrating recently acquired businesses including but not limited to costs to exit or convert contractual obligations, severance, and information system conversion; and specific costs related to the consummation of the acquisition process such as banker fees, legal fees, and other acquisition related professional fees. (w) Medical Device Excise Tax Effective as of January 1, 2013, the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, as amended by the Health Care and Education Affordability Reconciliation Act imposed a medical device excise tax (“MDET”) of 2.3 % on any entity that manufactures or imports certain medical devices offered for sale in the United States. We have historically accounted for the MDET as a component of our cost of goods sold. On December 20, 2019, pursuant to the Further Consolidated Appropriations Act, the MDET was repealed. Prior to its repeal, the MDET was on a four-year moratorium. As a result, the MDET does not apply to sales of taxable medical devices after December 31, 2015. (x) Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements In June 2016, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) issued Accounting Standards Update (ASU) 2016-13, Financial Instruments - Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments. ASU 2016-13 replaces the incurred loss impairment methodology for measuring and recognizing credit losses with a methodology that reflects expected credit losses and requires consideration of a broader range of reasonable and supportable information to inform credit loss estimates. This amendment is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2019. We adopted ASU 2016-13 on January 1, 2020. This standard did not have a material impact on our financial position, results of operations, and disclosures. In January 2017, the FASB released ASU 2017-04, Intangibles - Goodwill and Other (Topic 805): Simplifying the Test for Goodwill Impairment (“ASU 2017-04”), which eliminates the Step 2 calculation for the implied fair value of goodwill to measure a goodwill impairment charge. Under the updated standard, an entity will record an impairment charge based on the excess of a reporting unit’s carrying amount over its fair value. ASU 2017-04 does not change the guidance on completing Step 1 of the goodwill impairment test and still allows an entity to perform the optional qualitative goodwill impairment assessment before determining whether to proceed to Step 1. This update is effective for annual and interim goodwill impairment tests in fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2019 with early adoption permitted for any impairment test performed on testing dates after January 1, 2017. We adopted ASU 2017-04 on January 1, 2020. This standard did not have a material impact on our financial position, results of operations, and disclosures . In August 2018, the FASB released ASU 2018-13, Fair Value Measurement (Topic 820), which modifies the disclosure requirements on fair value measurements in Topic 820, including the consideration of costs and benefits. This update is effective for public entities for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2019, and interim periods within those fiscal years. We adopted ASU 2018-13 on January 1, 2020. This standard did not have a material impact on our financial position, results of operations, and disclosures . (y) Recently Adopted Accounting Pronouncements In May 2014, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606) (“ASU 2014-09”) . ASU 2014-09 amends the guidance in former Topic 605, Revenue Recognition , and most other existing revenue guidance in US GAAP. Under the new standard, an entity will recognize revenue to depict the transfer of goods or services to customers in amounts that reflect the payment to which the entity expects to be entitled in exchange for those goods or services and provide additional disclosures. As amended, the effective date for public entities is annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2017 and interim periods therein. We adopted the standard on January 1, 2018, using the modified retrospective method. We implemented internal controls to enable the preparation of financial information upon adoption. The adoption of this standard did not have a material impact on our financial position and results of operations. See “Note 1. Background and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies; (i) Revenue Recognition ” above for more detail regarding our disclosures. In October 2016, the FASB released ASU 2016-16, Income Taxes (Topic 740): Intra-Entity Transfers of Assets Other Than Inventory (“ASU 2016-16”). ASU 2016-16 removes the current exception in US GAAP prohibiting entities from recognizing current and deferred income tax expenses or benefits related to transfer of assets, other than inventory, within the consolidated entity. The current exception to defer the recognition of any tax impact on the transfer of inventory within the consolidated entity until it is sold to a third party remains unaffected. This update is effective for public entities for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2017. We adopted ASU 2016-16 on January 1, 2018. This standard did not have a material impact on our financial position, results of operations, and disclosures. In November 2016, the FASB released ASU 2016-18, Statement of Cash Flows (Topic 230): Restricted Cash (“ASU 2016-18”), which requires that amounts generally described as restricted cash and restricted cash equivalents be included with cash and cash equivalents when reconciling the total beginning and ending amounts for the periods shown on the statement of cash flows. Transfers between cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash and restricted cash equivalents will no longer be presented in the statement of cash flows. The amendments in this update should be applied using a retrospective transition method to each period presented. This update is effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2017, and interim periods within those fiscal years; early adoption is permitted, including adoption in an interim period. We adopted ASU 2016-18 on January 1, 2018. This standard did not have a material impact on our financial position, results of operations, and disclosures. In January 2017, the FASB released ASU 2017-01, Business Combinations (Topic 805): Clarifying the Definition of a Business (“ASU 2017-01”), which clarifies the definition of a business with the objective of adding guidance to assist entities with evaluating whether transactions should be accounted for as acquisitions or disposals of assets or businesses. The amendments in this ASU should be applied prospectively and are effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2017, including interim periods within those fiscal years, with early application permitted. No disclosures are required at transition. We adopted ASU 2017-01 on January 1, 2018. This standard did not have a material impact on our financial position, results of operations, and disclosures. In May 2017, the FASB released ASU 2017-09, Compensation - Stock Compensation (Topic 718): Scope of Modification Accounting (“ASU 2017-09”), which clarifies the changes to terms or conditions of a share-based payment award that requires application of modification accounting under Topic 718. A change to an award should be accounted for as a modification unless the fair value of the modified award is the same as the original award, the vesting conditions do not change, and the classification as an equity or liability instrument does not change. This update is effective for annual reporting periods, and interim periods within those annual periods, beginning after December 15, 2017. Early application is permitted and prospective application is required for awards modified on or after the adoption date. We adopted ASU 2017-09 on January 1, 2018. This standard did not have a material impact on our financial position, results of operations, and disclosures. In February 2016, the FASB released ASU 2016-02, Leases (Topic 842) (“ASU 2016-02”). Under ASU 2016-02, a right-of-use asset and lease obligation will be recorded for all leases with terms greater than 12 months, whether operating or financing, while the income statement will reflect lease expense for operating leases and amortization/interest expense for financing leases. ASU 2016-02 is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2018, with early adoption permitted, and permits modified retrospective method or cumulative-effect adjustment method. We adopted the standard on January 1, 2019, using the cumulative-effect adjustment transition method. As part of the adoption, we elected the package of practical expedients permitted under the transition guidance within the new standard, which among other things, allowed carry forward of historical lease classifications. The adoption of this standard did not have a material impact on our finan |
