LOANS | NOTE E - LOANS The following is a summary of loans at December 31, 2019 and 2018: 2019 2018 Percent Percent Amount of total Amount of total (dollars in thousands) Real estate loans: 1-to-4 family residential $ 151,697 14.73 % $ 159,597 16.19 % Commercial real estate 459,115 44.58 % 457,611 46.41 % Multi-family residential 69,124 6.71 % 63,459 6.44 % Construction 221,878 21.55 % 170,404 17.28 % Home equity lines of credit (“HELOC”) 44,514 4.32 % 49,713 5.04 % Total real estate loans 946,328 91.89 % 900,784 91.36 % Other loans: Commercial and industrial 75,748 7.35 % 74,181 7.52 % Loans to individuals 9,779 0.95 % 12,597 1.28 % Overdrafts 234 0.02 % 217 0.02 % Total other loans 85,761 8.32 % 86,995 8.82 % Gross loans 1,032,089 987,779 Less deferred loan origination fees, net (2,114) (0.18) % (1,739) (0.18) % Total loans 1,029,975 100.00 % 986,040 100.00 % Allowance for loan losses (8,324) (8,669) Total loans, net $ 1,021,651 $ 977,371 Loans are primarily made in central and eastern North Carolina, southeast Virginia and northwest South Carolina. Real estate loans can be affected by the condition of the local real estate market and can be affected by the local economic conditions. At December 31, 2019, the Company had pre-approved but unused lines and letters of credit totaling $234.2 million. In management’s opinion, these commitments, and undisbursed proceeds on loans reflected above, represent no more than normal lending risk to the Company and will be funded from normal sources of liquidity. A description of the various loan products provided by the Bank is presented below. Residential 1‑to‑4 Family Loans Residential 1‑to‑4 family loans are mortgage loans that typically convert from construction loans into permanent financing and are secured by properties within the Bank’s market areas. Commercial Real Estate Loans Commercial real estate loans are underwritten based on the borrower’s ability to generate adequate cash flow to repay the subject debt within reasonable terms. Commercial real estate loans typically include both owner and non-owner occupied properties with higher principal loan amounts and the repayment of these loans is generally dependent on the successful management of the property. Commercial real estate loans are sensitive to market and general economic conditions. Repayment analysis must be performed and consists of an identified primary/cash flow source of repayment and a secondary/liquidation source of repayment. The primary source of repayment is cash flow from income generated from rental or lease of the property. However, the cash flow can be supplemented with the borrower’s and guarantor’s global cash flow position. Other credit issues such as the business fundamentals and financial strength of the borrower/guarantor can be considered in determining adequacy of repayment ability. The secondary source of repayment is liquidation of the collateral, supplemented by liquidation cushion provided by the financial assets of the borrower/guarantor. Management monitors and evaluates commercial real estate loans based on collateral, market area, and risk grade. Multi-family Residential Loans Multi-family residential loans are typically nonfarm properties with 5 or more dwelling units in structures which include apartment buildings used primarily to accommodate households on a more or less permanent basis. Successful performance of these types of loans is primarily dependent on occupancy rates, rental rates, and property management. Construction Loans Construction loans are non-revolving extensions of credit secured by real property of which the proceeds are used to acquire and develop land and to construct commercial or residential buildings. The primary source of repayment for these types of loans is the sale of the improved property or permanent financing in which case the property is expected to generate the cash flow necessary for repayment on a permanent loan basis. Property cash flow may be supplemented with financial support from the borrowers/guarantors. Proper underwriting of a construction loan consists of the initial process of obtaining, analyzing, and approving various aspects of information pertaining to: the analysis of the permanent financing source, creditworthiness of the borrower and guarantors, ability of contractor to perform under the terms of the contract, and the feasibility, marketability, and valuation of the project. Also, consideration is given to the cost of the project and sources of funds needed to complete construction as well as identifying any sources of equity funding. Construction loans are traditionally considered to be higher risk loans involving technical and legal requirements inherently different from other types of loans; however with thorough credit underwriting, proper loan structure, and diligent loan servicing, these risks can be mitigated. Some examples of risks inherent in this type of lending include: underestimated costs, inflation of material and labor costs, site difficulties (i.e. rock, soil), project not built to plans, weather delays and natural disasters, borrower/contractor/subcontractor disputes which prompt liens, and interest rates increasing beyond budget. Home Equity Lines of Credit Home equity lines of credit are consumer-purpose revolving extensions of credit which are secured by first or second liens on owner-occupied residential real estate. Appropriate risk management and compliance practices are exercised to ensure that loan-to-value, lien perfection, and compliance risks are addressed and managed within the Bank’s established guidelines. The degree of utilization of revolving commitments within this loan segment is reviewed periodically to identify changes in the behavior of this borrowing group. Commercial and Industrial Loans Commercial and industrial loans are underwritten after evaluating and understanding the borrower’s ability to generate positive cash flow, operate profitably and prudently expand its business. Underwriting standards are designed to promote relationships to include a full range of loan, deposit, and cash management services. Commercial and industrial loans are primarily made based on the identified cash flows of the borrower and secondarily on the underlying collateral provided by the borrower and the guarantors. The cash flows of the borrower, however, may not be as expected and the collateral securing these loans may fluctuate in value. In the case of loans secured by accounts receivable, the availability of funds for repayment can be impacted by the borrower’s ability to collect amounts due from its customers. Loans to Individuals Consumer loans are approved using Bank policies and procedures established to evaluate each credit request. All lending decisions and credit risks are clearly documented. Several factors are considered in making these decisions such as credit score, adjusted net worth, liquidity, debt ratio, disposable income, credit history, and loan-to-value of the collateral. This process, combined with the relatively smaller loan amounts, spreads the risk among many individual borrowers. Overdrafts Overdrafts on customer accounts are classified as loans for reporting purposes. Non-Accrual and Past Due Loans The following tables present as of December 31, 2019 and 2018 an age analysis of past due loans, segregated by class of loans: December 31, 2019 30-59 60-89 90+ Non- Total Days Days Days Accrual Past Total Past Due Past Due Accruing Loans Due Current Loans (dollars in thousands) Total loans Commercial and industrial $ 1,108 $ 34 $ 46 $ 2,824 $ 4,012 $ 71,736 $ 75,748 Construction — — — 181 181 221,697 221,878 Multi-family residential — — — — — 69,124 69,124 Commercial real estate 393 82 321 1,832 2,628 456,487 459,115 Loans to individuals & overdrafts 5 — — 155 160 9,853 10,013 1‑to‑4 family residential 859 810 864 505 3,038 148,659 151,697 HELOC 168 — — 444 612 43,902 44,514 Deferred loan (fees) cost, net — — — — — — (2,114) $ 2,533 $ 926 $ 1,231 $ 5,941 $ 10,631 $ 1,021,458 $ 1,029,975 Loans- PCI Commercial and industrial $ — $ — $ 46 $ — $ 46 $ 1,057 $ 1,103 Construction — — — — — 677 677 Multi-family residential — — — — — 897 897 Commercial real estate — — 321 — 321 5,449 5,770 Loans to individuals & overdrafts — — — — — — — 1‑to‑4 family residential — — 864 — 864 6,354 7,218 HELOC — — — — — 48 48 $ — $ — $ 1,231 $ — $ 1,231 $ 14,482 $ 15,713 Loans- excluding PCI Commercial and industrial $ 1,108 $ 34 $ — $ 2,824 $ 3,966 $ 70,679 $ 74,645 Construction — — — 181 181 221,020 221,201 Multi-family residential — — — — — 68,227 68,227 Commercial real estate 393 82 — 1,832 2,307 451,038 453,345 Loans to individuals & overdrafts 5 — — 155 160 9,853 10,013 1‑to‑4 family residential 859 810 — 505 2,174 142,305 144,479 HELOC 168 — — 444 612 43,854 44,466 Deferred loan (fees) cost, net — — — — — — (2,114) $ 2,533 $ 926 $ — $ 5,941 $ 9,400 $ 1,006,976 $ 1,014,262 Non-Accrual and Past Due Loans December 31, 2018 30-59 60-89 90+ Non- Total Days Days Days Accrual Past Total Past Due Past Due Accruing Loans Due Current Loans (dollars in thousands) Total loans Commercial and industrial $ 27 $ 203 $ 1,665 $ 4,170 $ 6,065 $ 68,116 $ 74,181 Construction — — 69 587 656 169,748 170,404 Multi-family residential — — — — — 63,459 63,459 Commercial real estate 103 483 — 1,074 1,660 455,951 457,611 Loans to individuals & overdrafts 1 24 — — 25 12,789 12,814 1‑to‑4 family residential 502 505 1,433 386 2,826 156,771 159,597 HELOC — 43 — 1,040 1,083 48,630 49,713 Deferred loan (fees) cost, net — — — — — — (1,739) $ 633 $ 1,258 $ 3,167 $ 7,257 $ 12,315 $ 975,464 $ 986,040 Loans- PCI Commercial and industrial $ — $ — $ 1,665 $ — $ 1,665 $ 99 $ 1,764 Construction — — 69 — 69 682 751 Multi-family residential — — — — — 937 937 Commercial real estate — — — — — 7,579 7,579 Loans to individuals & overdrafts — — — — — — — 1‑to‑4 family residential — — 1,433 — 1,433 6,755 8,188 HELOC — — — — — 49 49 $ — $ — $ 3,167 $ — $ 3,167 $ 16,101 $ 19,268 Loans- excluding PCI Commercial and industrial $ 27 $ 203 $ — $ 4,170 $ 4,400 $ 68,017 $ 72,417 Construction — — — 587 587 169,066 169,653 Multi-family residential — — — — — 62,522 62,522 Commercial real estate 103 483 — 1,074 1,660 448,372 450,032 Loans to individuals & overdrafts 1 24 — — 25 12,789 12,814 1‑to‑4 family residential 502 505 — 386 1,393 150,016 151,409 HELOC — 43 — 1,040 1,083 48,581 49,664 Deferred loan (fees) cost, net — — — — — — (1,739) $ 633 $ 1,258 $ — $ 7,257 $ 9,148 $ 959,363 $ 966,772 There were six loans in the aggregate amount of $1.2 million greater than 90 days past due and still accruing interest at December 31, 2019 and there were seventeen loans in the aggregate amount of $3.2 million greater than 90 days past due and still accruing interest at December 31, 2018. All loans greater than 90 days past due and still accruing are acquired loans that are considered past due rather than non-accrual loans due to the accounting treatment of acquired loans. In accordance with the ASC 310‑20 guidance, if the loan pays differently than contractually required, than an adjustment to the discount premium is made in order to maintain the same effective interest rate. Impaired Loans The following tables present information on loans, excluding PCI loans and loans evaluated collectively as a homogenous group, that were considered to be impaired as of December 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018: December 31, 2019 Contractual Year to Date Unpaid Related Average Interest Income Recorded Principal Allowance Recorded Recognized on Investment Balance for Loan Losses Investment Impaired Loans (dollars in thousands) 2019: With no related allowance recorded: Commercial and industrial $ 2,796 $ 4,051 $ — $ 4,186 $ 122 Construction 440 537 — 500 26 Commercial real estate 5,585 6,750 — 5,632 272 Loans to individuals & overdrafts 284 293 — 193 12 Multi-family residential 197 197 — 206 13 HELOC 543 678 — 793 36 1‑to‑4 family residential 395 1,816 — 1,204 86 Subtotal: 10,240 14,322 — 12,714 567 With an allowance recorded: Commercial and industrial 731 1,056 403 572 41 Construction — — — 13 — Commercial real estate — — — — — Loans to individuals & overdrafts — — — — — Multi-family Residential — — — — — HELOC 160 222 — 212 10 1‑to‑4 family residential 81 94 10 563 7 Subtotal: 972 1,372 413 1,360 58 Totals: Commercial 9,749 12,591 403 11,109 474 Consumer 284 293 - 193 12 Residential 1,179 2,810 10 2,772 139 Grand Total: $ 11,212 $ 15,694 $ 413 $ 14,074 $ 625 Impaired loans at December 31, 2019 were approximately $11.2 million and included $5.9 million in non-accrual loans and $6.2 million in loans still in accruing status. Recorded investment represents the current principal balance for the loan. Approximately $972,000 of the $11.2 million in impaired loans at December 31, 2019 had specific allowances aggregating $413,000 while the remaining $10.2 million had no specific allowances recorded. Of the $10.2 million with no allowance recorded, partial charge-offs through December 31, 2019 amounted to $4.1 million. December 31, 2018 Contractual Year to Date Unpaid Related Average Interest Income Recorded Principal Allowance Recorded Recognized on Investment Balance for Loan Losses Investment Impaired Loans (dollars in thousands) 2018: With no related allowance recorded: Commercial and industrial $ 4,210 $ 4,495 $ — $ 2,899 $ 229 Construction 561 647 — 473 16 Commercial real estate 4,744 6,903 — 5,053 372 Loans to individuals & overdrafts 101 109 — 51 9 Multi-family residential 215 215 — 225 15 HELOC 1,040 1,204 — 884 50 1‑to‑4 family residential 572 732 — 1,169 79 Subtotal: 11,443 14,305 — 10,754 770 With an allowance recorded: Commercial and industrial 127 325 51 234 13 Construction 27 27 14 13 — Commercial real estate — — — — — Loans to individuals & overdrafts — — — — — Multi-family Residential — — — — — HELOC — — — — — 1‑to‑4 family residential 137 555 22 374 23 Subtotal: 291 907 87 621 36 Totals: Commercial 10,007 12,612 65 8,897 645 Consumer 101 109 — 51 9 Residential 1,626 2,491 22 2,427 152 Grand Total: $ 11,734 $ 15,212 $ 87 $ 11,375 $ 806 Impaired loans at December 31, 2018 were approximately $11.7 million and were comprised of $7.3 million in non-accrual loans and $4.4 million in loans still in accruing status. Recorded investment represents the current principal balance for the loan. Approximately $291,000 of the $11.7 million in impaired loans at December 31, 2018 had specific allowances aggregating $87,000 while the remaining $11.4 million had no specific allowances recorded. Of the $11.4 million with no allowance recorded, partial charge-offs through December 31, 2018 amounted to $3.5 million. Troubled Debt Restructurings The following tables present loans that were modified as troubled debt restructurings (“TDRs”) within the previous twelve months with a breakdown of the types of concessions made by loan class during the twelve months ended December 31, 2019 and 2018: Twelve Months Ended December 31, 2019 Pre-Modification Post-Modification Number Outstanding Outstanding of Recorded Recorded loans Investments Investments (dollars in thousands) Extended payment terms: Commercial and industrial 6 $ 2,535 $ 2,380 Commercial real estate 1 752 687 Construction 1 260 259 1‑to‑4 family residential 3 232 208 Total 11 $ 3,779 $ 3,534 As noted in the tables above, there were eleven loans that were considered TDRs during the year ended December 31, 2019, for reasons due to extended terms. These loans were renewed at terms that vary from those that the Company would enter into for new loans of this type. Twelve Months Ended December 31, 2018 Pre-Modification Post-Modification Number Outstanding Outstanding of Recorded Recorded loans Investments Investments (dollars in thousands) Extended payment terms: Commercial and industrial 6 $ 1,579 $ 1,517 Commercial real estate 3 1,283 895 1‑to‑4 family residential 1 409 389 Total 10 $ 3,271 $ 2,801 As noted in the tables above, there were ten loans that were considered TDRs during the year ended December 31, 2018, for reasons due to extended terms. These loans were renewed at terms that vary from those that the Company would enter into for new loans of this type. The following tables present loans that were modified as TDRs within the previous twelve months for which there was a payment default together with a breakdown of the types of concessions made by loan class during the twelve months ended December 31, 2019 and 2018: Twelve months ended December 31, 2019 Number Recorded of loans investment (dollars in thousands) Extended payment terms: Commercial and industrial 2 $ 1,566 Total 2 $ 1,566 Twelve months ended December 31, 2018 Number Recorded of loans investment (dollars in thousands) Extended payment terms: Commercial and industrial 4 $ 1,036 Commercial real estate 1 334 Total 5 $ 1,370 At December 31, 2019, the Company had forty-two loans with an aggregate balance of $9.4 million that were considered to be troubled debt restructurings. Of those TDRs, twenty-eight loans with a balance totaling $6.2 million were still accruing as of December 31, 2019. The remaining fourteen TDRs with a balance totaling $3.2 million were in non-accrual status. All TDRs are included in non-performing assets and impaired loans. At December 31, 2018, the Company had thirty-six loans with an aggregate balance of $6.9 million that were considered to be troubled debt restructurings. Of those TDRs, twenty loans with a balance totaling $4.4 million were still accruing as of December 31, 2018. The remaining sixteen TDRs with a balance totaling $2.5 million were in non-accrual status. All TDRs are included in non-performing assets and impaired loans. Credit Quality Indicators As part of the on-going monitoring of the credit quality of the loan portfolio, management utilizes a risk grading matrix to assign a risk grade to each of the Company’s loans. All non-consumer loans are graded on a scale of 1 to 9. A description of the general characteristics of these nine different risk grades is as follows: · Risk Grade 1 (Superior) - Credits in this category are virtually risk-free and are well-collateralized by cash-equivalent instruments. The repayment program is well-defined and achievable. Repayment sources are numerous. No material documentation deficiencies or exceptions exist. · Risk Grade 2 (Very Good) - This grade is reserved for loans secured by readily marketable collateral, or loans within guidelines to borrowers with liquid financial statements. A liquid financial statement is a financial statement with substantial liquid assets relative to debts. These loans have excellent sources of repayment, with no significant identifiable risk of collection, and conform in all respects to Bank policy, guidelines, underwriting standards, and Federal and State regulations (no exceptions of any kind) . · Risk Grade 3 (Good) - These loans have excellent sources of repayment, with no significant identifiable risk of collection. Generally, loans assigned this risk grade will demonstrate the following characteristics: o o o · Risk Grade 4 (Acceptable) - This grade is given to acceptable loans. These loans have adequate sources of repayment, with little identifiable risk of collection. Loans assigned this risk grade will demonstrate the following characteristics: o o o · Risk Grade 5 (Acceptable With Care) - This grade is given to acceptable loans that show signs of weakness in either adequate sources of repayment or collateral, but have demonstrated mitigating factors that minimize the risk of delinquency or loss. Loans assigned this grade may demonstrate some or all of the following characteristics: o o o · Risk Grade 6 (Watch List or Special Mention) – Loans in this category can have the following characteristics: o o o · Risk Grade 7 (Substandard) - A Substandard loan is inadequately protected by the current sound net worth and paying capacity of the obligor or of the collateral pledged, if any. Loans classified as Substandard must have a well-defined weakness or weaknesses that jeopardize the liquidation of the debt; they are characterized by the distinct possibility that the Bank will sustain some loss if the deficiencies are not corrected. Loans consistently not meeting the repayment schedule should be downgraded to substandard. Loans in this category are characterized by deterioration in quality exhibited by any number of well-defined weaknesses requiring corrective action. · Risk Grade 8 (Doubtful) - Loans classified Doubtful have all the weaknesses inherent in loans classified Substandard, plus the added characteristic that the weaknesses make collection or liquidation in full on the basis of currently existing facts, conditions, and values highly questionable and improbable. However, these loans are not yet rated as loss because certain events may occur which would salvage the debt. · Risk Grade 9 (Loss) - Loans classified as Loss are considered uncollectable and of such little value that their continuance as bankable assets is not warranted. This classification does not mean that the asset has absolutely no recovery or salvage value, but rather that it is not practical or desirable to defer writing off the loan even though partial recovery may be affected in the future. Consumer loans are graded on a scale of 1 to 9. A description of the general characteristics of the 9 risk grades is as follows: · Risk Grades 1 – 5 (Pass) – The loans in this category range from loans secured by cash with no risk of principal deterioration (Risk Grade 1) to loans that show signs of weakness in either adequate sources of repayment or collateral but have demonstrated mitigating factors that minimize the risk of delinquency or loss (Risk Grade 5). · Risk Grade 6 (Watch List or Special Mention) - Watch list or Special Mention loans include the following characteristics: o o o · Risk Grade 7 (Substandard) - A Substandard loan is inadequately protected by the current sound net worth and paying capacity of the obligor or of the collateral pledged, if any. Loans classified as Substandard must have a well-defined weakness or weaknesses that jeopardize the liquidation of the debt; they are characterized by the distinct possibility that the institution will sustain some loss if the deficiencies are not corrected. · Risk Grade 8 (Doubtful) - Loans classified Doubtful have all the weaknesses inherent in loans classified Substandard, plus the added characteristic that the weaknesses make collection or liquidation in full on the basis of currently existing facts, conditions, and values highly questionable and improbable. However, these loans are not yet rated as loss because certain events may occur which would salvage the debt. · Risk Grade 9 (Loss) - Loans classified Loss are considered uncollectable and of such little value that their continuance as bankable assets is not warranted. This classification does not mean that the asset has absolutely no recovery or salvage value, but rather that it is not practical or desirable to defer writing off this worthless loan even though partial recovery may be affected in the future. The following tables present information on risk ratings of the commercial and consumer loan portfolios, segregated by loan class as of December 31, 2019 and 2018: Total Loans: December 31, 2019 Commercial Credit Exposure By Commercial Commercial Internally and real Multi-family Assigned Grade industrial Construction estate residential (dollars in thousands) Superior $ 4,014 $ — $ 337 $ — Very good 349 110 1,245 — Good 5,976 8,674 62,643 4,839 Acceptable 19,197 16,249 255,751 41,113 Acceptable with care 40,579 196,228 133,190 23,172 Special mention 242 436 1,490 — Substandard 5,391 181 4,459 — Doubtful — — — — Loss — — — — $ 75,748 $ 221,878 $ 459,115 $ 69,124 Consumer Credit Exposure By Internally 1‑to‑4 family Assigned Grade residential HELOC Pass $ 147,958 $ 43,585 Special mention 1,246 76 Substandard 2,493 853 $ 151,697 $ 44,514 Consumer Credit Exposure Based Loans to On Payment individuals & Activity overdrafts Pass $ 9,727 Special mention 286 $ 10,013 Total Loans: December 31, 2018 Commercial Credit Exposure By Commercial Commercial Internally and real Multi-family Assigned Grade industrial Construction estate residential (dollars in thousands) Superior $ 1,662 $ — $ 21 $ — Very good 2,266 246 1,120 — Good 5,773 12,106 47,959 5,116 Acceptable 22,332 30,897 263,017 37,832 Acceptable with care 34,626 125,788 139,484 20,296 Special mention 879 711 1,789 — Substandard 6,643 656 4,221 215 Doubtful — — — — Loss — — — — $ 74,181 $ 170,404 $ 457,611 $ 63,459 Consumer Credit Exposure By Internally 1‑to‑4 family Assigned Grade residential HELOC Pass $ 155,117 $ 48,143 Special mention 900 88 Substandard 3,580 1,482 $ 159,597 $ 49,713 Consumer Credit Exposure Based Loans to On Payment individuals & Activity overdrafts Pass $ 10,891 Special mention 1,923 $ 12,814 The process of determining the allowance for loan losses is driven by the risk grade system and the loss experience on non-risk graded homogeneous types of loans. The Bank’s allowance for loan losses is calculated and determined, at a minimum, each fiscal quarter end. The allowance for loan losses represents management’s estimate of the appropriate level of reserve to provide for probable losses inherent in the loan portfolio. In determining the allowance for loan losses and any resulting provision to be charged against earnings, particular emphasis is placed on the results of the loan review process. Consideration is also given to a review of individual loans, historical loan loss experience, the value and adequacy of collateral and economic conditions in the Bank’s market areas. For loans determined to be impaired, the impairment is based on discounted expected cash flows using the loan’s initial effective interest rate or the fair value of the collateral (less selling costs) for certain collateral dependent loans. This evaluation is inherently subjective as it requires material estimates, including the amounts and timing of future cash flows expected to be received on impaired loans that may be susceptible to significant change. In addition, various regulatory agencies, as an integral part of their examination process, periodically review the Bank’s allowance for loan losses. Such agencies may require the Bank to recognize changes to the allowance based on their judgments about information available to them at the time of their examinations. Loans are charged off when in the opinion of management, they are deemed to be uncollectible. Recognized losses are charged against the allowance, and subsequent recoveries are added to the allowance. The Credit Management Committee of the Board of Directors has responsibility for oversight. Management believes the allowance for loan losses of $8.3 million at December 31, 2019 is adequate to provide for inherent losses in the loan portfolio; however, assessing the adequacy of the allowance is a process that requires continuous evaluation and considerable judgment. Management’s judgments are based on numerous assumptions about current events which it believes to be reasonable, but which may or may not be valid. Thus, there can be no assurance that credit losses in future periods will not exceed the current allowance or that future increases in the allowance will not be required. No assurance can be given that management’s ongoing evaluation of the loan portfolio in light of changing economic conditions and other relevant circumstances will not require significant future additions to the allowance, thus adversely affecting future operating results of the Bank. For PCI loans acquired from Legacy Select and Premara, the contractually required payments including principal and interest, cash flows expected to be collected and fair values as of the closing date of the merger and December 31, 2019 and 2018 were: December 31, December 31, 2019 2018 (dollars in thousands) Contractually required payments $ 20,598 $ 24,823 Nonaccretable difference 1,694 1,962 Cash flows expected to be collected 18,904 22,861 Accretable yield 3,191 3,593 Fair value $ 15,713 $ 19,268 The following table documents changes to the amount of the PCI accretable yield as of December 31, 2019 and 2018: 2019 2018 (dollars in thousands) Accretable yield, beginning of period $ 3,593 $ 3,307 Additions — — Accretion (904) (1,541) Reclassification from nonaccretable difference 360 576 Other changes, net 142 1,251 Accretable yield, end of period $ 3,191 $ 3,593 Allowance for Loan Losses The allowance for loan losses is a reserve established through provisions for loan losses charged to income and represents management’s best estimate of probable loan losses inherent within the existing portfolio of loans. The allowance, in the judgment of management, is necessary to reserve for estimated losses and risk inherent in the loan portfolio. The Company’s allowance for loan loss methodology is based on historical loss experience by type of credit and internal risk grade, specific homogeneous risk pools and specific loss allocations, with adjustments for current events and conditions. The Company’s process for determining the appropriate level of reserves is designed to account for changes in credit quality as they occur. The provision for loan losses reflects loan quality trends, including the levels of, and trends related to, past due loans and economic conditions at the local and national levels. It also considers the quality and risk characteristics of the Company’s loan origination and servicing policies and practices. Individual reserves are calculated according to ASC Section 310‑10‑35 against loans evaluated individually and deemed to most likely be impaired. Impaired loans include all loans in non-accrual status, all troubled debt restructures, all substandard loans that are deemed to be collateral dependent, and other loans that management determines require reserves. The Company’s allowance for loan losses model calculates historical loss rates using a loss migration analysis associating losses to the risk-graded pool to which they relate for each of the previous twelve quarters. Then, using a twelve quarter look back period, loss factors are calculated for each risk-graded pool. The model incorporates various internal and external qualitative and environmental factors as described in the Interagency Policy Statement on the Allowance for Loan and Lease Losses, dated December 2006. Input for these factors is determined on the basis of management observation, judgment, and experience. The factors utilized by the Company are as follows: Internal Factors · Concentrations – Measures the increased risk derived from concentration of credit exposure in particular industry segments within the portfolio. · Policy exceptions – Measures the risk derived from granting terms outside of underwriting guidelines. · Compliance exceptions– Measures the risk derived from granting terms outside of regulatory guidelines. · Document exceptions– Measures the risk exposure resulting from the inability to collect due to improperly executed documents and collateral imperfections. · Financial information monitoring – Measures the risk associated with not having current borrower financial information. · Nonaccrual – Reflects increased risk of loans with characteristics that merit nonaccrual status. · Delinquency – Reflects the increased risk deriving from higher delinquency rates. · Personnel turnover – Reflects staff competence in various types of lending. · Portfolio growth – Measures the impact of growth and potential risk derived from new loan production. External Factors · GDP growth rate – Impact of general economic factors that affect the portfolio. · North Carolina unemployment rate – Impact of local economic factors that affect the portfolio. · South Carolina unemployment rate – Impact of local economic factors that affect the portfolio. · Peer group delinquency rate – Measures risk associated with the credit requirements of competitors. · Prime rate change – Measures the effect on the portfolio in the event of changes in the prime lending rate. Each pool is assigned an adjustment to the potential loss percentage by assessing its characteristics against each of the factors listed above. Reserves are generally divided into three allocation segments: 1. Individual reserves. These are calculated according to ASC Section 310‑10‑35 against loans evaluated individually and deemed to most likely be impaired. All loans in non-accrual status and all substandard loans that are deemed to be collateral dependent are assessed for impairment. Loans are deemed uncollectible based on a variet |