Stock-Based Compensation | 8. Stock-Based Compensation Effective June 1, 2011, the Company adopted the 2011 Equity Incentive Plan (the “2011 Plan”). On June 6, 2017, the shareholders approved amendments to the 2011 Plan increasing the maximum number of shares of common stock that may be issued from 7,500,000 to 9,500,000, which is offset and reduced by options previously granted under previous plans. The option price is determined by the Board of Directors but cannot be less than the fair value of the shares at the grant date. Generally, the options vest ratably over either four or five years and expire ten years from the grant date. In the event of a change of control, as defined in the 2011 Plan, vesting is accelerated. A summary of stock option activity for the six months ended June 30, 2017 is presented below (in thousands, except per share and contractual life data) (unaudited) Weighted Average Weighted Remaining Number of Average Contractual Shares Exercise Price Life (in Years) Options outstanding at December 31, 2016 3,667 $ 7.23 6.27 Granted 2,382 $ 1.88 Exercised — $ — Forfeited or expired (513 ) $ 5.68 Options outstanding at June 30, 2017 5,536 $ 5.07 7.67 Options exercisable at June 30, 2017 1,882 $ 6.93 5.12 The estimated aggregate intrinsic value of stock options exercisable at June 30, 2017 was $0. As of June 30, 2017, there was $6.5 million of total unrecognized compensation cost related to outstanding stock options that will be recognized over a weighted average period of 3.0 years. During the six months ended June 30, 2017, the Company granted stock options to purchase 2,342,150 shares of common stock to certain employees. The options are exercisable for a period of ten years from the date of grant at prices ranging from $1.13 to $1.97 per share, which was the fair value of the Company’s common stock on the respective grant dates. The options vest over a period of four years. The fair value of these options, as calculated pursuant to the Black-Scholes option-pricing model, was determined to be $2,151,000 ($0.55 to $0.96 per share). Assumptions used in the model were an expected term of 6.25 years, volatility of 48.0%, a risk-free interest rate of 1.92% to 2.14%, and an expected dividend rate of 0%. In March 2017, the Company granted stock options to purchase 40,000 shares of common stock to an outside attorney in connection with his services relating to the Company’s March, 2017 rights offering to stockholders. The options are exercisable for a period of four years from the date of grant at a price of $1.76 per share, which was 120% of the fair value of the Company’s common stock on the grant date of March 6, 2017. The options vested as of the date of grant. The fair value of these options, as calculated pursuant to the Black-Scholes option-pricing model, was determined to be $19,640 ($0.49 per share). Assumptions used in the model were an expected term of 4.0 years, volatility of 48.0%, a risk-free interest rate of 1.81%, and an expected dividend rate of 0%. The cost of these shares was treated as an issuance cost of the offering and was deducted from the gross proceeds from the offering. The Company adopted an employee stock purchase plan (“ESPP”) starting in June 2015 for all eligible employees. On June 6, 2017, the shareholders approved an amendment to the ESPP increasing the maximum number of shares of common stock that may be issued from 250,000 to 750,000. Under the ESPP, shares of the Company’s common stock may be purchased at six-month intervals at 85% of the lower of the closing fair market value of the common stock (i) on the first trading day of the offering period or (ii) on the last trading day of the purchase period. An employee may purchase in any one calendar year shares of common stock having an aggregate fair market value of up to $25,000 determined as of the first trading day of the offering period. Additionally, a participating employee may not purchase more than 100,000 shares of common stock in any one offering period. At June 30, 2017, 435,139 shares had been purchased under the ESPP. The following table summarizes Restricted Stock Unit (RSU) activity (unaudited) for the six months ended June 30, 2017 (in thousands, except per share data): Number of Awards Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value Per Share Outstanding as of December 31, 2016 131 $ 12.43 Awarded — — Vested (24 ) 12.43 Forfeited/canceled — — Outstanding as of June 30, 2017 107 $ 12.43 As of June 30, 2017, there was $1.3 million of total unrecognized compensation cost related to the outstanding RSUs that will be recognized over a weighted average period of 2.1 years. Stock-based compensation expense recognized for stock-based awards granted under the 2011 Plan and the ESPP in the condensed consolidated statements of operations for the three and six months ended June 30, 2017 and 2016 is as follows (in thousands ) (unaudited Three Months Ended June 30, 2017 Three Months Ended June 30, 2016 Six Months Ended June 30, 2017 Six Months Ended June 30, 2016 Cost of sales $ 67 $ 87 $ 148 $ 165 Research and development 75 83 132 160 Clinical and regulatory 44 45 93 93 Selling and marketing 112 (124 ) 206 (15 ) General and administrative 637 645 1,337 1,279 Total $ 935 $ 736 $ 1,916 $ 1,682 |