Investments | Investments The following tables show the cost or amortized cost, gross unrealized gains and losses, fair value and other-than-temporary impairment ("OTTI") of the Company's fixed maturity and equity securities as of the dates indicated: December 31, 2015 Cost or Amortized Cost Gross Unrealized Gains Gross Unrealized Losses Fair Value OTTI in AOCI (a) Fixed maturity securities: United States Government and government agencies and authorities $ 150,681 $ 3,891 $ (537 ) $ 154,035 $ — States, municipalities and political subdivisions 647,335 48,389 (94 ) 695,630 — Foreign governments 497,785 65,188 (723 ) 562,250 — Asset-backed 3,499 1,367 (204 ) 4,662 1,285 Commercial mortgage-backed 22,169 352 — 22,521 — Residential mortgage-backed 953,247 48,676 (3,409 ) 998,514 15,343 Corporate 7,196,079 677,549 (95,912 ) 7,777,716 17,885 Total fixed maturity securities $ 9,470,795 $ 845,412 $ (100,879 ) $ 10,215,328 $ 34,513 Equity securities: Common stocks $ 13,048 $ 6,623 $ (7 ) $ 19,664 $ — Non-redeemable preferred stocks 437,515 45,495 (2,617 ) 480,393 — Total equity securities $ 450,563 $ 52,118 $ (2,624 ) $ 500,057 $ — December 31, 2014 Cost or Amortized Cost Gross Unrealized Gains Gross Unrealized Losses Fair Value OTTI in AOCI (a) Fixed maturity securities: United States Government and government agencies and authorities $ 172,070 $ 5,201 $ (429 ) $ 176,842 $ — States, municipalities and political subdivisions 703,167 67,027 (353 ) 769,841 — Foreign governments 591,981 74,339 (1,457 ) 664,863 — Asset-backed 3,917 1,680 (78 ) 5,519 1,570 Commercial mortgage-backed 44,907 1,109 — 46,016 — Residential mortgage-backed 911,004 58,876 (1,154 ) 968,726 17,732 Corporate 7,621,054 1,026,927 (16,614 ) 8,631,367 21,612 Total fixed maturity securities $ 10,048,100 $ 1,235,159 $ (20,085 ) $ 11,263,174 $ 40,914 Equity securities: Common stocks $ 22,300 $ 15,651 $ (1 ) $ 37,950 $ — Non-redeemable preferred stocks 412,575 50,975 (2,093 ) 461,457 — Total equity securities $ 434,875 $ 66,626 $ (2,094 ) $ 499,407 $ — (a) Represents the amount of OTTI recognized in accumulated other comprehensive income ("AOCI"). Amount includes unrealized gains and losses on impaired securities relating to changes in the value of such securities subsequent to the impairment measurement date. The Company's states, municipalities and political subdivisions holdings are highly diversified across the U.S. and Puerto Rico, with no individual state’s exposure (including both general obligation and revenue securities) exceeding 0.5% of the overall investment portfolio as of December 31, 2015 and 2014. At December 31, 2015 and 2014, the securities include general obligation and revenue bonds issued by states, cities, counties, school districts and similar issuers, including $319,654 and $270,107 , respectively, of advance refunded or escrowed-to-maturity bonds (collectively referred to as “pre-refunded bonds”), which are bonds for which an irrevocable trust has been established to fund the remaining payments of principal and interest. As of December 31, 2015 and 2014, revenue bonds account for 50% and 51% of the holdings, respectively. Excluding pre-refunded revenue bonds, the activities supporting the income streams of the Company’s revenue bonds are across a broad range of sectors, primarily highway, water, transit, airport and marina, higher education, specifically pledged tax revenues, and other miscellaneous sources such as bond banks, finance authorities and appropriations. The Company’s investments in foreign government fixed maturity securities are held mainly in countries and currencies where the Company has policyholder liabilities, which allow the assets and liabilities to be more appropriately matched. At December 31, 2015, approximately 79% , 8% , and 5% of the foreign government securities were held in the Canadian government/provincials and the governments of Brazil and Germany, respectively. At December 31, 2014, approximately 76% , 10% and 5% of the foreign government securities were held in the Canadian government/provincials and the governments of Brazil and Germany, respectively. No other country represented more than 3% of the Company's foreign government securities as of December 31, 2015 and 2014. The Company has European investment exposure in its corporate fixed maturity and equity securities of $888,923 with a net unrealized gain of $67,957 at December 31, 2015 and $1,060,655 with a net unrealized gain of $116,975 at December 31, 2014. Approximately 25% and 22% of the corporate European exposure is held in the financial industry at December 31, 2015 and 2014, respectively. The Company's largest European country exposure represented approximately 5% of the fair value of the Company's corporate securities as of December 31, 2015 and 2014. Approximately 6% of the fair value of the corporate European securities are pound and euro-denominated and are not hedged to U.S. dollars, but held to support those foreign-denominated liabilities. The Company's international investments are managed as part of the overall portfolio with the same approach to risk management and focus on diversification. The Company has exposure to the energy sector in its corporate fixed maturity securities of $779,720 with a net unrealized loss of $6,985 at December 31, 2015 and $992,012 with a net unrealized gain of $89,590 at December 31, 2014. Approximately 89% of the energy exposure is rated as investment grade as of December 31, 2015 and 2014. The cost or amortized cost and fair value of fixed maturity securities at December 31, 2015 by contractual maturity are shown below. Expected maturities may differ from contractual maturities because issuers of the securities may have the right to call or prepay obligations with or without call or prepayment penalties. Cost or Amortized Cost Fair Value Due in one year or less $ 324,097 $ 327,824 Due after one year through five years 1,904,357 1,984,818 Due after five years through ten years 2,121,934 2,171,426 Due after ten years 4,141,492 4,705,563 Total 8,491,880 9,189,631 Asset-backed 3,499 4,662 Commercial mortgage-backed 22,169 22,521 Residential mortgage-backed 953,247 998,514 Total $ 9,470,795 $ 10,215,328 Major categories of net investment income were as follows: Years Ended December 31, 2015 2014 2013 Fixed maturity securities $ 486,165 $ 522,309 $ 530,144 Equity securities 29,957 28,014 27,013 Commercial mortgage loans on real estate 72,658 73,959 76,665 Policy loans 2,478 2,939 3,426 Short-term investments 2,033 1,950 2,156 Other investments 37,759 34,527 20,573 Cash and cash equivalents 18,416 18,556 14,679 Total investment income 649,466 682,254 674,656 Investment expenses (23,249 ) (25,825 ) (24,360 ) Net investment income $ 626,217 $ 656,429 $ 650,296 No material investments of the Company were non-income producing for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013. The following table summarizes the proceeds from sales of available-for-sale securities and the gross realized gains and gross realized losses that have been included in earnings as a result of those sales. For the Years Ended December 31, 2015 2014 2013 Proceeds from sales $ 2,568,166 $ 1,995,368 $ 2,821,177 Gross realized gains 65,097 69,184 81,921 Gross realized losses 31,657 10,681 50,667 For securities sold at a loss during 2015, the average period of time these securities were trading continuously at a price below book value was approximately 6 months . The following table sets forth the net realized gains (losses), including other-than-temporary impairments, recognized in the statement of operations as follows: Years Ended December 31, 2015 2014 2013 Net realized gains (losses) related to sales and other: Fixed maturity securities $ 13,322 $ 54,200 $ 14,579 Equity securities 19,016 6,190 19,789 Commercial mortgage loans on real estate 817 532 2,515 Other investments 3,695 (109 ) 2,029 Total net realized gains related to sales and other 36,850 60,813 38,912 Net realized losses related to other-than-temporary impairments: Fixed maturity securities (5,024 ) (30 ) (3,295 ) Other investments — — (1,092 ) Total net realized losses related to other-than-temporary impairments (5,024 ) (30 ) (4,387 ) Total net realized gains $ 31,826 $ 60,783 $ 34,525 Other-Than-Temporary Impairments The Company follows the OTTI guidance, which requires entities to separate an OTTI of a debt security into two components when there are credit related losses associated with the impaired debt security for which the Company asserts that it does not have the intent to sell, and it is more likely than not that it will not be required to sell before recovery of its cost basis. Under the OTTI guidance, the amount of the OTTI related to a credit loss is recognized in earnings, and the amount of the OTTI related to other, non-credit factors ( e.g. , interest rates, market conditions, etc.) is recorded as a component of other comprehensive income. In instances where no credit loss exists but the Company intends to sell the security or it is more likely than not that the Company will have to sell the debt security prior to the anticipated recovery, the decline in market value below amortized cost is recognized as an OTTI in earnings. In periods after the recognition of an OTTI on debt securities, the Company accounts for such securities as if they had been purchased on the measurement date of the OTTI at an amortized cost basis equal to the previous amortized cost basis less the OTTI recognized in earnings. For debt securities for which OTTI was recognized in earnings, the difference between the new amortized cost basis and the cash flows expected to be collected will be accreted or amortized into net investment income. For the twelve months ended December 31, 2015 and 2014, the Company recorded $7,212 and $69 , respectively, of OTTI, of which $5,024 and $30 was related to credit losses and recorded as net OTTI losses recognized in earnings, with the remaining amounts of $2,188 and $39 , respectively, related to all other factors and was recorded as an unrealized loss component of AOCI. The following table sets forth the amount of credit loss impairments recognized within the results of operations on fixed maturity securities held by the Company as of the dates indicated, for which a portion of the OTTI loss was recognized in AOCI, and the corresponding changes in such amounts. Years Ended December 31, 2015 2014 2013 Balance, beginning of year $ 35,424 $ 45,278 $ 95,589 Additions for credit loss impairments recognized in the current period on securities previously impaired — 30 107 Additions for credit loss impairments recognized in the current period on securities not previously impaired 2,621 — — Reductions for increases in cash flows expected to be collected that are recognized over the remaining life of the security (2,398 ) (5,248 ) (1,851 ) Reductions for credit loss impairments previously recognized on securities which matured, paid down, prepaid or were sold during the period (3,270 ) (4,636 ) (48,567 ) Balance, end of year $ 32,377 $ 35,424 $ 45,278 The Company regularly monitors its investment portfolio to ensure investments that may be other-than-temporarily impaired are timely identified, properly valued, and charged against earnings in the proper period. The determination that a security has incurred an other-than-temporary decline in value requires the judgment of management. Assessment factors include, but are not limited to, the length of time and the extent to which the market value has been less than cost, the financial condition and rating of the issuer, whether any collateral is held, the intent and ability of the Company to retain the investment for a period of time sufficient to allow for recovery for equity securities and the intent to sell or whether it is more likely than not that the Company will be required to sell for fixed maturity securities. Inherently, there are risks and uncertainties involved in making these judgments. Changes in circumstances and critical assumptions such as a continued weak economy, a more pronounced economic downturn or unforeseen events which affect one or more companies, industry sectors, or countries could result in additional impairments in future periods for other-than-temporary declines in value. Any equity security whose price decline is deemed other-than-temporary is written down to its then current market value with the amount of the impairment reported as a realized loss in that period. The impairment of a fixed maturity security that the Company has the intent to sell or that it is more likely than not that the Company will be required to sell is deemed other-than-temporary and is written down to its market value at the balance sheet date with the amount of the impairment reported as a realized loss in that period. For all other-than-temporarily impaired fixed maturity securities that do not meet either of these two criteria, the Company is required to analyze its ability to recover the amortized cost of the security by calculating the net present value of projected future cash flows. For these other-than-temporarily impaired fixed maturity securities, the net amount recognized in earnings is equal to the difference between the amortized cost of the fixed maturity security and its net present value. The Company considers different factors to determine the amount of projected future cash flows and discounting methods for corporate debt and residential and commercial mortgage-backed or asset-backed securities. For corporate debt securities, the split between the credit and non-credit losses is driven principally by assumptions regarding the amount and timing of projected future cash flows. The net present value is calculated by discounting the Company’s best estimate of projected future cash flows at the effective interest rate implicit in the security at the date of acquisition. For residential and commercial mortgage-backed and asset-backed securities, cash flow estimates, including prepayment assumptions, are based on data from widely accepted third-party data sources or internal estimates. In addition to prepayment assumptions, cash flow estimates vary based on assumptions regarding the underlying collateral including default rates, recoveries and changes in value. The net present value is calculated by discounting the Company’s best estimate of projected future cash flows at the effective interest rate implicit in the fixed maturity security prior to impairment at the balance sheet date. The discounted cash flows become the new amortized cost basis of the fixed maturity security. In periods subsequent to the recognition of an OTTI, the Company generally accretes the discount (or amortizes the reduced premium) into net investment income, up to the non-discounted amount of projected future cash flows, resulting from the reduction in cost basis, based upon the amount and timing of the expected future cash flows over the estimated period of cash flows. The investment category and duration of the Company’s gross unrealized losses on fixed maturity securities and equity securities at December 31, 2015 and 2014 were as follows: December 31, 2015 Less than 12 months 12 Months or More Total Fair Value Unrealized Losses Fair Value Unrealized Losses Fair Value Unrealized Losses Fixed maturity securities: United States Government and government agencies and authorities $ 90,008 $ (465 ) $ 5,564 $ (72 ) $ 95,572 $ (537 ) States, municipalities and political subdivisions 6,881 (94 ) — — 6,881 (94 ) Foreign governments 24,071 (347 ) 22,239 (376 ) 46,310 (723 ) Asset-backed — — 1,136 (204 ) 1,136 (204 ) Residential mortgage-backed 260,620 (3,179 ) 11,147 (230 ) 271,767 (3,409 ) Corporate 1,636,457 (85,247 ) 54,029 (10,665 ) 1,690,486 (95,912 ) Total fixed maturity securities $ 2,018,037 $ (89,332 ) $ 94,115 $ (11,547 ) $ 2,112,152 $ (100,879 ) Equity securities: Common stock $ 623 $ (7 ) $ — $ — $ 623 $ (7 ) Non-redeemable preferred stocks 63,665 (1,632 ) 13,806 (985 ) 77,471 (2,617 ) Total equity securities $ 64,288 $ (1,639 ) $ 13,806 $ (985 ) $ 78,094 $ (2,624 ) December 31, 2014 Less than 12 months 12 Months or More Total Fair Value Unrealized Losses Fair Value Unrealized Losses Fair Value Unrealized Losses Fixed maturity securities: United States Government and government agencies and authorities $ 34,551 $ (188 ) $ 21,488 $ (241 ) $ 56,039 $ (429 ) States, municipalities and political subdivisions 3,050 (282 ) 4,633 (71 ) 7,683 (353 ) Foreign governments 19,886 (67 ) 37,741 (1,390 ) 57,627 (1,457 ) Asset-backed — — 1,348 (78 ) 1,348 (78 ) Residential mortgage-backed 22,337 (71 ) 61,682 (1,083 ) 84,019 (1,154 ) Corporate 640,641 (13,132 ) 113,918 (3,482 ) 754,559 (16,614 ) Total fixed maturity securities $ 720,465 $ (13,740 ) $ 240,810 $ (6,345 ) $ 961,275 $ (20,085 ) Equity securities: Common stock $ — $ — $ 196 $ (1 ) $ 196 $ (1 ) Non-redeemable preferred stocks 8,844 (264 ) 24,784 (1,829 ) 33,628 (2,093 ) Total equity securities $ 8,844 $ (264 ) $ 24,980 $ (1,830 ) $ 33,824 $ (2,094 ) Total gross unrealized losses represent approximately 5% and 2% of the aggregate fair value of the related securities at December 31, 2015 and 2014, respectively. Approximately 88% and 63% of these gross unrealized losses have been in a continuous loss position for less than twelve months at December 31, 2015 and 2014, respectively. The total gross unrealized losses are comprised of 884 and 385 individual securities at December 31, 2015 and 2014, respectively. In accordance with its policy described above, the Company concluded that for these securities an adjustment to its results of operations for other-than-temporary impairments of the gross unrealized losses was not warranted at December 31, 2015 and 2014. These conclusions were based on a detailed analysis of the underlying credit and expected cash flows of each security. As of December 31, 2015, the gross unrealized losses that have been in a continuous loss position for twelve months or more were concentrated in the Company’s corporate fixed maturity securities and in non-redeemable preferred stocks. The non-redeemable preferred stocks are perpetual preferred securities that have characteristics of both debt and equity securities. To evaluate these securities, the Company applies an impairment model similar to that used for the Company's fixed maturity securities. As of December 31, 2015, the Company did not intend to sell these securities and it was not more likely than not that the Company would be required to sell them and no underlying cash flow issues were noted. Therefore, the Company did not recognize an OTTI on those perpetual preferred securities that had been in a continuous unrealized loss position for twelve months or more. As of December 31, 2015, the Company did not intend to sell the fixed maturity securities and it was not more likely than not that the Company would be required to sell the securities before the anticipated recovery of their amortized cost basis. The gross unrealized losses are primarily attributable to widening credit spreads associated with an underlying shift in overall credit risk premium. The cost or amortized cost and fair value of available-for-sale fixed maturity securities in an unrealized loss position at December 31, 2015, by contractual maturity, is shown below: Cost or Amortized Cost Fair Value Due in one year or less $ 52,077 $ 51,667 Due after one year through five years 469,320 459,930 Due after five years through ten years 754,402 720,632 Due after ten years 660,716 607,020 Total 1,936,515 1,839,249 Asset-backed 1,340 1,136 Residential mortgage-backed 275,176 271,767 Total $ 2,213,031 $ 2,112,152 The Company has exposure to sub-prime and related mortgages within the Company's fixed maturity security portfolio. At December 31, 2015, approximately 2% of the residential mortgage-backed holdings had exposure to sub-prime mortgage collateral. This represented less than 1% of the total fixed income portfolio and approximately 2% of the total unrealized gain position. Of the securities with sub-prime exposure, approximately 9% are rated as investment grade. All residential mortgage-backed securities, including those with sub-prime exposure, are reviewed as part of the ongoing other-than-temporary impairment monitoring process. The Company has entered into commercial mortgage loans, collateralized by the underlying real estate, on properties located throughout the U.S. and Canada. At December 31, 2015, approximately 41% of the outstanding principal balance of commercial mortgage loans was concentrated in the states of California, New York, and Oregon. Although the Company has a diversified loan portfolio, an economic downturn could have an adverse impact on the ability of its debtors to repay their loans. The outstanding balance of commercial mortgage loans range in size from $17 to $14,625 at December 31, 2015 and from $77 to $15,190 at December 31, 2014. Credit quality indicators for commercial mortgage loans are loan-to-value and debt-service coverage ratios. Loan-to-value and debt-service coverage ratios are measures commonly used to assess the credit quality of commercial mortgage loans. The loan-to-value ratio compares the principal amount of the loan to the fair value of the underlying property collateralizing the loan, and is commonly expressed as a percentage. The debt-service coverage ratio compares a property’s net operating income to its debt-service payments and is commonly expressed as a ratio. The loan-to-value and debt-service coverage ratios are generally updated annually in the third quarter. The following summarizes the Company's loan-to-value and average debt-service coverage ratios as of the dates indicated: December 31, 2015 Loan-to-Value Carrying Value % of Gross Mortgage Loans Debt-Service Coverage Ratio 70% and less $ 1,101,572 95.5 % 2.01 71 – 80% 39,080 3.4 % 1.19 81 – 95% 8,370 0.7 % 1.05 Greater than 95% 4,816 0.4 % 3.52 Gross commercial mortgage loans 1,153,838 100.0 % 1.98 Less valuation allowance (2,582 ) Net commercial mortgage loans $ 1,151,256 December 31, 2014 Loan-to-Value Carrying Value % of Gross Mortgage Loans Debt-Service Coverage Ratio 70% and less $ 1,168,454 91.6 % 2.01 71 – 80% 73,762 5.8 % 1.26 81 – 95% 27,268 2.1 % 1.04 Greater than 95% 6,531 0.5 % 0.43 Gross commercial mortgage loans 1,276,015 100.0 % 1.94 Less valuation allowance (3,399 ) Net commercial mortgage loans $ 1,272,616 All commercial mortgage loans that are individually impaired have an established mortgage loan valuation allowance for losses. An additional valuation allowance is established for incurred, but not specifically identified impairments. Changing economic conditions affect the Company's valuation of commercial mortgage loans. Changing vacancies and rents are incorporated into the discounted cash flow analysis that the Company performs for monitored loans and may contribute to the establishment of (or an increase or decrease in) a commercial mortgage loan valuation allowance for losses. In addition, the Company continues to monitor the entire commercial mortgage loan portfolio to identify risk. Areas of emphasis are properties that have exposure to specific geographic events, have deteriorating credits or have experienced a reduction in debt-service coverage ratio. Where warranted, the Company has established or increased a valuation allowance based upon this analysis. The commercial mortgage loan valuation allowance for losses was $2,582 and $3,399 at December 31, 2015 and 2014, respectively. In 2015 and 2014, the loan valuation allowance was decreased $817 and $1,083 , respectively, due to changing economic conditions and geographic concentrations. At December 31, 2015, the Company had mortgage loan commitments outstanding of approximately $6,350 . The Company is also committed to fund additional capital contributions of $28,607 to partnerships. The Company has short term investments and fixed maturities of $441,851 and $519,659 at December 31, 2015 and 2014, respectively, on deposit with various governmental authorities as required by law. The Company utilizes derivative instruments on a limited basis to limit interest rate, foreign exchange and inflation risks and bifurcates the options on certain securities where the option is not clearly and closely related to the host instrument. The derivatives do not qualify under GAAP as effective hedges; therefore, they are marked-to-market on a quarterly basis and the gain or loss is recognized in the statement of operations in fees and other income, underwriting, general and administrative expenses, and realized gains (losses). As of December 31, 2015 and 2014, amounts related to derivative assets were $6,715 and $9,040 , respectively, while derivative liabilities were $27,689 and $25,303 , respectively, all of which are included in the consolidated balance sheets. The loss recorded in the results of operations totaled $5,298 , $7,453 and $703 for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013, respectively. Variable Interest Entities A VIE is a legal entity which does not have sufficient equity at risk to allow the entity to finance its activities without additional financial support or in which the equity investors, as a group, do not have the characteristic of a controlling financial interest. The Company's investments in VIE's include private equity limited partnerships and real estate joint ventures. These investments are generally accounted for under the equity method and included in the consolidated balance sheets in other investments. The Company's maximum exposure to loss with respect to these investments is limited to the investment carrying amounts reported in the Company's consolidated balance sheet in addition to any required unfunded commitments. As of December 31, 2015, the Company's maximum exposure to loss is $56,781 in recorded carrying value and $28,607 in unfunded commitments. Collateralized Transactions As of December 31, 2015, the Company has terminated its securities lending program and there are no outstanding transactions. In the past, the Company lent fixed maturity securities, primarily bonds issued by the U.S. government and government agencies and authorities, and U.S. corporations, to selected broker/dealers. All such loans were negotiated on an overnight basis; term loans were not permitted. The Company received collateral, greater than or equal to 102% of the fair value of the securities lent, plus accrued interest, in the form of cash and cash equivalents held by a custodian bank for the benefit of the Company. The use of cash collateral received was unrestricted. The Company reinvested the cash collateral received, generally in investments of high credit quality that are designated as available-for-sale. The Company monitored the fair value of securities loaned and the collateral received, with additional collateral obtained, as necessary. The Company was subject to the risk of loss on the re-investment of cash collateral. As of December 31, 2014, the Company’s collateral held under securities lending agreements, of which its use was unrestricted, was $95,985 , and is included in the consolidated balance sheets under the collateral held/pledged under securities agreements. The Company’s liability to the borrower for collateral received was $95,986 , and is included in the consolidated balance sheets under the obligation under securities agreements. The difference between the collateral held and obligations under securities lending is recorded as an unrealized gain (loss) and is included as part of AOCI. The Company included the available-for-sale investments purchased with the cash collateral in its evaluation of other-than-temporary impairments. Cash proceeds that the Company received as collateral for the securities it lent and subsequent repayment of the cash are regarded by the Company as cash flows from financing activities, since the cash received was considered a borrowing. Since the Company reinvested the cash collateral generally in investments that were designated as available-for-sale, the reinvestment is presented as cash flows from investing activities. |