Stock-based Compensation Expense | 8. Stock-based Compensation Expense 2014 Equity Incentive Plan Under the Company’s 2014 Equity Incentive Plan (the “2014 Plan”), the number of shares of common stock reserved for issuance will automatically increase on January 1 of each year, beginning on January 1, 2015, and continuing through and including January 1, 2024, by 3% of the total number of shares of the Company’s capital stock outstanding on December 31 of the preceding calendar year, or a lesser number of shares determined by the Company’s board of directors. On January 1, 2015, the total number of shares of common stock reserved for issuance increased by 701,328 shares to 5,451,328 shares. A summary of the Company’s stock option activity and related information is as follows (options in thousands): Six Months Ended June 30, 2015 Options Price Outstanding, beginning of period 2,458 $ 4.84 Granted 1,066 22.65 Exercised (350 ) 1.72 Forfeited (33 ) 18.64 Expired (40 ) 5.67 Outstanding, end of period 3,101 11.16 Vested and expected to vest 2,963 10.70 Exercisable 1,420 3.31 As of June 30, 2015, the aggregate pre-tax intrinsic value of options outstanding was $54.2 million and options outstanding and exercisable was $35.9 million, and the weighted-average remaining contractual term of options outstanding was 8.4 years and options outstanding and exercisable was 7.3 years. The aggregate pre-tax intrinsic value of options exercised was $7.9 million and $0.9 million during the six months ended June 30, 2015 and 2014, respectively. The aggregate pre-tax intrinsic value was calculated as the difference between the exercise prices of the underlying options and the estimated fair value of the common stock on the date of exercise. Total stock-based compensation expense recognized, before taxes, is as follows (in thousands): Three Months Ended Six Months Ended June 30, June 30, 2015 2014 2015 2014 Cost of sales $ 78 $ 13 $ 117 $ 22 Selling, general and administrative 969 336 1,607 480 Research and development 195 38 296 67 $ 1,242 $ 387 $ 2,020 $ 569 As of June 30, 2015, the amount of unearned stock-based compensation currently estimated to be expensed from now through the year 2019 related to unvested employee stock-based payment awards was $12.9 million and the weighted average period over which the unearned stock-based compensation is expected to be recognized was 3.3 years. If there are any modifications or cancellations of the underlying unvested securities, the Company may be required to accelerate, increase or cancel any remaining unearned stock-based compensation expense. Future stock-based compensation expense and unearned stock-based compensation will increase to the extent that the Company grants additional share-based payments. The Company estimates the fair value of stock-based compensation on the date of grant using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model. The Black-Scholes model determines the fair value of stock-based payment awards based on the fair market value of the Company’s common stock on the date of grant and is affected by assumptions regarding a number of highly complex and subjective variables. These variables include, but are not limited to, the fair market value of the Company’s common stock, volatility over the expected term of the awards and actual and projected employee stock option exercise behaviors. The Company has opted to use the “simplified method” for estimating the expected term of options, whereby the expected term equals the arithmetic average of the vesting term and the original contractual term of the option. Due to the Company’s limited operating history and a lack of company specific historical and implied volatility data, the Company has based its estimate of expected volatility on the historical volatility of a group of similar companies that are publicly traded. When selecting these public companies on which it has based its expected stock price volatility, the Company generally selected companies with comparable characteristics to it, including enterprise value, stages of clinical development, risk profiles, position within the industry and with historical share price information sufficient to meet the expected life of the stock-based awards. The historical volatility data was computed using the daily closing prices for the selected companies’ shares during the equivalent period of the calculated expected term of the share-based payments. The Company will continue to analyze the historical stock price volatility and expected term assumptions as more historical data for the Company’s common stock becomes available. The risk-free rate assumption is based on the U.S. Treasury instruments with maturities similar to the expected term of the Company’s stock options. The expected dividend assumption is based on the Company’s history of not paying dividends and its expectation that it will not declare dividends for the foreseeable future. As stock-based compensation expense is based on awards ultimately expected to vest, the amount of expense has been reduced for estimated forfeitures. Potential forfeitures are estimated based on the Company’s historical forfeiture experience and an analysis of similar companies. To the extent actual forfeitures differ from the estimates, the Company records the difference as a cumulative adjustment in the period that the estimates are revised. The fair value of options granted to employees or directors during the periods presented below were estimated as of the grant date using the Black-Scholes model assuming the weighted average assumptions listed in the following table: Three Months Ended Six Months Ended June 30, June 30, 2015 2014 2015 2014 Expected term (years) 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 Expected volatility 44 % 58 % 48 % 59 % Risk-free interest rate 1.6 % 2.0 % 1.6 % 2.0 % Dividend yield 0.0 % 0.0 % 0.0 % 0.0 % Weighted average fair value $ 11.18 $ 6.16 $ 10.62 $ 5.60 Option Modification In April 2013, options held by the President and Chief Executive Officer, Ms. Earnhardt, a related party, were modified to permit exercise with promissory notes of up to $0.5 million. Under the terms of the notes, one quarter of the principal and interest was to be forgiven on each anniversary date of the note as long as Ms. Earnhardt remains the Company’s Chief Executive Officer. In addition, the entire principal and interest of the notes was to be forgiven on the earlier of an initial public offering or the closing of a liquidation event (as defined in the certificate of incorporation), in each case where total proceeds payable to the Company or its stockholders is greater than $200.0 million. The Company had the option to accelerate the maturity date if, at the Company’s reasonable discretion, such acceleration may be necessary due to any applicable law, rule or regulation, including, without limitation, the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. The economic effect of the modification was equivalent to converting options to purchase 0.6 million shares to a grant of restricted stock with four-year vesting and a contingent vesting acceleration provision. The incremental cost of the modification was $0.3 million, of which $4,000 and $11,000 was recognized during three and six months ended June 30, 2015, respectively, and $0.2 million was recognized during both the three and six months ended June 30, 2014. In June 2014, the entire principal amount and all accrued and unpaid interest of the loan was forgiven in full. In connection with the forgiveness of the note, the unamortized modification cost relating to the vested options of $0.2 million was immediately recognized. The remaining unamortized modification cost of $0.1 million will be amortized over the remaining vesting period. 2014 Employee Stock Purchase Plan In July 2014, the Company’s board of directors approved the 2014 Employee Stock Purchase Plan (“2014 ESPP”). The 2014 ESPP became effective on the effective date of the IPO. A total of 496,092 shares are reserved for issuance under the 2014 ESPP. In March 2015, the Company approved the implementation of the 2014 ESPP to begin in May 2015. The fair value of options granted under the 2014 ESPP to employees were estimated as of the grant date using the Black-Scholes model assuming the weighted average assumptions listed in the following table: Three Months Ended Six Months Ended June 30, June 30, 2015 2014 2015 2014 Expected term (years) 1.3 — 1.3 — Expected volatility 35 % — 35 % — Risk-free interest rate 0.3 % — 0.3 % — Dividend yield 0.0 % — 0.0 % — Weighted average fair value $ 7.60 $ — $ 7.60 $ — |