Summary of Significant Accounting Policies | 2. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies Basis of Preparation The financial statements have been prepared in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (“U.S. GAAP”) and pursuant to the rules and regulations of the United States Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”). 1-for-4 Reverse Stock Split In July 2014, the board of directors and stockholders approved, and the Company filed, an amended and restated certificate of incorporation effecting a 1-for-4 reverse stock split of common stock and all convertible preferred stock. The par value of the common and convertible preferred stock was not adjusted as a result of the reverse stock split. All issued and outstanding common stock, convertible preferred stock, warrants for preferred stock, stock options and per share amounts contained in the financial statements have been retroactively adjusted to reflect this reverse stock split for all periods presented. Initial Public Offering In July 2014, the Company completed its IPO by issuing 5,750,000 shares of common stock, including 750,000 shares pursuant to the full exercise by the underwriters of their option to purchase additional shares, at an offering price of $11.00 per share, for net proceeds of $55.8 million, after deducting underwriting discounts and commissions of $4.5 million and offering expenses of $3.0 million. In connection with the IPO, the Company’s outstanding shares of convertible preferred stock were automatically converted into 15,703,875 shares of common stock and warrants exercisable for convertible preferred stock were automatically converted into warrants exercisable for 53,357 shares of common stock, resulting in the reclassification of the related redeemable convertible preferred stock warrant liability of $0.4 million to additional paid-in capital. Follow-on Public Offering In June 2015, the Company completed its follow-on public offering by issuing 4,119,300 shares of common stock, including 537,300 shares pursuant to the full exercise by the underwriters of their option to purchase additional shares, at an offering price of $25.00 per share, for net proceeds of approximately $96.4 million, after deducting underwriting discounts and commissions of $6.2 million and offering expenses of $0.4 million. Use of Estimates The preparation of financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts and disclosures reported in the financial statements. Management uses significant judgment when making estimates related to its common stock valuation and related stock-based compensation, the valuations of the convertible preferred stock warrant liability, convertible preferred stock financing option, as well as certain accrued liabilities. Management bases its estimates on historical experience and on various other assumptions that are believed to be reasonable under the circumstances, the results of which form the basis for making judgments about the carrying values of assets and liabilities that are not readily apparent from other sources. Actual results could differ from those estimates. Cash and Cash Equivalents The Company considers all highly liquid securities, readily convertible to cash, that mature within 90 days or less from the date of purchase to be cash equivalents. Short-term Investments, Available-for-Sale Short-term investments, which are available-for-sale, represent highly liquid debt instruments with maturities greater than 90 days at date of purchase. Such investments are recorded at fair value and unrealized holding gains and losses are reported as a separate component of accumulated comprehensive income (loss) in stockholders’ equity until realized. The Company reviews its investment portfolio periodically to assess for other-than-temporary impairment. Should the Company determine that any unrealized losses on the investments are other-than-temporary, the amount of that impairment to be recognized in earnings will depend on whether the Company intends to sell the security or more likely than not will be required to sell the security before recovery of its amortized cost basis less any current period credit loss. The specific identification method is used to determine the cost of securities disposed of, with realized gains and losses reflected in interest and other income or expense, as appropriate, in the statement of operations. Fair Value of Financial Instruments The Company measures certain financial assets and liabilities at fair value on a recurring basis, including cash equivalents, short-term investments, the convertible preferred stock warrant liability and the convertible preferred stock financing option. Fair value is an exit price, representing the amount that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants. As such, fair value is a market-based measurement that should be determined based on assumptions that market participants would use in pricing an asset or a liability. A three-tier fair value hierarchy is established as a basis for considering such assumptions and for inputs used in the valuation methodologies in measuring fair value: Level 1 — Observable inputs such as quoted prices (unadjusted) for identical assets or liabilities in active markets. Level 2 — Include other inputs that are based upon quoted prices for similar instruments in active markets, quoted prices for identical or similar instruments in markets that are not active and model-based valuation techniques for which all significant inputs are observable in the market or can be derived from observable market data. Where applicable, these models project future cash flows and discount the future amounts to a present value using market-based observable inputs including interest rate curves, foreign exchange rates, and credit ratings. Level 3 — Unobservable inputs that are supported by little or no market activities, which would require the Company to develop its own assumptions. The fair value hierarchy also requires an entity to maximize the use of observable inputs and minimize the use of unobservable inputs when measuring fair value. Cash, Cash Equivalents and Short-term Investments The following is a summary of cash, cash equivalents and short-term investments, available-for-sale, by type of instrument measured at fair value on a recurring basis (in thousands): December 31, 2015 2014 Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Total Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Total Cash $ 2,702 $ — $ — $ 2,702 $ 1,971 $ — $ — $ 1,971 Money market funds 26,856 — — 26,856 11,432 — — 11,432 Corporate debt securities — 57,517 — 57,517 — 28,790 — 28,790 Commercial paper — 37,225 — 37,225 — 6,250 — 6,250 $ 29,558 $ 94,742 $ — $ 124,300 $ 13,403 $ 35,040 $ — $ 48,443 Reported as: Cash and cash equivalents $ 34,809 $ 13,403 Short-term investments, available-for-sale 89,491 35,040 $ 124,300 $ 48,443 There were no transfers in and out of Level 1 and Level 2 fair value measurements during the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014. Convertible Preferred Stock Warrant Liability The following table sets forth a summary of the changes in the estimated fair value of the Company’s convertible preferred stock warrants, which represent financial instruments with valuations classified as Level 3. When a determination is made to classify a financial instrument within Level 3, the determination is based upon the significance of the unobservable inputs to the overall fair value measurement. However, Level 3 financial instruments typically include, in addition to the unobservable inputs, observable inputs (that is, components that are actively quoted and can be validated to external sources). Accordingly, the expense in the table below includes changes in fair value due in part to observable factors that are part of the Level 3 methodology (in thousands): Fiscal Years Ended 2014 2013 Beginning of the period $ 237 $ 93 Issued — 10 Exercised (29 ) — Reclassified to equity (1) (406 ) — Change in fair value 198 134 End of the period $ — $ 237 (1) In connection with the Company’s IPO in July 2014, warrants for convertible preferred stock were converted to warrants for common stock, resulting in the reclassification of the related redeemable convertible preferred stock warrant liability to additional paid-in capital. The fair value of the convertible preferred stock warrants was determined using the option pricing method, the probability weighted expected return method or Black-Scholes option pricing model using the following assumptions: Fiscal Years Ended 2014 2013 Expected term (years) 2.0 2.0 Expected volatility 46 % 45 % Risk-free interest rate 0.5 % 0.4 % Dividend yield 0.0 % 0.0 % Series D Convertible Preferred Stock Financing Option In February 2013, the Company completed the initial closing of the Series D convertible preferred stock financings. The total net cash proceeds from this initial closing totaled $18.2 million and 2,656,636 shares of Series D convertible preferred stock were issued. In March 2013, the Company completed an additional closing of the Series D convertible preferred stock financings. The total net cash proceeds from this additional closing totaled $2.5 million and 370,129 shares of Series D convertible preferred stock were issued. The March 2013 closing included 72,548 shares purchased by certain employees of the Company for $0.5 million. The Series D convertible preferred stock financing contained a provision that obligated the investors to purchase additional shares (“convertible preferred stock financing option”) at the same price as the initial closing upon notification by the Company that it had achieved an annualized revenue rate of at least $16.0 million over a trailing three-month period. This convertible preferred stock financing option to purchase Series D convertible preferred stock in the future tranche was considered to be a freestanding financial instrument for accounting purposes. Therefore, in February 2013, the Company recorded a financing liability of $0.9 million representing the fair value of this convertible preferred stock financing option at the time of issuance. In October 2013, shortly after achieving the annualized revenue rate, the Company issued the additional 1,369,008 shares of Series D convertible preferred stock to the investors for net proceeds of $9.4 million. Since the convertible preferred stock financing option expired in October 2013 as a result of the issuance of Series D convertible preferred stock, the carrying and fair value of the convertible preferred stock financing option of $1.1 million in October 2013 was reclassified from liability to Series D convertible preferred stock. The Company recorded total charges related to the change in fair value during the year ended December 31, 2013 of $0.2 million related to this financing option liability. The following table sets forth a summary of the changes in the estimated fair value of the Company’s convertible preferred stock financing option, which represents financial instruments with valuations classified as Level 3 (in thousands): Fiscal Year Ended Beginning of the period $ — Issued 885 Exercised (1,097 ) Change in fair value 212 End of the period $ — The fair value of the convertible preferred stock financing liability was determined using the present value methodology with the following assumptions which are categorized as Level 3: February October Total consideration per share $ 1.72 $ 1.72 Additional investment per share 1.72 1.72 Discount rate 20.0 % 20.0 % Probability of achievement 95.0 % 95.0 % Years until milestone achieved 0.5 0.7 Concentration of Credit Risk Financial instruments, which potentially subject the Company to concentrations of credit risk, consist principally of cash equivalents, short-term investments and accounts receivable. The Company believes that the credit risk in its accounts receivable is mitigated by its credit evaluation process, relatively short collection terms and dispersion of its customer base. The Company generally does not require collateral and losses on accounts receivable have historically been within management’s expectations. The Company’s investment policy limits investments to certain types of debt securities issued by the U.S. government, its agencies, and institutions with investment-grade credit ratings, as well as corporate debt or commercial paper issued by the highest quality financial and non-financial companies, and places restrictions on maturities and concentration by type and issuer. The Company is exposed to credit risk in the event of a default by the financial institutions holding its cash and cash equivalents and issuers of investments to the extent recorded on the balance sheets. However, as of December 31, 2015 and 2014, the Company has limited its credit risk associated with cash, cash equivalents and short-term investments by placing its investments with banks it believes are highly creditworthy and with highly rated investments. Allowance for Doubtful Accounts The Company will provide for uncollectible accounts receivable by recording an allowance for doubtful accounts for accounts receivable deemed uncollectible. The Company evaluates the collectability of its accounts receivable based on known collection risks and historical experience. In circumstances where the Company is aware of a specific customer’s inability to meet its financial obligations to the Company (e.g., bankruptcy filings, substantial downgrading of credit ratings), the Company records a specific allowance for bad debts against amounts due to reduce the carrying amount of accounts receivable to the amount it reasonably believes will be collected. If circumstances change, such as higher-than-expected defaults or an unexpected material adverse change in a major customer’s ability to meet its financial obligations, the Company’s estimates of the recoverability of the amounts due could be reduced by a significant amount. Based on the high creditworthiness of the customers that the Company sells to, the Company has experienced no significant collection issues. Inventory Inventory is valued at the lower of cost or market, computed on a first-in, first-out basis, or net realizable value. This requires the Company to make estimates regarding the recoverability of its inventory, including an assessment of excess or obsolete inventory. The Company determines excess and obsolete inventory based on future demand for products within a specified time horizon, generally 12 months, product life cycles and expiration of inventory prior to sale. Any inventory written down creates a new cost basis for the inventory value. Property and Equipment Property and equipment are stated at cost, less accumulated depreciation and amortization. Depreciation is determined using the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the respective assets, generally three to five years. Leasehold improvements are amortized on a straight-line basis over the shorter of their estimated useful lives or the term of the lease. Amortization of assets under capital leases is included in depreciation and amortization expense. Maintenance and repairs are charged to operations as incurred. Impairment of Long-lived Assets Long-lived assets consists primarily of property and equipment and are reviewed for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset may not be recoverable. If circumstances require that a long-lived asset be tested for possible impairment, the Company compares the undiscounted cash flows expected to be generated by the asset group to the carrying amount of the asset group. If the carrying amount of the long-lived asset is not recoverable on an undiscounted cash flow basis, an impairment is recognized to the extent that the carrying amount exceeds its fair value. The Company determines fair value using the income approach based on the present value of expected future cash flows or other appropriate measures of estimated fair value. The Company’s cash flow assumptions consider historical and forecasted revenue and operating costs and other relevant factors. Since inception, the Company has not recorded impairment charges on long-lived assets. Convertible Preferred Stock Warrant Liability For a warrant classified as a derivative liability, the fair value of that warrant was recorded on the balance sheet at the inception of such classification and adjusted to fair value at each financial reporting date. The changes in the fair value of the warrants were recorded in the statement of operations and comprehensive loss as a component of interest and other income or expense, as appropriate. The Company continued to adjust the carrying value of the convertible preferred stock warrant liability for changes in the fair value of the warrants until the earlier of: the exercise of the warrants, at which time the liability was reclassified to temporary equity; the conversion of the underlying convertible preferred stock into common stock, at which time the liability was reclassified to stockholders’ equity (deficit); or the expiration of the warrant, at which time the entire amount would have been reversed and reflected in the statement of operations and comprehensive loss. In connection with the Company’s IPO in July 2014, the warrants for convertible preferred stock were converted to warrants for common stock, resulting in the reclassification of the related redeemable convertible preferred stock warrant liability of $0.4 million to additional paid-in capital. Convertible Preferred Stock Financing Option For a freestanding option to purchase in a future round of financing, the fair value of that option was recorded on the balance sheet at the inception of such classification and adjusted to fair value at each financial reporting date. The change in the fair value of the convertible preferred stock financing option was recorded in the statement of operations and comprehensive loss as a component of interest and other income or expense, as appropriate. The Company adjusted the carrying value of the convertible preferred stock financing option liability for changes in the fair value of the option and continued to do so until the earlier of when the convertible preferred stock financing option was exercised or expired. Revenue Recognition Revenue is derived from the sale of PROPEL and PROPEL mini to hospitals and ambulatory surgery centers in the United States. The Company recognizes revenue when persuasive evidence of an arrangement exists, product delivery has occurred or there is no further obligation, pricing is fixed or determinable and collection is reasonably assured. The Company must make significant assumptions regarding the future collectability of amounts receivable from customers to determine whether revenue recognition criteria have been met. If collectability is not reasonably assured at the time of shipment, the Company defers revenue until such criteria have been met. In general, the Company’s standard terms and conditions of sale do not allow for product returns. The Company expenses shipping and handling costs as incurred and includes them in the cost of sales. In those cases where shipping and handling costs are billed to customers, the Company classifies the amounts billed as a component of revenue. Cost of Sales Cost of sales consists primarily of manufacturing overhead costs, material costs and direct labor. A significant portion of the Company’s cost of sales currently consists of manufacturing overhead costs. These overhead costs include the cost of quality assurance, material procurement, inventory control, facilities, equipment and operations supervision and management. Cost of sales also includes depreciation expense for production equipment and certain direct costs such as shipping costs. Research and Development Research and development expenses consist primarily of product development, clinical and regulatory affairs, consulting services and other costs associated with products and technologies in development. These expenses include employee compensation, stock-based compensation, supplies, quality assurance and related travel and facility costs. Clinical expenses include clinical trial design, clinical site reimbursement, data management and travel expenses, and the cost of manufacturing products for clinical trials. Common Stock Valuation and Stock-based Compensation The Company maintains a payment equity incentive plans to provide long-term incentives for employees, consultants and members of the board of directors. The plan allows for the issuance of non-statutory and incentive stock options to employees and non-statutory stock options to consultants and non-employee directors. The Company is required to determine the fair value of equity incentive awards and recognize compensation expense for all equity incentive awards made to employees and directors, including employee stock options. Stock-based compensation expense is recognized over the requisite service period in the statements of operations and comprehensive loss and is based on awards ultimately expected to vest, therefore the amount of expense has been reduced for estimated forfeitures. The Company uses the straight-line method for expense attribution, except for awards issued with performance-based conditions which require an accelerated attribution method over the requisite performance and service periods. Under the applicable accounting guidance for equity incentive awards issued to non-employees, the date at which the fair value of such awards is measured is equal to the earlier of: 1) the date at which a commitment for performance by the counterparty to earn the equity instrument is reached; or 2) the date at which the counterparty’s performance is complete. The Company recognizes stock-based compensation expense for the fair value of the vested portion of the non-employee awards in the statements of operations and comprehensive loss. The fair value of options granted to non-employees is remeasured as the options vest. The valuation model used for calculating the fair value of awards for stock-based compensation expense is the Black-Scholes option-pricing model (the “Black-Scholes model”). The Black-Scholes model requires the Company to make assumptions and judgments about the variables used in the calculation, including the expected term (weighted average period of time that the options granted are expected to be outstanding), the volatility of common stock and an assumed risk-free interest rate. The risk-free rate is based on the U.S. Treasury yield curve in effect at the time of grant for periods corresponding with the expected term of the option. Since stock-based compensation expense is based on awards ultimately expected to vest, potential forfeitures are estimated based on the Company’s historical forfeiture experience and an analysis of similar companies. To the extent actual forfeitures differ from the estimates, the Company records the difference as a cumulative adjustment in the period that the estimates are revised. Deferred Rent Rent expense is recognized on a straight-line basis over the non-cancelable term of the Company’s operating lease and, accordingly, the Company records the difference between cash rent payments and the recognition of rent expense as a deferred rent liability. The Company also records lessor-funded lease incentives, such as leasehold improvements, as a deferred rent liability, which is amortized as a reduction of rent expense over the non-cancelable term of its operating lease. Advertising Expenses The Company expenses the costs of advertising, including promotional expenses, as incurred. Advertising expenses were $0.3 million, $0.1 million and $46,000 during the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013, respectively. Income Taxes The Company accounts for income taxes under the liability method. Under this method, deferred tax assets and liabilities are determined based on the differences between the financial reporting and tax bases of assets and liabilities and are measured using the enacted tax rates that will be in effect when the differences are expected to reverse. Valuation allowances against deferred tax assets are established when necessary to reduce deferred tax assets to the amounts expected to be realized. Currently, the Company has recorded a full valuation allowance against its deferred tax assets and there is no provision for income taxes, as the Company has incurred operating losses to date. The Company’s policy is to record interest and penalties expense related to uncertain tax positions as “other expense” in the statement of operations. Net Loss per Share Basic net loss per share is computed by dividing the net loss by the weighted average number of shares of common stock outstanding during the period. Diluted net loss per share is computed by dividing the net loss by the weighted average number of shares of common stock and dilutive potential shares of common stock outstanding during the period. Because the Company has reported a net loss for all periods presented, diluted net loss per share is the same as basic net loss per share for those periods as all potentially dilutive shares consisting of convertible preferred stock, stock options and warrants were antidilutive in those periods. The Company allocates no loss to participating securities because the participating securities have no contractual obligation to share in the losses of the Company. The shares of the Company’s convertible preferred stock participate in any dividends declared by the Company and are therefore considered to be participating securities. Net loss per share was determined as follows (in thousands, except per share amounts): Fiscal Years Ended December 31, 2015 2014 2013 Net loss $ (26,634 ) $ (18,362 ) $ (18,369 ) Weighted average common stock outstanding (1) 26,159 11,384 1,461 Net loss per share, basic and diluted (1) $ (1.02 ) $ (1.61 ) $ (12.57 ) (1) In connection with the Company’s IPO in July 2014, the convertible preferred stock outstanding was converted into 15,703,875 shares of common stock on a one-for-one basis. The following potentially dilutive securities outstanding have been excluded from the computations of weighted average shares outstanding because such securities have an antidilutive impact due to losses reported, in common stock equivalent shares (in thousands): Fiscal Years Ended December 31, 2015 2014 2013 Convertible preferred stock outstanding (1) — — 15,701 Convertible preferred stock warrants (1) — — 57 Common stock warrants — 66 — Common stock options 2,946 2,458 1,928 ESPP 252 — — 3,198 2,524 17,686 (1) In connection with the Company’s IPO in July 2014, the convertible preferred stock outstanding was converted into 15,703,875 shares of common stock and the convertible preferred stock warrants were converted into common stock warrants, both on a one-for-one basis. Comprehensive Loss Comprehensive loss consists of net loss and changes in unrealized gains and losses on short-term investments, available-for-sale. Segment, Geographical and Customer Concentration The Company has one operating segment. All of the Company’s assets and revenue are based in the U.S. No single customer accounted for more than 10% of its revenue during the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013, and no single customer accounted for more than 10% of its accounts receivable at December 31, 2015 and 2014. Recent Accounting Pronouncements In August 2015, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) No. 2015-14, Revenue from Contracts with Customers: Deferral of the Effective Date Revenue from Contracts with Customers In August 2014, the FASB issued ASU No. 2014-15, Disclosure of Uncertainties about an Entity’s Ability to Continue as a Going Concern In June 2014, the FASB issued ASU No. 2014-12, Accounting for Share-Based Payments When the Terms of an Award Provide That a Performance Target Could Be Achieved after the Requisite Service Period |