Summary of Significant Accounting Policies | 2. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies Basis of presentation The accompanying financial statements have been prepared assuming that the Company will continue as a going concern and in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (“U.S. GAAP”). The Company’s fiscal year ends on June 30. Segment reporting Operating segments are identified as components of an enterprise about which separate discrete financial information is available for evaluation by the chief operating decision-maker when making decisions regarding resource allocation and assessing performance. To date, management has viewed the Company’s operations and managed its business as one segment. Use of estimates The preparation of financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP and guidelines from the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”) requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenue and expenses during reporting periods. Actual results could differ from those estimates. Cash and cash equivalents Cash consists of funds held in bank accounts. Cash equivalents consist of short-term, highly liquid investments with original maturities of 90 days or less at the time of purchase and generally include money market accounts. Investments The Company’s investments have historically consisted of certificates of deposit and debt securities classified as held-to-maturity. held-to-maturity maturity. Held-to-maturity held-to-maturity The Company uses the specific identification method to determine the cost basis of securities sold. Prior to July 1, 2021, investments were considered to be impaired when a decline in fair value was judged to be other-than-temporary. The Company evaluated an investment for impairment by considering the length of time and extent to which market value had been less than cost or amortized cost, the financial condition and near-term prospects of the issuer, as well as specific events or circumstances that could have influenced the operations of the issuer, and the Company’s intent to sell the security or the likelihood that it would have been required to sell the security before recovery of its amortized cost. Once a decline in fair value had been determined to be other-than-temporary, an impairment charge was recorded to investment income, net and a new cost basis in the investment was established . As discussed below under the heading “New accounting pronouncements,” effective July 1, 2021, the Company adopted Accounting Standards Update No. 2016-13, Financial Instruments – Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments. The new standard replaced the “incurred loss” model with an “expected credit loss” model for certain investments, thereby requiring entities to consider a broader range of information to estimate expected credit losses over the lifetime of a financial asset that is recorded on an amortized cost basis, including held-to-maturity debt securities. When an impairment is identified, the Company estimates the aggregate losses to be incurred over the life of the held-to-maturity debt security and records an allowance with a corresponding charge to investment income, net. Concentrations of Credit Risk As of June 30, 2022, the Company’s cash and cash equivalents were held on deposit with a financial institution that is federally insured. However, a large portion of those cash and cash equivalents exceed federally insured limits and, as a result, could potentially expose the Company to significant concentrations of credit risk. To date, the Company has not experienced any losses associated with this credit risk and management continues to believe that this exposure is not significant. The Company invests its excess cash primarily in money market funds, certificates of deposit, and debt instruments of corporations and U.S. government agencies. These investments generally mature within one-year Inventory Purchases of clinical materials stored for master and working viral banks that remain at the sites in anticipation of their future use at that site are charged to expense when the related liability is incurred. Because the Company can generally use each of the raw materials in only a single product, each raw material is deemed to have no future economic value independent of the development status of that unique drug. Fair value of financial instruments The Company is required to disclose information regarding all assets and liabilities reported at fair value that enables an assessment of the inputs used when determining the reported fair values. Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) Topic 820, Fair Value Measurements and Disclosures Level 1—Valuations based on unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities that the Company has the ability to access at the measurement date. Level 2—Valuations based on quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities in markets that are not active or for which all significant inputs are observable, either directly or indirectly. Level 3—Valuations that require inputs that reflect the Company’s own assumptions that are both significant to the fair value measurement and unobservable. To the extent that a valuation is based on models or inputs that are less observable or unobservable in the market, the determination of fair value requires more judgment. Accordingly, the degree of judgment exercised by the Company when determining fair value is greatest for financial instruments categorized in Level 3. A financial instrument’s level within the fair value hierarchy is based on the lowest level of any input that is significant to the fair value measurement. Property and equipment Property and equipment, which consists of laboratory equipment, furniture and fixtures, computer equipment and leasehold improvements, is recorded at cost less accumulated depreciation and amortization. Depreciation is calculated using the straight-line method over the estimated useful life of the underlying asset, which is generally for most assets. Leasehold improvements are amortized over the shorter of the estimated useful life of the underlying asset or the related lease term, including any renewal periods that are deemed to be reasonably assured. As of June 30, 2022, the weighted average useful life of the Company’s property and equipment was years. Repair and maintenance costs that do not improve service potential or extend an asset’s economic life are recorded as an expense when incurred. Leases The Company follows the provisions of ASC Topic 842, Leases right-of-use right-of-use The Company does not record a right-of-use asset a right-of-use asset Right-of-use direct costs incurred by the Company and lease payments made to a lessor on or before the related lease commencement date, less any lease incentives received directly from the lessor. When it is reasonably certain that the Company will exercise a renewal option or termination provision for one of its leases, the present value of the lease payments for the affected lease is adjusted accordingly. Variable lease payments that are not dependent on an index or a rate are excluded from the determination of the Company’s right-of-use assets and lease liabilities, and such payments are recognized as expense in the period that the related obligation is incurred. As the Company’s leases do not provide readily determinable implicit interest rates, an incremental borrowing rate commensurate with a lease’s term is used to discount future lease payments. The Company’s operating leases include rent escalation clauses that are factored into the determination of future lease payments when appropriate. The Company does not separate lease and nonlease components of its contracts when applying the provisions of Topic 842. The Company’s leases are further discussed at Note 3 in these Notes to Financial Statements. Intangible assets Intangible assets primarily consist of licenses and patents. The Company obtains licenses from third parties and capitalizes the costs related to exclusive licenses that have alternative future use in multiple existing and/or potential programs. The Company also capitalizes costs related to filing, issuance and prosecution of its patents. The Company reviews its capitalized costs periodically to determine that such costs relate to patent applications that have future value and an alternative future use. The Company writes off costs associated with patents that are no longer being actively pursued or provide no future benefit. Amortization expense for intangible assets is computed using the straight-line method over the estimated useful life of the underlying asset, which is generally eight years as of June 30, 2022). The Company amortizes (i) in-licensed expensed. Impairment of long-lived assets The Company reviews its long-lived asset groups for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount Financing fees Financing fees consist of costs, including those for legal services, that are necessary to secure commitments under debt financing arrangements. Those costs are deferred and recognized as interest expense over the period of the related financing arrangement using the effective interest method. If a financing arrangement is terminated or otherwise satisfied, any remaining deferred financing fees are immediately recognized as interest expense. The Company’s financial statements present deferred financing fees as a direct reduction of the carrying amount of the corresponding liability. Revenue recognition The Company follows the provisions of ASC Topic 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers The Company may enter into collaboration agreements, which are within the scope of Topic 606, where it licenses rights to its technology and certain of its product candidates and performs research and development services for third parties. The terms of these arrangements may include payment of one or more of the following: upfront fees; reimbursement of research and development costs; development, regulatory and commercial milestone payments; and royalties on net sales of licensed products. Under Topic 606, an entity recognizes revenue when its customer obtains control of promised goods or services, in an amount that reflects the consideration that the entity expects to receive in exchange for those goods or services. To determine the appropriate amount of revenue to be recognized for arrangements determined to be within the scope of Topic 606, the Company performs the following five steps: (i) identification of the contract; (ii) determination of whether the promised goods or services are performance obligations; (iii) measurement of the transaction price, including any constraints on variable consideration; (iv) allocation of the transaction price to the performance obligations; and (v) recognition of revenue when (or as) the Company satisfies each performance obligation. The Company only applies the five-step model to contracts if it is probable that it will collect consideration that the Company is entitled to in exchange for the goods or services it transfers to the customer. Performance obligations are promises to transfer distinct goods or services to a customer. Promised goods or services are considered distinct when (i) the customer can benefit from the good or service on its own or together with other readily available resources and (ii) the promised good or service is separately identifiable from other promises in the contract. When assessing whether promised goods or services are distinct, the Company considers factors such as the stage of development of the underlying intellectual property, the capabilities of a customer to develop the intellectual property on its own or whether the required expertise is readily available. The Company estimates the transaction price based on the amount expected to be received for transferring the promised goods or services in the contract. The consideration may include both fixed consideration and variable consideration. At the inception of an arrangement that includes variable consideration and at the end of each reporting period, the Company evaluates the amount of potential customer payments and the likelihood that such payments will be received. The Company utilizes either the most likely amount method or the expected amount method to estimate the amount to be received based on which method better predicts the amount expected to be received. If it is probable that a significant revenue reversal would not occur, the variable consideration is included in the transaction price. The Company will assess its revenue generating arrangements to determine whether a significant financing component exists and conclude that a significant financing component does not exist in an arrangement if the: (a) promised consideration approximates the cash selling price of the promised goods and services or any significant difference is due to factors other than financing; and (b) timing of payment approximates the transfer of goods and services and performance is over a relatively short period of time within the context of the entire term of the contract. The Company’s contracts often include development and regulatory milestone payments. At contract inception, the Company evaluates whether any such milestones are considered probable of being reached and estimates the amount to be included in the transaction price using the most likely amount method. If it is probable that a significant revenue reversal would not occur, the associated milestone value is included in the transaction price. Milestone payments that are not within the Company’s control or the customer’s control, such as regulatory approvals, are not included in the transaction price. At the end of each subsequent reporting period, the Company reevaluates the probability of achievement of such development milestones and any related constraint and, if necessary, adjusts its estimate of the overall transaction price. Any such adjustments are recorded on a cumulative catch-up basis, For arrangements that may include sales-based royalties, including milestone payments based on the level of sales, and the license is deemed to be the predominant item to which the royalties relate, the Company recognizes revenue at the later of (i) when the related sale occurs or (ii) when the performance obligation to which some or all of the royalty has been allocated has been satisfied (or partially satisfied). To date, the Company has not recognized any royalty revenue resulting from any of the Company’s collaboration arrangements. The Company allocates the transaction price based on the estimated stand-alone selling price of the underlying performance obligation or, in the case of certain variable consideration, to one or more performance obligations. The Company uses assumptions that require judgment to determine the stand-alone selling price for each performance obligation identified in a contract. The Company utilizes key assumptions to determine the stand-alone selling price, which may include other comparable transactions, pricing considered in negotiating the transaction and the estimated costs to complete the related performance obligation. Certain variable consideration is allocated specifically to one or more performance obligation in a contract when the terms of the variable consideration relate to the satisfaction of a performance obligation and the resulting amounts allocated to each performance obligation are consistent with the amounts the Company would expect to receive for each performance obligation. For performance obligations consisting of licenses and other promises, the Company uses judgment to assess the nature of the combined performance obligation to determine whether the combined performance obligation is satisfied over time or at a point in time and, if over time, the appropriate method of measuring progress for the purpose of recognizing revenue from upfront fees. The Company evaluates the measure of progress each reporting period and, if necessary, adjusts the measure of performance and related revenue recognition. If the license to the Company’s intellectual property is determined to be distinct from the other performance obligations identified in the arrangement, the Company will recognize revenue from upfront fees allocated to the license when the license is transferred to the customer and the customer is able to use and benefit from the license. The Company receives payments from its customers based on billing terms established in each contract. Such billings generally have 30-day payment receipt or when due until the Company performs its obligations under those arrangements. Amounts are recorded as accounts receivable when the right to consideration is unconditional. Collaboration arrangements The Company analyzes its collaboration arrangements to assess whether they are within the scope of ASC Topic 808, Collaborative Arrangements The Company’s collaboration arrangements are further discussed at Note 8 in these Notes to Financial Statements. Income taxes The Company uses the asset and liability method to account for income taxes. Under this method, deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the estimated future tax consequences attributable to differences between the financial statement carrying amounts of existing assets and liabilities and their respective income tax bases. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using enacted rates expected to apply to taxable income in the years in which those temporary differences are projected to be recovered or settled. The Company recognizes the financial statement benefit of a tax position only after determining that the relevant tax authority would more likely than not sustain the position following an audit. For tax positions meeting the more-likely-than-not threshold, The Company’s income taxes are further discussed at Note 10 in these Notes to Financial Statements. Research and development expenses Research and development expenses include costs incurred to identify, develop and test product candidates and are generally comprised of compensation and related benefits and non-cash share-based As part of the process of preparing the Company’s financial statements, estimates of accrued expenses are necessary. The estimation process involves reviewing quotations and contracts, identifying services that have been performed on the Company’s behalf, and determining the level of services performed and associated costs incurred for services for which the Company has not yet been invoiced or otherwise notified of the actual cost. The majority of the Company’s service providers invoice monthly in arrears for services performed or when contractual milestones are met. Management estimates the Company’s accrued expenses at the end of each reporting period based on the facts and circumstances known at that time. As a result, estimates recorded in the Company’s financial statements and disclosed in the accompanying notes may change in the future and such changes in estimates, if any, will be recorded in the Company’s operating results in the period they are identified by management. The significant estimates in the Company’s accrued research and development expenses primarily relate to expenses incurred with respect to academic research centers, contract research organizations and other vendors in connection with research and development activities for which the Company has not yet been invoiced. There are instances where the Company’s service providers require advance payments at the inception of a contract and other circumstances where the Company’s payments to a vendor will exceed the level of services provided, in both cases resulting in a prepayment of research and development expenses. Such prepayments are charged to research and development expense as and when the service is provided or when a specific milestone outlined in the contract is reached. Prepayments related to research and development activities were $1.3 million and $0.9 million at June 30, 2022 and 2021, respectively, and are included in prepaid and other current assets on the Company’s balance sheets. Share-based compensation The Company accounts for share-based awards issued to employees in accordance with ASC Topic 718, Compensation—Stock Compensation, For purposes of calculating share-based compensation expense, the Company estimates the fair value of stock options using a Black-Scholes option-pricing model. The determination of the fair value of a share-based compensation award utilizing the Black-Scholes model is affected by the Company’s stock price and a number of assumptions, including the expected volatility of the Company’s stock, the expected life of the stock option, the risk-free interest rate and expected dividends. Additionally, the Company uses a Monte Carlo simulation model to determine the fair value of restricted stock units with market-based vesting conditions for purposes of calculating share-based compensation expense. The Monte Carlo simulation model incorporates the probability of satisfying a market condition and uses transaction details such as the Company’s stock price, contractual terms, maturity and risk-free interest rates, as well as volatility. The fair value of restricted stock units with no performance or market vesting conditions is based on the market value of the Company’s common stock on the date of grant. If factors change and the Company employs different assumptions, share-based compensation expense may differ significantly from what has been recorded in the past. If there is a difference between the assumptions used in determining share-based compensation expense and the actual factors that become known over time, specifically with respect to anticipated forfeitures, the Company may change the input factors used in determining share-based compensation costs for future awards. These changes, if any, may materially impact the Company’s results of operations in the period that such changes are made. Net income or loss per share Basic net income or loss per share is calculated by dividing net income or loss by the weighted average shares outstanding during the period, without consideration of common stock equivalents. Diluted net income or loss per share is calculated by adjusting the weighted average shares outstanding for the dilutive effects of common stock equivalents outstanding during the period, determined using the treasury stock method. For purposes of diluted net income or loss per share calculations, warrants to purchase the Company’s common stock, stock options, restricted stock awards, restricted stock units and performance service awards are considered to be common stock equivalents if they are dilutive. The dilutive impact of common stock equivalents for the years ended June 30, 2022 and 2021 was approximatel y 0.1 million and 0.4 million shares, respectively. However, those common stock equivalents were excluded from the calculations of diluted net loss per share for each of the years ended June 30, 2022 and 2021 because their effects were anti-dilutive. Common stock equivalents for the years ended June 30, 2022 and 2021 excluded certain warrants to purchase the Company’s common stock, which are described at Note 13 to these Notes to Financial Statements, because the exercise price of such warrants was greater than the average market price of the Company’s common stock during the related periods. Comprehensive loss Comprehensive income or loss consists of net income or loss and changes in equity during a period from transactions and other equity and circumstances generated from non-owner sources. New accounting pronouncements Adopted during the year ended June 30, 2022 Financial Instruments—Credit Losses In June 2016, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (the “FASB”) issued Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) No. 2016-13, Financial Instruments—Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments Income Taxes In December 2019, the FASB issued ASU No. 2019-12, Income Taxes (Topic 740): Simplifying the Accounting for Income Taxes Investments – Equity Securities, Investments – Equity Method and Joint Ventures, and Derivatives and Hedging In January 2020, the FASB issued ASU No. 2020-01, Investments—Equity Securities (Topic 321), Investments—Equity Method and Joint Ventures (Topic 323), and Derivatives and Hedging (Topic 815)—Clarifying the Interactions between Topic 321, Topic 323, and Topic 815 Financial Instruments |