Fair Value of Financial Instruments | Fair Value of Financial Instruments The Company has established and documented processes for determining fair values. Fair value is based upon quoted market prices, where available. If listed prices or quotes are not available, then fair value is based upon internally developed models that primarily use inputs that are market-based or independently-sourced market parameters, including interest rate yield curves. A financial instrument’s categorization within the valuation hierarchy is based upon the lowest level of input that is significant to the fair value measurement. The three levels of valuation hierarchy are defined as follows: Level 1 - inputs to the valuation methodology are quoted prices (unadjusted) for identical assets or liabilities in active markets. Level 2 - inputs to the valuation methodology include quoted prices for similar assets and liabilities in active markets, and inputs that are observable for the asset or liability, either directly or indirectly, for substantially the full term of the financial instrument. Level 3 - inputs to the valuation methodology are unobservable and significant to the fair value measurement. The following describes the valuation methodologies used for the Company’s financial instruments measured at fair value, as well as the general classification of such instruments pursuant to the valuation hierarchy. a. Investment Securities Available for Sale (RMBS, U.S. Treasury Securities and CLOs) – Fair value for the RMBS in our portfolio are valued using a third-party pricing service or are based on quoted prices provided by dealers who make markets in similar financial instruments. The dealers will incorporate common market pricing methods, including a spread measurement to the Treasury curve or interest rate swap curve as well as underlying characteristics of the particular security including coupon, periodic and life caps, collateral type, rate reset period and seasoning or age of the security. If quoted prices for a security are not reasonably available from a dealer, the security will be re-classified as a Level 3 security and, as a result, management will determine the fair value based on characteristics of the security that the Company receives from the issuer and based on available market information. Management reviews all prices used in determining valuation to ensure they represent current market conditions. This review includes surveying similar market transactions, comparisons to interest pricing models as well as offerings of like securities by dealers. The Company's investment securities that are comprised of RMBS and CLOs are valued based upon readily observable market parameters and are classified as Level 2 fair values. The Company’s U.S. Treasury securities are classified as Level 1 fair values. b. Investment Securities Available for Sale (CMBS) – As the Company’s CMBS investments are comprised of securities for which there are not substantially similar securities that trade frequently, the Company classifies these securities as Level 3 fair values. Fair value of the Company’s CMBS investments is based on an internal valuation model that considers expected cash flows from the underlying loans and yields required by market participants. The significant unobservable inputs used in the measurement of these investments are projected losses of certain identified loans within the pool of loans and a discount rate. The discount rate used in determining fair value incorporates default rate, loss severity and current market interest rates. The discount rate ranges from 4.2% to 10.3% . Significant increases or decreases in these inputs would result in a significantly lower or higher fair value measurement. c. Multi-Family Loans Held in Securitization Trusts – Multi-family loans held in securitization trusts are recorded at fair value and classified as Level 3 fair values. Fair value is based on an internal valuation model that considers expected cash flows from the underlying loans and yields required by market participants. The significant unobservable inputs used in the measurement of these investments are discount rates. The discount rate used in determining fair value incorporates default rate, loss severity and current market interest rates. The discount rate ranges from 2.6% to 5.3% . Significant increases or decreases in these inputs would result in a significantly lower or higher fair value measurement. d. Derivative Instruments – The fair value of interest rate swaps, swaptions, options and TBAs are based on dealer quotes. The fair value of future contracts are based on exchange-traded prices. The Company’s derivatives are classified as Level 1 or Level 2 fair values. e. Multi-Family CDOs – Multi-Family collateralized debt obligations are recorded at fair value and classified as Level 3 fair values. The fair value of Multi-family CDOs is determined using a third party pricing service or are based on quoted prices provided by dealers who make markets in similar financial instruments. The dealers will consider contractual cash payments and yields expected by market participants. Dealers also incorporate common market pricing methods, including a spread measurement to the Treasury curve or interest rate swap curve as well as underlying characteristics of the particular security including coupon, periodic and life caps, collateral type, rate reset period and seasoning or age of the security. The Company’s Multi-family CDOs are classified as Level 3 fair values. The following table presents the Company’s financial instruments measured at fair value on a recurring basis as of September 30, 2015 and December 31, 2014 , respectively, on the Company’s condensed consolidated balance sheets (dollar amounts in thousands): Measured at Fair Value on a Recurring Basis at September 30, 2015 December 31, 2014 Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Total Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Total Assets carried at fair value Investment securities available for sale: Agency RMBS $ — $ 721,505 $ — $ 721,505 $ — $ 779,505 $ — $ 779,505 Non-Agency RMBS — 1,616 — 1,616 — 1,939 — 1,939 CLOs — — — — — 35,203 — 35,203 U.S. Treasury Securities 10,106 — — 10,106 — — — — Investment securities available for sale held in securitization trusts: CMBS — — 40,608 40,608 — — 38,594 38,594 Multi-family loans held in securitization trusts — — 7,296,462 7,296,462 — — 8,365,514 8,365,514 Derivative assets: TBA Securities — 285,859 — 285,859 — 284,971 — 284,971 Options on U.S. Treasury futures 108 — — 108 92 — — 92 U.S. Treasury futures — — — — 379 — — 379 Interest rate swaps — — — — 1,135 — 1,135 Swaptions — 946 — 946 — 2,273 — 2,273 Total $ 10,214 $ 1,009,926 $ 7,337,070 $ 8,357,210 $ 471 $ 1,105,026 $ 8,404,108 $ 9,509,605 Liabilities carried at fair value Multi-family collateralized debt obligations $ — $ — $ 7,011,351 $ 7,011,351 $ — $ — $ 8,048,053 $ 8,048,053 Derivative liabilities: U.S. Treasury futures — — — — — — — — Eurodollar futures 3,312 — — 3,312 900 — — 900 Interest rate swaps — 1,218 — 1,218 — 232 — 232 Interest rate swap futures 2,140 — — 2,140 331 — — 331 Total $ 5,452 $ 1,218 $ 7,011,351 $ 7,018,021 $ 1,231 $ 232 $ 8,048,053 $ 8,049,516 The following table details changes in valuation for the Level 3 assets for the nine months ended September 30, 2015 and 2014 , respectively (amounts in thousands): Level 3 Assets: Nine Months Ended September 30, 2015 2014 Balance at beginning of period $ 8,404,108 $ 8,203,600 Total gains/(losses) (realized/unrealized) Included in earnings (1) 65,735 267,236 Included in other comprehensive income 177 11,653 Sales (2) (1,075,529 ) (41,442 ) Paydowns (57,421 ) (50,195 ) Sale of real estate owned — (3,351 ) Balance at the end of period $ 7,337,070 $ 8,387,501 (1) Amounts included in interest income from multi-family loans held in securitization trusts, unrealized gain on multi-family loans and debt held in securitization trusts, net, realized gain (loss) on investment securities and related hedges, net and gain on deconsolidation. (2) In February 2015, the Company sold a first loss PO security from one of the Company’s Consolidated K-Series securitizations obtaining total proceeds of approximately $44.3 million and realizing a gain of approximately $1.5 million . The sale resulted in a de-consolidation of $1.1 billion in Multi-Family loans held in a securitization trust and $1.0 billion in Multi-Family CDOs. The following table details changes in valuation for the Level 3 liabilities for the nine months ended September 30, 2015 and 2014 , respectively (amounts in thousands): Level 3 Liabilities: Nine Months Ended September 30, 2015 2014 Balance at beginning of period $ 8,048,053 $ 7,871,020 Total gains/(losses) (realized/unrealized) Included in earnings (1) 30,651 187,536 Included in other comprehensive income — — Sales (2) (1,009,942 ) — Paydowns (57,411 ) (53,543 ) Balance at the end of period $ 7,011,351 $ 8,005,013 (1) Amounts included in interest expense on multi-family collateralized debt obligations, realized gain (loss) on investment securities and related hedges, net and unrealized gain on multi-family loans and debt held in securitization trusts, net. (2) In February 2015, the Company sold a first loss PO security from one of the Company’s Consolidated K-Series securitizations obtaining total proceeds of approximately $44.3 million and realizing a gain of approximately $1.5 million . The sale resulted in a de-consolidation of $1.1 billion in Multi-Family loans held in a securitization trust and $1.0 billion in Multi-Family CDOs. The following table details the changes in unrealized gains (losses) included in earnings for our Level 3 assets and liabilities for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2015 and 2014 , respectively (dollar amounts in thousands): Three Months Ended September 30, Nine Months Ended September 30, 2015 2014 2015 2014 Change in unrealized gains (losses)– assets $ 90,904 $ (56,122 ) $ 90,599 $ 284,568 Change in unrealized (losses) gains – liabilities (93,074 ) 74,237 (73,723 ) (241,508 ) Net change in unrealized (losses) gains included in earnings for assets and liabilities $ (2,170 ) $ 18,115 $ 16,876 $ 43,060 Any changes to the valuation methodology are reviewed by management to ensure the changes are appropriate. As markets and products develop and the pricing for certain products becomes more transparent, the Company continues to refine its valuation methodologies. The methods described above may produce a fair value calculation that may not be indicative of net realizable value or reflective of future fair values. Furthermore, while the Company believes its valuation methods are appropriate and consistent with other market participants, the use of different methodologies or assumptions to determine the fair value of certain financial instruments could result in a different estimate of fair value at the reporting date. The Company uses inputs that are current as of each reporting date, which may include periods of market dislocation, during which time price transparency may be reduced. This condition could cause the Company’s financial instruments to be reclassified from Level 2 to Level 3 in future periods. The following table presents assets measured at fair value on a non-recurring basis as of September 30, 2015 and December 31, 2014 , respectively, on the condensed consolidated balance sheets (dollar amounts in thousands): Assets Measured at Fair Value on a Non-Recurring Basis at September 30, 2015 December 31, 2014 Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Total Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Total Residential mortgage loans held in securitization trusts – impaired loans (net) $ — $ — $ 12,336 $ 12,336 $ — $ — $ 9,323 $ 9,323 Real estate owned held in residential securitization trusts — — 479 479 — — 965 965 The following table presents gains (losses) incurred for assets measured at fair value on a non-recurring basis for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2015 and 2014 , respectively, on the Company’s condensed consolidated statements of operations (dollar amounts in thousands): Three Months Ended September 30, Nine Months Ended September 30, 2015 2014 2015 2014 Residential mortgage loans held in securitization trusts – impaired loans (net) $ (189 ) $ (287 ) $ (845 ) $ (654 ) Real estate owned held in residential securitization trusts — (50 ) 26 (103 ) Residential Mortgage Loans Held in Securitization Trusts – Impaired Loans (net) – Impaired residential mortgage loans held in securitization trusts are recorded at amortized cost less specific loan loss reserves. Impaired loan value is based on management’s estimate of the net realizable value taking into consideration local market conditions of the property, updated appraisal values of the property and estimated expenses required to remediate the impaired loan. Real Estate Owned Held in Residential Securitization Trusts – Real estate owned held in the residential securitization trusts are recorded at net realizable value. Any subsequent adjustment will result in the reduction in carrying value with the corresponding amount charged to earnings. Net realizable value based on an estimate of disposal taking into consideration local market conditions of the property, updated appraisal values of the property and estimated expenses required to sell the property. The following table presents the carrying value and estimated fair value of the Company’s financial instruments at September 30, 2015 and December 31, 2014 , respectively, (dollar amounts in thousands): September 30, 2015 December 31, 2014 Fair Value Hierarchy Level Carrying Value Estimated Fair Value Carrying Value Estimated Fair Value Financial Assets: Cash and cash equivalents Level 1 $ 123,801 $ 123,801 $ 75,598 $ 75,598 Investment securities available for sale Level 1 or 2 733,227 733,227 816,647 816,647 Investment securities available for sale, at fair value held in securitization trusts Level 3 40,608 40,608 38,594 38,594 Residential mortgage loans held in securitization trusts (net) Level 3 132,882 119,362 149,614 135,241 Distressed residential mortgage loans (net) (1) Level 3 509,419 510,045 582,697 599,182 Multi-family loans held in securitization trusts Level 3 7,296,462 7,296,462 8,365,514 8,365,514 Derivative assets Level 1 or 2 286,913 286,913 288,850 288,850 Mortgage loans held for sale (net) (2) Level 3 5,807 5,847 7,712 7,713 First mortgage loans (2) Level 3 11,621 12,092 9,544 9,832 Mezzanine loan and equity investments (2) Level 3 110,158 110,564 66,951 67,233 Receivable for securities sold Level 1 1,480 1,480 — — Financial Liabilities: Financing arrangements, portfolio investments Level 2 $ 586,075 $ 586,075 $ 651,965 $ 651,965 Financing arrangements, distressed residential mortgage loans Level 2 185,452 185,452 238,949 238,949 Residential collateralized debt obligations Level 3 129,090 117,040 145,542 130,919 Multi-family collateralized debt obligations Level 3 7,011,351 7,011,351 8,048,053 8,048,053 Securitized debt Level 3 140,946 146,754 232,877 240,341 Derivative liabilities Level 1 or 2 6,670 6,670 1,463 1,463 Payable for securities purchased Level 1 283,991 283,991 283,537 283,537 Subordinated debentures Level 3 45,000 36,712 45,000 36,531 (1) Includes distressed residential mortgage loans held in securitization trusts with a carrying value amounting to approximately $156.1 million and $221.6 million at September 30, 2015 and December 31, 2014 , respectively, and distressed residential mortgage loans with a carrying value amounting to approximately $353.4 million and $361.1 million at September 30, 2015 and December 31, 2014 , respectively. (2) Included in receivables and other assets in the accompanying condensed consolidated balance sheets. In addition to the methodology to determine the fair value of the Company’s financial assets and liabilities reported at fair value on a recurring basis and non-recurring basis, as previously described, the following methods and assumptions were used by the Company in arriving at the fair value of the Company’s other financial instruments in the table immediately above: a. Cash and cash equivalents – Estimated fair value approximates the carrying value of such assets. b. Residential mortgage loans held in securitization trusts (net) – Residential mortgage loans held in the securitization trusts are recorded at amortized cost. Fair value is based on an internal valuation model that considers the aggregated characteristics of groups of loans such as, but not limited to, collateral type, index, interest rate, margin, length of fixed-rate period, life cap, periodic cap, underwriting standards, age and credit estimated using the estimated market prices for similar types of loans. c. Distressed residential mortgage loans (net) – Fair value is estimated using pricing models taking into consideration current interest rates, loan amount, payment status and property type, and forecasts of future interest rates, home prices and property values, prepayment speeds, default, loss severities, and actual purchases and sales of similar loans. d. Receivable for securities sold – Estimated fair value approximates the carrying value of such assets e. Mortgage loans held for sale (net) – The fair value of mortgage loans held for sale (net) are estimated by the Company based on the price that would be received if the loans were sold as whole loans taking into consideration the aggregated characteristics of the loans such as, but not limited to, collateral type, index, interest rate, margin, length of fixed interest rate period, life time cap, periodic cap, underwriting standards, age and credit. f. First mortgage loan and mezzanine loan and equity investments – Estimated fair value is determined by both market comparable pricing and discounted cash flows. The discounted cash flows are based on the underlying contractual cash flows and estimated changes in market yields. The fair value also reflects consideration of changes in credit risk since the origination or time of initial investment. g. Financing arrangements – The fair value of these financing arrangements approximates cost as they are short term in nature. h. Residential collateralized debt obligations – The fair value of these CDOs is based on discounted cash flows as well as market pricing on comparable obligations. i. Securitized debt – The fair value of securitized debt is based on discounted cash flows using management’s estimate for market yields. j. Payable for securities purchased – Estimated fair value approximates the carrying value of such liabilities. k. Subordinated debentures – The fair value of these subordinated debentures is based on discounted cash flows using management’s estimate for market yields. |