Fair Value of Financial Instruments | Fair Value of Financial Instruments The Company has established and documented processes for determining fair values. Fair value is based upon quoted market prices, where available. If listed prices or quotes are not available, then fair value is based upon internally developed models that primarily use inputs that are market-based or independently-sourced market parameters, including interest rate yield curves. A financial instrument’s categorization within the valuation hierarchy is based upon the lowest level of input that is significant to the fair value measurement. The three levels of valuation hierarchy are defined as follows: Level 1 - inputs to the valuation methodology are quoted prices (unadjusted) for identical assets or liabilities in active markets. Level 2 - inputs to the valuation methodology include quoted prices for similar assets and liabilities in active markets, and inputs that are observable for the asset or liability, either directly or indirectly, for substantially the full term of the financial instrument. Level 3 - inputs to the valuation methodology are unobservable and significant to the fair value measurement. The following describes the valuation methodologies used for the Company’s financial instruments measured at fair value, as well as the general classification of such instruments pursuant to the valuation hierarchy. a. Investment Securities Available for Sale – Fair value for the investment securities in our portfolio, except the CMBS held in securitization trusts, are valued using a third-party pricing service or are based on quoted prices provided by dealers who make markets in similar financial instruments. The dealers will incorporate common market pricing methods, including a spread measurement to the Treasury curve or interest rate swap curve as well as underlying characteristics of the particular security including coupon, periodic and life caps, collateral type, rate reset period and seasoning or age of the security. If quoted prices for a security are not reasonably available from a dealer, the security will be re-classified as a Level 3 security and, as a result, management will determine the fair value based on characteristics of the security that the Company receives from the issuer and available market information. Management reviews all prices used in determining fair value to ensure they represent current market conditions. This review includes surveying similar market transactions, comparisons to interest pricing models as well as offerings of like securities by dealers. The Company's investment securities, except the CMBS held in securitization trusts, are valued based upon readily observable market parameters and are classified as Level 1 or 2 fair values. The Company’s CMBS held in securitization trusts are comprised of securities for which there are not substantially similar securities that trade frequently. The Company classifies these securities as Level 3 fair values. Fair value of the Company’s CMBS investments held in securitization trusts is based on an internal valuation model that considers expected cash flows from the underlying loans and yields required by market participants. The significant unobservable inputs used in the measurement of these investments are projected losses of certain identified loans within the pool of loans and a discount rate. The discount rate used in determining fair value incorporates default rate, loss severity and current market interest rates. The discount rate ranges from 4.5% to 10.5% . Significant increases or decreases in these inputs would result in a significantly lower or higher fair value measurement. b. Multi - Family Loans Held in Securitization Trusts – Multi-family loans held in securitization trusts are carried at fair value as a result of a fair value election and classified as Level 3 fair values. Effective January 1, 2016, the Company determines the fair value of multi-family loans held in securitization trusts based on the fair value of its Multi-Family CDOs and its retained interests from these securitizations (eliminated in consolidation in accordance with U.S. GAAP), as the fair value of these instruments is more observable. Prior to January 1, 2016, fair value was based on an internal valuation model that considers expected cash flows from the underlying loans and yields required by market participants. The significant unobservable inputs used in the measurement of these investments are discount rates. The discount rate used in determining fair value incorporates default rate, loss severity and current market interest rates. c. Derivative Instruments – The fair value of interest rate swaps, swaptions, options and TBAs are based on dealer quotes. The fair value of future contracts are based on exchange-traded prices. The Company’s derivatives are classified as Level 1 or Level 2 fair values. d. Multi-Family CDOs – Multi-Family CDOs are recorded at fair value and classified as Level 3 fair values. The fair value of Multi-Family CDOs is determined using a third party pricing service or are based on quoted prices provided by dealers who make markets in similar financial instruments. The dealers will consider contractual cash payments and yields expected by market participants. Dealers also incorporate common market pricing methods, including a spread measurement to the Treasury curve or interest rate swap curve as well as underlying characteristics of the particular security including coupon, periodic and life caps, collateral type, rate reset period and seasoning or age of the security. The Company’s Multi-Family CDOs are classified as Level 3 fair values. e. Investment in Unconsolidated Entities – Fair value for investments in unconsolidated entities is determined based on a valuation model using assumptions for the timing and amount of expected future cash flow for income and realization events for the underlying assets in the unconsolidated entities and a discount rate. This fair value measurement is generally based on unobservable inputs and, as such, is classified as Level 3 in the fair value hierarchy. Any changes to the valuation methodology are reviewed by management to ensure the changes are appropriate. As markets and products develop and the pricing for certain products becomes more transparent, the Company continues to refine its valuation methodologies. The methods described above may produce a fair value calculation that may not be indicative of net realizable value or reflective of future fair values. Furthermore, while the Company believes its valuation methods are appropriate and consistent with other market participants, the use of different methodologies or assumptions to determine the fair value of certain financial instruments could result in a different estimate of fair value at the reporting date. The Company uses inputs that are current as of each reporting date, which may include periods of market dislocation, during which time price transparency may be reduced. This condition could cause the Company’s financial instruments to be reclassified from Level 2 to Level 3 in future periods. The following table presents the Company’s financial instruments measured at fair value on a recurring basis as of June 30, 2016 and December 31, 2015 , respectively, on the Company’s condensed consolidated balance sheets (dollar amounts in thousands): Measured at Fair Value on a Recurring Basis at June 30, 2016 December 31, 2015 Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Total Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Total Assets carried at fair value Investment securities available for sale: Agency RMBS $ — $ 613,304 $ — $ 613,304 $ — $ 713,116 $ — $ 713,116 Non-Agency RMBS — 110,371 — 110,371 — 1,567 — 1,567 U.S. Treasury Securities 7,997 — — 7,997 10,037 — — 10,037 CMBS — 22,546 42,271 64,817 — — 40,734 40,734 Multi-family loans held in securitization trusts — — 7,282,145 7,282,145 — — 7,105,336 7,105,336 Derivative assets: TBA Securities — 290,318 — 290,318 — 226,929 — 226,929 Options on U.S. Treasury futures 27 — — 27 15 — — 15 U.S. Treasury futures 1,002 — — 1,002 — — — — Interest rate swap futures — — — — 706 — — 706 Interest rate swaps — — — — — 304 — 304 Swaptions — 333 — 333 — 821 — 821 Investment in unconsolidated entities — — 63,055 63,055 — — 67,571 67,571 Total $ 9,026 $ 1,036,872 $ 7,387,471 $ 8,433,369 $ 10,758 $ 942,737 $ 7,213,641 $ 8,167,136 Liabilities carried at fair value Multi-family collateralized debt obligations $ — $ — $ 6,981,813 $ 6,981,813 $ — $ — $ 6,818,901 $ 6,818,901 Derivative liabilities: Eurodollar futures 4,572 — — 4,572 1,242 — — 1,242 Interest rate swaps 1,107 — 1,107 — 258 — 258 Interest rate swap futures 759 — — 759 — — — — Total $ 5,331 $ 1,107 $ 6,981,813 $ 6,988,251 $ 1,242 $ 258 $ 6,818,901 $ 6,820,401 The following table details changes in valuation for the Level 3 assets for the six months ended June 30, 2016 and 2015 , respectively (amounts in thousands): Level 3 Assets: Six Months Ended June 30, 2016 2015 Balance at beginning of period $ 7,213,641 $ 8,442,604 Total gains/(losses) (realized/unrealized) Included in earnings (1) 240,755 (12,863 ) Included in other comprehensive income 124 422 Sales (2) — (1,073,029 ) Transfers in (3) 52,176 — Transfers out (4) (56,756 ) — Contributions 1,500 12,701 Paydowns (58,993 ) (38,475 ) Distributions (4,976 ) (382 ) Balance at the end of period $ 7,387,471 $ 7,330,978 (1) Amounts included in interest income from multi-family loans held in securitization trusts, unrealized gain on multi-family loans and debt held in securitization trusts, realized gain (loss) on investment securities and related hedges, gain on de-consolidation, and other income. (2) In February 2015, the Company sold a first loss PO security from one of the Company’s Consolidated K-Series securitizations obtaining total proceeds of approximately $44.3 million and realizing a gain of approximately $1.5 million . The sale resulted in a de-consolidation of $1.1 billion in multi-family loans held in a securitization trust and $1.0 billion in Multi-Family CDOs. (3) Transfers into Level 3 are investments in unconsolidated entities held by RiverBanc and RBMI for which the Company accounts under the equity method of accounting with a fair value election. These transfers in are a result of the Company’s acquisition of the outstanding membership interests in RiverBanc and RBMI that were not previously owned by the Company on May 16, 2016, which resulted in consolidation of these entities into the Company's financial statements. ( see Note 19 ). (4) Transfers out of Level 3 are the Company’s previously held membership interests in RBMI and RBDHC that were accounted for under the equity method of accounting with a fair value election. These transfers out are a result of the Company’s acquisition of the outstanding membership interests in RBMI and RBDHC that were not previously owned by the Company on May 16, 2016, which resulted in consolidation of these entities into the Company's financial statements. ( see Note 19 ). The following table details changes in valuation for the Level 3 liabilities for the six months ended June 30, 2016 and 2015 , respectively (amounts in thousands): Level 3 Liabilities: Six Months Ended June 30, 2016 2015 Balance at beginning of period $ 6,818,901 $ 8,048,053 Total gains/(losses) (realized/unrealized) Included in earnings (1) 221,899 (46,999 ) Sales (2) — (1,031,268 ) Paydowns (58,987 ) (37,694 ) Balance at the end of period $ 6,981,813 $ 6,932,092 (1) Amounts included in interest expense on Multi-Family CDOs, realized gain (loss) on investment securities and related hedges and unrealized gain on multi-family loans and debt held in securitization trusts. (2) In February 2015, the Company sold a first loss PO security from one of the Company’s Consolidated K-Series securitizations obtaining total proceeds of approximately $44.3 million and realizing a gain of approximately $1.5 million . The sale resulted in a de-consolidation of $1.1 billion in multi-family loans held in a securitization trust and $1.0 billion in Multi-Family CDOs. The following table details the changes in unrealized gains (losses) included in earnings for our Level 3 Multi-family loans and debt held in securitization trusts for the three and six months ended June 30, 2016 and 2015 , respectively (dollar amounts in thousands): Three Months Ended June 30, Six Months Ended June 30, 2016 2015 2016 2015 Change in unrealized gains (losses)– assets $ 65,763 $ (136,701 ) $ 255,656 $ (305 ) Change in unrealized (losses) gains – liabilities (64,979 ) 142,119 (254,054 ) 19,351 Net change in unrealized gains included in earnings for assets and liabilities $ 784 $ 5,418 $ 1,602 $ 19,046 The following table presents assets measured at fair value on a non-recurring basis as of June 30, 2016 and December 31, 2015 , respectively, on the condensed consolidated balance sheets (dollar amounts in thousands): Assets Measured at Fair Value on a Non-Recurring Basis at June 30, 2016 December 31, 2015 Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Total Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Total Residential mortgage loans held in securitization trusts – impaired loans (net) $ — $ — $ 9,044 $ 9,044 $ — $ — $ 8,976 $ 8,976 Real estate owned held in residential securitization trusts — — 72 72 — — 411 411 The following table presents gains (losses) incurred for assets measured at fair value on a non-recurring basis for the three and six months ended June 30, 2016 and 2015 , respectively, on the Company’s condensed consolidated statements of operations (dollar amounts in thousands): Three Months Ended June 30, Six Months Ended June 30, 2016 2015 2016 2015 Residential mortgage loans held in securitization trusts – impaired loans (net) $ 163 $ (345 ) $ 432 $ (656 ) Real estate owned held in residential securitization trusts (225 ) — (23 ) 26 Residential Mortgage Loans Held in Securitization Trusts – Impaired Loans (net) – Impaired residential mortgage loans held in securitization trusts are recorded at amortized cost less specific loan loss reserves. Impaired loan value is based on management’s estimate of the net realizable value taking into consideration local market conditions of the property, updated appraisal values of the property and estimated expenses required to remediate the impaired loan. Real Estate Owned Held in Residential Securitization Trusts – Real estate owned held in the residential securitization trusts are recorded at net realizable value. Any subsequent adjustment will result in the reduction in carrying value with the corresponding amount charged to earnings. Net realizable value is based on an estimate of disposal taking into consideration local market conditions of the property, updated appraisal values of the property and estimated expenses required to sell the property. The following table presents the carrying value and estimated fair value of the Company’s financial instruments at June 30, 2016 and December 31, 2015 , respectively (dollar amounts in thousands): June 30, 2016 December 31, 2015 Fair Value Hierarchy Level Carrying Value Estimated Fair Value Carrying Value Estimated Fair Value Financial Assets: Cash and cash equivalents Level 1 $ 49,941 $ 49,941 $ 61,959 $ 61,959 Investment securities available for sale (1) Level 1, 2 or 3 796,489 796,489 765,454 765,454 Residential mortgage loans held in securitization trusts (net) Level 3 106,173 93,314 119,921 109,120 Distressed residential mortgage loans (net) (2) Level 3 543,361 544,858 558,989 564,310 Multi-family loans held in securitization trusts Level 3 7,282,145 7,282,145 7,105,336 7,105,336 Derivative assets Level 1 or 2 291,680 291,680 228,775 228,775 Mortgage loans held for sale (net) (3) Level 3 5,283 5,328 5,471 5,557 Mortgage loans held for investment (3) Level 3 10,391 10,531 2,706 2,846 Mezzanine loan and preferred equity investments (4) Level 3 75,300 76,004 44,151 44,540 Investment in unconsolidated entities (5) Level 3 73,839 74,304 87,662 87,558 Financial Liabilities: Financing arrangements, portfolio investments Level 2 $ 618,050 $ 618,050 $ 577,413 $ 577,413 Financing arrangements, residential mortgage loans Level 2 174,798 174,798 212,155 212,155 Residential collateralized debt obligations Level 3 102,597 92,522 116,710 105,606 Multi-family collateralized debt obligations Level 3 6,981,813 6,981,813 6,818,901 6,818,901 Securitized debt Level 3 244,016 252,252 116,541 123,776 Derivative liabilities Level 1 or 2 6,438 6,438 1,500 1,500 Payable for securities purchased Level 1 286,452 286,452 227,969 227,969 Subordinated debentures Level 3 45,000 44,081 45,000 42,731 (1) Includes $42.3 million and $40.7 million of investment securities for sale held in securitization trusts as of June 30, 2016 and December 31, 2015 , respectively. (2) Includes distressed residential mortgage loans held in securitization trusts with a carrying value amounting to approximately $225.4 million and $114.2 million at June 30, 2016 and December 31, 2015 , respectively, and distressed residential mortgage loans with a carrying value amounting to approximately $318.0 million and $444.8 million at June 30, 2016 and December 31, 2015 , respectively. (3) Included in receivables and other assets in the accompanying condensed consolidated balance sheets. (4) Includes mezzanine loan and preferred equity investments accounted for as loans ( see Note 2 ). (5) Includes investments in unconsolidated entities accounted for under the fair value option with a carrying value of $63.1 million and $67.6 million at June 30, 2016 and December 31, 2015 , respectively. In addition to the methodology to determine the fair value of the Company’s financial assets and liabilities reported at fair value on a recurring basis and non-recurring basis, as previously described, the following methods and assumptions were used by the Company in arriving at the fair value of the Company’s other financial instruments in the table immediately above: a. Cash and cash equivalents – Estimated fair value approximates the carrying value of such assets. b. Residential mortgage loans held in securitization trusts (net) – Residential mortgage loans held in the securitization trusts are recorded at amortized cost. Fair value is based on an internal valuation model that considers the aggregated characteristics of groups of loans such as, but not limited to, collateral type, index, interest rate, margin, length of fixed-rate period, life cap, periodic cap, underwriting standards, age and credit estimated using the estimated market prices for similar types of loans. c. Distressed residential mortgage loans (net) – Fair value is estimated using pricing models taking into consideration current interest rates, loan amount, payment status and property type, and forecasts of future interest rates, home prices and property values, prepayment speeds, default, loss severities, and actual purchases and sales of similar loans. d. Receivable for securities sold – Estimated fair value approximates the carrying value of such assets. e. Mortgage loans held for sale (net) – The fair value of mortgage loans held for sale (net) are estimated by the Company based on the price that would be received if the loans were sold as whole loans taking into consideration the aggregated characteristics of the loans such as, but not limited to, collateral type, index, interest rate, margin, length of fixed interest rate period, life time cap, periodic cap, underwriting standards, age and credit. f. Mezzanine loan and preferred equity investments – Estimated fair value is determined by both market comparable pricing and discounted cash flows. The discounted cash flows are based on the underlying contractual cash flows and estimated changes in market yields. The fair value also reflects consideration of changes in credit risk since the origination or time of initial investment. g. Financing arrangements – The fair value of these financing arrangements approximates cost as they are short term in nature. h. Residential collateralized debt obligations – The fair value of these CDOs is based on discounted cash flows as well as market pricing on comparable obligations. i. Securitized debt – The fair value of securitized debt is based on discounted cash flows using management’s estimate for market yields. j. Payable for securities purchased – Estimated fair value approximates the carrying value of such liabilities. k. Subordinated debentures – The fair value of these subordinated debentures is based on discounted cash flows using management’s estimate for market yields. |