Fair Value of Financial Instruments | Fair Value of Financial Instruments The Company has established and documented processes for determining fair values. Fair value is based upon quoted market prices, where available. If listed prices or quotes are not available, then fair value is based upon internally developed models that primarily use inputs that are market-based or independently-sourced market parameters, including interest rate yield curves. A financial instrument’s categorization within the valuation hierarchy is based upon the lowest level of input that is significant to the fair value measurement. The three levels of valuation hierarchy are defined as follows: Level 1 - inputs to the valuation methodology are quoted prices (unadjusted) for identical assets or liabilities in active markets. Level 2 - inputs to the valuation methodology include quoted prices for similar assets and liabilities in active markets, and inputs that are observable for the asset or liability, either directly or indirectly, for substantially the full term of the financial instrument. Level 3 - inputs to the valuation methodology are unobservable and significant to the fair value measurement. The following describes the valuation methodologies used for the Company’s financial instruments measured at fair value, as well as the general classification of such instruments pursuant to the valuation hierarchy. a. Investment Securities Available for Sale – Fair value for the investment securities in our portfolio, except the CMBS held in securitization trusts, are valued using a third-party pricing service or are based on quoted prices provided by dealers who make markets in similar financial instruments. Dealer valuations typically incorporate common market pricing methods, including a spread measurement to the Treasury curve or interest rate swap curve as well as underlying characteristics of the particular security including coupon, periodic and life caps, collateral type, rate reset period and seasoning or age of the security. If quoted prices for a security are not reasonably available from a dealer, the security will be classified as a Level 3 security and, as a result, management will determine fair value by modeling the security based on its specific characteristics and available market information. Management reviews all prices used in determining fair value to ensure they represent current market conditions. This review includes surveying similar market transactions, comparisons to interest pricing models as well as offerings of like securities by dealers. The Company's investment securities, except the CMBS held in securitization trusts, are valued based upon readily observable market parameters and are classified as Level 2 fair values. The Company’s CMBS held in securitization trusts are comprised of securities for which there are not substantially similar securities that trade frequently. The Company classifies these securities as Level 3 fair values. Fair value of the Company’s CMBS investments held in securitization trusts is based on an internal valuation model that considers expected cash flows from the underlying loans and yields required by market participants. The significant unobservable inputs used in the measurement of these investments are projected losses of certain identified loans within the pool of loans and a discount rate. The discount rate used in determining fair value incorporates default rate, loss severity and current market interest rates. The discount rate ranges from 4.5% to 9.5% . Significant increases or decreases in these inputs would result in a significantly lower or higher fair value measurement. b. Multi - Family Loans Held in Securitization Trusts – Multi-family loans held in securitization trusts are carried at fair value as a result of a fair value election and classified as Level 3 fair values. The Company determines the fair value of multi-family loans held in securitization trusts based on the fair value of its Multi-Family CDOs and its retained interests from these securitizations (eliminated in consolidation in accordance with GAAP), as the fair value of these instruments is more observable. c. Derivative Instruments – The fair value of interest rate swaps are based on dealer quotes and are presented net of variation margin payments pledged or received. The Company’s derivatives are classified as Level 2 fair values. d. Multi-Family CDOs – Multi-Family CDOs are recorded at fair value and classified as Level 3 fair values. The fair value of Multi-Family CDOs is determined using a third party pricing service or are based on quoted prices provided by dealers who make markets in similar financial instruments. The dealers will consider contractual cash payments and yields expected by market participants. Dealers also incorporate common market pricing methods, including a spread measurement to the Treasury curve or interest rate swap curve as well as underlying characteristics of the particular security including coupon, periodic and life caps, collateral type, rate reset period and seasoning or age of the security. e. Investment in Unconsolidated Entities – Fair value for investments in unconsolidated entities is determined based on a valuation model using assumptions for the timing and amount of expected future cash flow for income and realization events for the underlying assets in the unconsolidated entities and a discount rate. This fair value measurement is generally based on unobservable inputs and, as such, is classified as Level 3 in the fair value hierarchy. f. Residential Mortgage Loans - Certain of the Company’s acquired residential mortgage loans, including distressed residential mortgage loans and second mortgages, are recorded at fair value and classified as Level 3 in the fair value hierarchy. The fair value for first lien mortgages is determined using prices obtained from a third party pricing service. The fair value is based upon cash flow models that primarily use market-based inputs such as current interest and discount rates but also include unobservable market data inputs such as prepayment speeds, default rates and loss severities. The fair value for second mortgage residential loans is based upon an internal cash flow model that considers current interest rates, prepayment speeds, default rates, and loss severities. Any changes to the valuation methodology are reviewed by management to ensure the changes are appropriate. As markets and products develop and the pricing for certain products becomes more transparent, the Company continues to refine its valuation methodologies. The methods described above may produce a fair value calculation that may not be indicative of net realizable value or reflective of future fair values. Furthermore, while the Company believes its valuation methods are appropriate and consistent with other market participants, the use of different methodologies, or assumptions, to determine the fair value of certain financial instruments could result in a different estimate of fair value at the reporting date. The Company uses inputs that are current as of each reporting date, which may include periods of market dislocation, during which time price transparency may be reduced. This condition could cause the Company’s financial instruments to be reclassified from Level 2 to Level 3 in future periods. The following table presents the Company’s financial instruments measured at fair value on a recurring basis as of September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017 , respectively, on the Company’s condensed consolidated balance sheets (dollar amounts in thousands): Measured at Fair Value on a Recurring Basis at September 30, 2018 December 31, 2017 Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Total Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Total Assets carried at fair value Investment securities available for sale: Agency RMBS $ — $ 1,055,433 $ — $ 1,055,433 $ — $ 1,169,536 $ — $ 1,169,536 Non-Agency RMBS — 98,244 — 98,244 — 102,125 — 102,125 CMBS — 81,760 51,751 133,511 — 93,498 47,922 141,420 Multi-family loans held in securitization trusts — — 10,070,834 10,070,834 — — 9,657,421 9,657,421 Residential mortgage loans, at fair value — — 181,910 181,910 — — 87,153 87,153 Derivative assets: Interest rate swaps — 8,760 — 8,760 — 10,101 — 10,101 Investments in unconsolidated entities — — 35,061 35,061 — — 42,823 42,823 Total $ — $ 1,244,197 $ 10,339,556 $ 11,583,753 $ — $ 1,375,260 $ 9,835,319 $ 11,210,579 Liabilities carried at fair value Multi-family collateralized debt obligations $ — $ — $ 9,504,313 $ 9,504,313 $ — $ — $ 9,189,459 $ 9,189,459 Total $ — $ — $ 9,504,313 $ 9,504,313 $ — $ — $ 9,189,459 $ 9,189,459 The following table details changes in valuation for the Level 3 assets for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017 , respectively (amounts in thousands): Level 3 Assets: Nine Months Ended September 30, 2018 2017 Balance at beginning of period $ 9,835,319 $ 7,061,842 Total (losses)/gains (realized/unrealized) Included in earnings (1) (280,300 ) 38,978 Included in other comprehensive income 901 208 Contributions — 1,300 Paydowns/Distributions (133,101 ) (139,751 ) Sales (7,105 ) (4,100 ) Purchases (2) 923,842 1,598,018 Balance at the end of period $ 10,339,556 $ 8,556,495 (1) Amounts included in interest income from multi-family loans held in securitization trusts, interest income from residential mortgage loans, realized gain on distressed residential mortgage loans, net gain on residential mortgage loans at fair value, unrealized gain on multi-family loans and debt held in securitization trusts, and other income. (2) During the nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017 , the Company purchased PO securities, certain IOs and mezzanine CMBS securities issued from Freddie Mac-sponsored multi-family K-Series securitization trusts. The Company determined that the securitization trusts are VIEs and that the Company is the primary beneficiary of the VIEs. As a result, during the nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017 , the Company consolidated assets of these Freddie Mac sponsored multi-family K-Series securitization trusts in the amounts of $0.8 billion and $1.5 billion , respectively ( see Notes 2 and 7 ). The following table details changes in valuation for the Level 3 liabilities for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017 , respectively (amounts in thousands): Level 3 Liabilities: Nine Months Ended September 30, 2018 2017 Balance at beginning of period $ 9,189,459 $ 6,624,896 Total gains (realized/unrealized) Included in earnings (1) (350,674 ) (1,389 ) Purchases (2) 767,477 1,472,073 Paydowns (101,949 ) (104,961 ) Balance at the end of period $ 9,504,313 $ 7,990,619 (1) Amounts included in interest expense on Multi-Family CDOs and unrealized gain on multi-family loans and debt held in securitization trusts. (2) During the nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017 , the Company purchased PO securities, certain IOs and mezzanine CMBS securities issued from Freddie Mac-sponsored multi-family K-Series securitization trusts. The Company determined that the securitization trusts are VIEs and that the Company is the primary beneficiary of the VIEs. As a result, during the nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017 , the Company consolidated liabilities of these Freddie Mac sponsored multi-family K-Series securitization trusts in the amounts of $0.8 billion and $1.5 billion , respectively ( see Notes 2 and 7 ). The following table details the changes in unrealized gains (losses) included in earnings for our Level 3 multi-family loans and debt held in securitization trusts for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017 , respectively (dollar amounts in thousands): Three Months Ended September 30, Nine Months Ended September 30, 2018 2017 2018 2017 Change in unrealized (losses) gains – assets $ (33,153 ) $ (19,767 ) $ (252,899 ) $ 56,995 Change in unrealized gains (losses) – liabilities 45,456 22,120 284,766 (51,811 ) Net change in unrealized gains included in earnings for assets and liabilities $ 12,303 $ 2,353 $ 31,867 $ 5,184 The following table presents assets measured at fair value on a non-recurring basis as of September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017 , respectively, on the Company's condensed consolidated balance sheets (dollar amounts in thousands): Assets Measured at Fair Value on a Non-Recurring Basis at September 30, 2018 December 31, 2017 Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Total Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Total Residential mortgage loans held in securitization trusts – impaired loans, net $ — $ — $ 6,336 $ 6,336 $ — $ — $ 10,317 $ 10,317 Real estate owned held in residential securitization trusts — — — — — — 111 111 The following table presents gains (losses) incurred for assets measured at fair value on a non-recurring basis for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017 , respectively, on the Company’s condensed consolidated statements of operations (dollar amounts in thousands): Three Months Ended September 30, Nine Months Ended September 30, 2018 2017 2018 2017 Residential mortgage loans held in securitization trusts – impaired loans, net $ (17 ) $ 199 $ 93 $ (6 ) Real estate owned held in residential securitization trusts — (297 ) — (303 ) Residential Mortgage Loans Held in Securitization Trusts – Impaired Loans, net – Impaired residential mortgage loans held in securitization trusts are recorded at amortized cost less specific loan loss reserves. Impaired loan value is based on management’s estimate of the net realizable value taking into consideration local market conditions of the property, updated appraisal values of the property and estimated expenses required to remediate the impaired loan. Real Estate Owned Held in Residential Securitization Trusts – Real estate owned held in the residential securitization trusts are recorded at net realizable value. Any subsequent adjustment will result in the reduction in carrying value with the corresponding amount charged to earnings. Net realizable value is based on an estimate of disposal taking into consideration local market conditions of the property, updated appraisal values of the property and estimated expenses required to sell the property. The following table presents the carrying value and estimated fair value of the Company’s financial instruments at September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017 , respectively (dollar amounts in thousands): September 30, 2018 December 31, 2017 Fair Value Hierarchy Level Carrying Value Estimated Fair Value Carrying Value Estimated Fair Value Financial Assets: Cash and cash equivalents Level 1 $ 57,471 $ 57,471 $ 95,191 $ 95,191 Investment securities available for sale (1) Level 2 or 3 1,287,188 1,287,188 1,413,081 1,413,081 Residential mortgage loans held in securitization trusts, net Level 3 60,459 60,228 73,820 72,131 Distressed residential mortgage loans, at carrying value, net (2) Level 3 260,837 263,935 331,464 334,765 Residential mortgage loans, at fair value (3) Level 3 181,910 181,910 87,153 87,153 Multi-family loans held in securitization trusts Level 3 10,070,834 10,070,834 9,657,421 9,657,421 Derivative assets Level 2 8,760 8,760 10,101 10,101 Mortgage loans held for sale, net (4) Level 3 3,284 3,622 5,507 5,598 Mortgage loans held for investment (4) Level 3 1,760 1,760 1,760 1,900 Preferred equity and mezzanine loan investments (5) Level 3 198,277 199,885 138,920 140,129 Investments in unconsolidated entities (6) Level 3 43,736 43,795 51,143 51,212 Financial Liabilities: Financing arrangements, portfolio investments Level 2 1,130,659 1,130,659 1,276,918 1,276,918 Financing arrangements, residential mortgage loans Level 2 177,226 177,226 149,063 149,063 Residential collateralized debt obligations Level 3 56,504 54,228 70,308 66,865 Multi-family collateralized debt obligations Level 3 9,504,313 9,504,313 9,189,459 9,189,459 Securitized debt Level 3 53,597 57,236 81,537 87,891 Subordinated debentures Level 3 45,000 44,988 45,000 45,002 Convertible notes Level 2 130,251 137,923 128,749 140,060 (1) Includes $51.8 million and $47.9 million of investment securities for sale held in securitization trusts as of September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017 , respectively. (2) Includes distressed residential mortgage loans held in securitization trusts with a carrying value amounting to approximately $96.5 million and $121.8 million at September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017 , respectively, and distressed residential mortgage loans with a carrying value amounting to approximately $164.3 million and $209.7 million at September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017 , respectively. (3) Includes distressed residential mortgage loans with a carrying value amounting to $112.5 million and $36.9 million at September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017 , respectively, and second mortgages with a carrying value amounting to $69.4 million and $50.2 million at September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017 , respectively. (4) Included in receivables and other assets in the accompanying condensed consolidated balance sheets. (5) Includes preferred equity and mezzanine loan investments accounted for as loans ( see Note 9 ). (6) Includes investments in unconsolidated entities accounted for under the fair value option with a carrying value of $35.1 million and $42.8 million at September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017 , respectively ( see Note 8) . In addition to the methodology to determine the fair value of the Company’s financial assets and liabilities reported at fair value on a recurring basis and non-recurring basis, as previously described, the following methods and assumptions were used by the Company in arriving at the fair value of the Company’s other financial instruments in the table immediately above: a. Cash and cash equivalents – Estimated fair value approximates the carrying value of such assets. b. Residential mortgage loans held in securitization trusts, net – Residential mortgage loans held in the securitization trusts are recorded at amortized cost, net of allowance for loan losses. Fair value is based on an internal valuation model that considers the aggregated characteristics of groups of loans such as, but not limited to, collateral type, index, interest rate, margin, length of fixed-rate period, life cap, periodic cap, underwriting standards, age and credit estimated using the estimated market prices for similar types of loans. c. Distressed residential mortgage loans, net – Fair value is estimated using pricing models taking into consideration current interest rates, loan amount, payment status and property type, and forecasts of future interest rates, home prices and property values, prepayment speeds, default, loss severities, and actual purchases and sales of similar loans. d. Mortgage loans held for sale, net – The fair value of mortgage loans held for sale, net are estimated by the Company based on the price that would be received if the loans were sold as whole loans taking into consideration the aggregated characteristics of the loans such as, but not limited to, collateral type, index, interest rate, margin, length of fixed interest rate period, life time cap, periodic cap, underwriting standards, age and credit. e. Preferred equity and mezzanine loan investments – Estimated fair value is determined by both market comparable pricing and discounted cash flows. The discounted cash flows are based on the underlying contractual cash flows and estimated changes in market yields. The fair value also reflects consideration of changes in credit risk since the origination or time of initial investment. f. Financing arrangements – The fair value of these financing arrangements approximates cost as they are short term in nature. g. Residential collateralized debt obligations – The fair value of these CDOs is based on discounted cash flows as well as market pricing on comparable obligations. h. Securitized debt – The fair value of securitized debt is based on discounted cash flows using management’s estimate for market yields. i. Subordinated debentures – The fair value of these subordinated debentures is based on discounted cash flows using management’s estimate for market yields. j. Convertible notes – The fair value is based on quoted prices provided by dealers who make markets in similar financial instruments. |