Fair Value of Financial Instruments | Fair Value of Financial Instruments The Company has established and documented processes for determining fair values. Fair value is based upon quoted market prices, where available. If listed prices or quotes are not available, then fair value is based upon internally developed models that primarily use inputs that are market-based or independently-sourced market parameters, including interest rate yield curves. A financial instrument’s categorization within the valuation hierarchy is based upon the lowest level of input that is significant to the fair value measurement. The three levels of valuation hierarchy are defined as follows: Level 1 - inputs to the valuation methodology are quoted prices (unadjusted) for identical assets or liabilities in active markets. Level 2 - inputs to the valuation methodology include quoted prices for similar assets and liabilities in active markets, and inputs that are observable for the asset or liability, either directly or indirectly, for substantially the full term of the financial instrument. Level 3 - inputs to the valuation methodology are unobservable and significant to the fair value measurement. The following describes the valuation methodologies used for the Company’s financial instruments measured at fair value, as well as the general classification of such instruments pursuant to the valuation hierarchy. a. Investment Securities Available for Sale – The Company determines the fair value of the investment securities in our portfolio, except the CMBS held in securitization trusts, using a third-party pricing service or quoted prices provided by dealers who make markets in similar financial instruments. Dealer valuations typically incorporate common market pricing methods, including a spread measurement to the Treasury curve or interest rate swap curve as well as underlying characteristics of the particular security including coupon, periodic and life caps, collateral type, rate reset period and seasoning or age of the security. If quoted prices for a security are not reasonably available from a dealer, the security will be classified as a Level 3 security and, as a result, management will determine fair value by modeling the security based on its specific characteristics and available market information. Management reviews all prices used in determining fair value to ensure they represent current market conditions. This review includes surveying similar market transactions, comparisons to interest pricing models as well as offerings of like securities by dealers. The Company's investment securities, except the CMBS held in securitization trusts, are valued based upon readily observable market parameters and are classified as Level 2 fair values. The Company’s CMBS held in securitization trusts at December 31, 2018 were comprised of first loss POs and certain IOs for which there were not substantially similar securities that traded frequently. The Company classified these securities as Level 3 fair values. Fair value of the Company’s CMBS investments held in securitization trusts was based on an internal valuation model that considered expected cash flows from the underlying loans and yields required by market participants. The significant unobservable inputs used in the measurement of these investments were projected losses of certain identified loans within the pool of loans and a discount rate. The discount rate used in determining fair value incorporated default rate, loss severity and current market interest rates. The discount rate ranged from 4.5% to 9.5% as of December 31, 2018 . Significant increases or decreases in these inputs would have resulted in a significantly lower or higher fair value measurement. b. Multi - Family Loans Held in Securitization Trusts – Multi-family loans held in securitization trusts are carried at fair value as a result of a fair value election and classified as Level 3 fair values. The Company determines the fair value of multi-family loans held in securitization trusts based on the fair value of its Multi-Family CDOs and its retained interests from these securitizations (eliminated in consolidation in accordance with GAAP), as the fair value of these instruments is more observable. c. Derivative Instruments – The fair value of interest rate swaps are based on dealer quotes and are presented net of variation margin payments pledged or received. The Company’s derivatives are classified as Level 2 fair values. d. Multi-Family CDOs – Multi-Family CDOs are recorded at fair value and classified as Level 3 fair values. The fair value of Multi-Family CDOs is determined using a third party pricing service or are based on quoted prices provided by dealers who make markets in similar financial instruments. The dealers will consider contractual cash payments and yields expected by market participants. Dealers also incorporate common market pricing methods, including a spread measurement to the Treasury curve or interest rate swap curve as well as underlying characteristics of the particular security including coupon, periodic and life caps, collateral type, rate reset period and seasoning or age of the security. e. Investments in Unconsolidated Entities – Fair value for investments in unconsolidated entities is determined based on a valuation model using assumptions for the timing and amount of expected future cash flow for income and realization events for the underlying assets in the unconsolidated entities and a discount rate. This fair value measurement is generally based on unobservable inputs and, as such, is classified as Level 3 in the fair value hierarchy. f. Residential Mortgage Loans – Certain of the Company’s acquired distressed and other residential mortgage loans are recorded at fair value and classified as Level 3 in the fair value hierarchy. The fair value for distressed and other residential mortgage loans is determined using valuations obtained from a third party that specializes in providing valuations of residential mortgage loans. The valuation approach depends on whether the residential mortgage loan is considered performing, re-performing or non-performing at the date the valuation is performed. For performing and re-performing loans, estimates of fair value are derived using a discounted cash flow model, where estimates of cash flows are determined from scheduled payments for each loan, adjusted using forecast prepayment rates, default rates and rates for loss upon default. For non-performing loans, asset liquidation cash flows are derived based on the estimated time to liquidate the loan, expected liquidation costs and home price appreciation. The discount rate used in determining fair value for distressed and other residential mortgage loans ranges from 4.0% to 12.0% . Any changes to the valuation methodology are reviewed by management to ensure the changes are appropriate. As markets and products develop and the pricing for certain products becomes more transparent, the Company continues to refine its valuation methodologies. The methods described above may produce a fair value calculation that may not be indicative of net realizable value or reflective of future fair values. Furthermore, while the Company believes its valuation methods are appropriate and consistent with other market participants, the use of different methodologies, or assumptions, to determine the fair value of certain financial instruments could result in a different estimate of fair value at the reporting date. The Company uses inputs that are current as of each reporting date, which may include periods of market dislocation, during which time price transparency may be reduced. This condition could cause the Company’s financial instruments to be reclassified from Level 2 to Level 3 in future periods. The following table presents the Company’s financial instruments measured at fair value on a recurring basis as of June 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018 , respectively, on the Company’s condensed consolidated balance sheets (dollar amounts in thousands): Measured at Fair Value on a Recurring Basis at June 30, 2019 December 31, 2018 Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Total Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Total Assets carried at fair value Investment securities available for sale: Agency RMBS $ — $ 994,200 $ — $ 994,200 $ — $ 1,037,730 $ — $ 1,037,730 Non-Agency RMBS — 432,840 — 432,840 — 214,037 — 214,037 CMBS — 292,090 — 292,090 — 207,785 52,700 260,485 ABS — 24,739 — 24,739 — — — — Multi-family loans held in securitization trusts — — 14,573,925 14,573,925 — — 11,679,847 11,679,847 Distressed and other residential mortgage loans, at fair value — — 1,061,954 1,061,954 — — 737,523 737,523 Derivative assets: Interest rate swaps (1) — 14,047 — 14,047 — 10,263 — 10,263 Investments in unconsolidated entities — — 88,108 88,108 — — 32,994 32,994 Total $ — $ 1,757,916 $ 15,723,987 $ 17,481,903 $ — $ 1,469,815 $ 12,503,064 $ 13,972,879 Liabilities carried at fair value Multi-family collateralized debt obligations $ — $ — $ 13,772,726 $ 13,772,726 $ — $ — $ 11,022,248 $ 11,022,248 Total $ — $ — $ 13,772,726 $ 13,772,726 $ — $ — $ 11,022,248 $ 11,022,248 (1) All of the Company's interest rate swaps outstanding are cleared through a central clearing house. The Company exchanges variation margin for swaps based upon daily changes in fair value. Includes derivative liabilities of $27.8 million netted against a variation margin of $41.9 million at June 30, 2019 . Includes derivative assets of $1.8 million and variation margin of $8.5 million at December 31, 2018 . The following tables detail changes in valuation for the Level 3 assets for the six months ended June 30, 2019 and 2018 , respectively (amounts in thousands): Level 3 Assets: Six Months Ended June 30, 2019 Multi-family loans held in securitization trusts Distressed and other residential mortgage loans Investments in unconsolidated entities CMBS held in securitization trusts Total Balance at beginning of period $ 11,679,847 $ 737,523 $ 32,994 $ 52,700 $ 12,503,064 Total gains/(losses) (realized/unrealized) Included in earnings 574,231 25,359 5,753 17,734 623,077 Included in other comprehensive income (loss) — — — (13,665 ) (13,665 ) Transfers in — — — — — Transfers out — (182 ) — — (182 ) Contributions — — 50,000 — 50,000 Paydowns/Distributions (106,363 ) (61,275 ) (639 ) — (168,277 ) Sales — (19,814 ) — (56,769 ) (76,583 ) Purchases (1) 2,426,210 380,343 — — 2,806,553 Balance at the end of period $ 14,573,925 $ 1,061,954 $ 88,108 $ — $ 15,723,987 (1) During the six months ended June 30, 2019 , the Company purchased first loss PO securities and certain IOs and mezzanine CMBS securities issued from securitizations that it determined to consolidate and included in the Consolidated K-Series. As a result, the Company consolidated assets of these securitizations in the amount of $2.4 billion during the six months ended June 30, 2019 ( see Notes 2 and 6 ). Six Months Ended June 30, 2018 Multi-family loans held in securitization trusts Distressed and other residential mortgage loans Investments in unconsolidated entities CMBS held in securitization trusts Total Balance at beginning of period $ 9,657,421 $ 87,153 $ 42,823 $ 47,922 $ 9,835,319 Total (losses)/gains (realized/unrealized) Included in earnings (244,181 ) (475 ) 3,575 1,915 (239,166 ) Included in other comprehensive income (loss) — — — 297 297 Transfers in — — — — — Transfers out — — — — — Contributions — — — — — Paydowns/Distributions (67,880 ) (9,371 ) (1,246 ) — (78,497 ) Sales — (2,185 ) — — (2,185 ) Purchases — 94,075 — — 94,075 Balance at the end of period $ 9,345,360 $ 169,197 $ 45,152 $ 50,134 $ 9,609,843 The following table details changes in valuation for the Level 3 liabilities (Multi-family CDOs) for the six months ended June 30, 2019 and 2018 , respectively (amounts in thousands): Level 3 Liabilities: Six Months Ended June 30, 2019 2018 Balance at beginning of period $ 11,022,248 $ 9,189,459 Total losses (gains) (realized/unrealized) Included in earnings (1) 531,930 (282,738 ) Purchases (2) 2,324,639 — Paydowns (106,091 ) (67,880 ) Balance at the end of period $ 13,772,726 $ 8,838,841 (1) Amounts included in interest expense on Multi-Family CDOs and unrealized gain on multi-family loans and debt held in securitization trusts. (2) During the six months ended June 30, 2019 , the Company purchased PO securities and certain IOs and mezzanine CMBS securities issued from securitizations that it determined to consolidate and include in the Consolidated K-Series. As a result, the Company consolidated liabilities of these securitizations in the amount of $2.3 billion ( see Notes 2 and 6 ). The following table details the changes in unrealized gains (losses) included in earnings for the three and six months ended June 30, 2019 and 2018 for our Level 3 assets and liabilities held as of June 30, 2019 and 2018 , respectively (dollar amounts in thousands): Three Months Ended June 30, Six Months Ended June 30, 2019 2018 2019 2018 Assets Multi-family loans held in securitization trusts (1) $ 330,105 $ (47,200 ) $ 604,788 $ (219,746 ) Investments in unconsolidated entities (2) 1,698 1,858 5,359 2,896 Distressed and other residential mortgage loans, at fair value (3) 10,329 (34 ) 19,666 (126 ) Liabilities Multi-family debt held in securitization trusts (1) (324,898 ) 59,219 (590,171 ) 239,310 (1) Presented in unrealized gain on multi-family loans and debt held in securitization trusts, net on the Company's condensed consolidated statements of operations. (2) Presented in other income on the Company's condensed consolidated statements of operations. (3) Presented in net gain (loss) on distressed and other residential mortgage loans at fair value on the Company's condensed consolidated statements of operations. The following table presents assets measured at fair value on a non-recurring basis as of June 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018 , respectively, on the Company's condensed consolidated balance sheets (dollar amounts in thousands): Assets Measured at Fair Value on a Non-Recurring Basis at June 30, 2019 December 31, 2018 Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Total Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Total Residential mortgage loans held in securitization trusts – impaired loans, net — — $ 5,590 $ 5,590 — — $ 5,921 $ 5,921 The following table presents gains (losses) incurred for assets measured at fair value on a non-recurring basis for the three and six months ended June 30, 2019 and 2018 , respectively, on the Company’s condensed consolidated statements of operations (dollar amounts in thousands): Three Months Ended June 30, Six Months Ended June 30, 2019 2018 2019 2018 Residential mortgage loans held in securitization trusts – impaired loans, net — — $ (38 ) $ 110 Residential Mortgage Loans Held in Securitization Trusts – Impaired Loans, net – Impaired residential mortgage loans held in securitization trusts are recorded at amortized cost less specific loan loss reserves. Impaired loan value is based on management’s estimate of the net realizable value taking into consideration local market conditions of the property, updated appraisal values of the property and estimated expenses required to remediate the impaired loan. The following table presents the carrying value and estimated fair value of the Company’s financial instruments at June 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018 , respectively (dollar amounts in thousands): June 30, 2019 December 31, 2018 Fair Value Hierarchy Level Carrying Value Estimated Fair Value Carrying Value Estimated Fair Value Financial Assets: Cash and cash equivalents Level 1 $ 134,993 $ 134,993 $ 103,724 $ 103,724 Investment securities available for sale Level 2 or 3 1,743,869 1,743,869 1,512,252 1,512,252 Distressed and other residential mortgage loans, at fair value Level 3 1,061,954 1,061,954 737,523 737,523 Distressed and other residential mortgage loans, net Level 3 218,094 221,615 285,261 289,376 Investments in unconsolidated entities Level 3 166,148 166,983 73,466 73,833 Preferred equity and mezzanine loan investments Level 3 191,387 193,875 165,555 167,739 Multi-family loans held in securitization trusts Level 3 14,573,925 14,573,925 11,679,847 11,679,847 Derivative assets Level 2 14,047 14,047 10,263 10,263 Mortgage loans held for sale, net (1) Level 3 2,460 2,621 3,414 3,584 Mortgage loans held for investment (1) Level 3 1,580 1,580 1,580 1,580 Financial Liabilities: Repurchase agreements Level 2 2,604,356 2,604,356 2,131,505 2,131,505 Residential collateralized debt obligations Level 3 45,280 43,468 53,040 50,031 Multi-family collateralized debt obligations Level 3 13,772,726 13,772,726 11,022,248 11,022,248 Securitized debt Level 3 — — 42,335 45,030 Subordinated debentures Level 3 45,000 45,044 45,000 44,897 Convertible notes Level 2 131,839 138,773 130,762 135,689 (1) Included in receivables and other assets in the accompanying condensed consolidated balance sheets. In addition to the methodology to determine the fair value of the Company’s financial assets and liabilities reported at fair value on a recurring basis and non-recurring basis, as previously described, the following methods and assumptions were used by the Company in arriving at the fair value of the Company’s other financial instruments in the table immediately above: a. Cash and cash equivalents – Estimated fair value approximates the carrying value of such assets. b. Distressed and other residential mortgage loans held in securitization trusts, net – Residential mortgage loans held in the securitization trusts are recorded at amortized cost, net of allowance for loan losses. Fair value is based on an internal valuation model that considers the aggregated characteristics of groups of loans such as, but not limited to, collateral type, index, interest rate, margin, length of fixed-rate period, life cap, periodic cap, underwriting standards, age and credit estimated using the estimated market prices for similar types of loans. c. Distressed and other residential mortgage loans, net – Fair value is estimated using pricing models taking into consideration current interest rates, loan amount, payment status and property type, and forecasts of future interest rates, home prices and property values, prepayment speeds, default, loss severities, and actual purchases and sales of similar loans. d. Mortgage loans held for sale, net – The fair value of mortgage loans held for sale, net are estimated by the Company based on the price that would be received if the loans were sold as whole loans taking into consideration the aggregated characteristics of the loans such as, but not limited to, collateral type, index, interest rate, margin, length of fixed interest rate period, life time cap, periodic cap, underwriting standards, age and credit. e. Preferred equity and mezzanine loan investments – Estimated fair value is determined by both market comparable pricing and discounted cash flows. The discounted cash flows are based on the underlying contractual cash flows and estimated changes in market yields. The fair value also reflects consideration of changes in credit risk since the origination or time of initial investment. f. Repurchase agreements – The fair value of these repurchase agreements approximates cost as they are short term in nature. g. Residential collateralized debt obligations – The fair value of these CDOs is based on discounted cash flows as well as market pricing on comparable obligations. h. Securitized debt – The fair value of securitized debt is based on discounted cash flows using management’s estimate for market yields. i. Subordinated debentures – The fair value of these subordinated debentures is based on discounted cash flows using management’s estimate for market yields. j. Convertible notes – The fair value is based on quoted prices provided by dealers who make markets in similar financial instruments. |