Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (Policies) | 12 Months Ended |
Dec. 31, 2014 |
Accounting Policies [Abstract] | |
Basis of Presentation and Consolidation | Basis of Presentation and Consolidation |
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The accompanying consolidated financial statements have been prepared under U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (“GAAP”) and include the accounts of the Company and its wholly owned subsidiaries. The Company’s wholly owned subsidiaries include Hermes BioSciences, Inc. (“Hermes”), which was merged with and into the Company during 2011, and Merrimack Pharmaceuticals (Bermuda) Ltd., which was merged with and into the Company during the third quarter of 2014. The Company also consolidates its majority owned subsidiary, Silver Creek Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (“Silver Creek”). All intercompany transactions and balances have been eliminated in consolidation. |
Use of Estimates | Use of Estimates |
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GAAP requires the Company’s management to make estimates and judgments that may affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenues, expenses and related disclosures. The Company bases estimates and judgments on historical experience and on various other factors that it believes to be reasonable under the circumstances. The most significant estimates in these consolidated financial statements include, but may not be limited to, revenue recognition, including the estimated percentage of billable expenses in any particular budget period, periods of meaningful use of licensed products, estimated service periods and services to be completed under a collaboration, estimates used in accounting for revenue separability and recognition, useful lives with respect to long-lived assets and intangibles, accounting for stock-based compensation, convertible preferred stock warrants, contingencies, intangible assets, goodwill, in-process research and development, valuation of convertible debt, tax valuation reserves and accrued expenses. The Company’s actual results may differ from these estimates under different assumptions or conditions. The Company evaluates its estimates on an ongoing basis. Changes in estimates are reflected in reported results in the period in which they become known by the Company’s management. |
Segment and Geographic Information | Segment and Geographic Information |
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Operating segments are defined as components of an enterprise engaging in business activities for which discrete financial information is available and regularly reviewed by the chief operating decision maker in deciding how to allocate resources and in assessing performance. The Company views its operations and manages its business in one operating segment and the Company operates in only one geographic region. |
Cash, Cash Equivalents and Restricted Cash | Cash, Cash Equivalents and Restricted Cash |
Cash and cash equivalents are short-term, highly liquid investments with original maturities of three months or less at the date of purchase. Investments qualifying as cash equivalents primarily consist of money market funds, commercial paper, corporate notes and bonds and certificates of deposit. |
Cash accounts with any type of restriction are classified as restricted cash. If restrictions are expected to be lifted in the next twelve months, the restricted cash account is classified as current. As of both December 31, 2014 and 2013, the Company recorded restricted cash of $685,000, which was primarily related to the Company’s facility lease. |
Available-for-Sale Securities | Available-for-Sale Securities |
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The Company classifies marketable securities with a remaining maturity when purchased of greater than three months as available-for-sale. Available-for-sale securities may consist of U.S. government agencies securities, commercial paper, corporate notes and bonds and certificates of deposit, which are maintained by an investment manager. Available-for-sale securities are carried at fair value, with the unrealized gains and losses included in other comprehensive income (loss) as a component of stockholders’ deficit until realized. Realized gains and losses are recognized in interest income. Any premium or discount arising at purchase is amortized and/or accreted to interest income. There were no realized gains or losses recognized on the sale or maturity of available-for-sale securities during the years ended December 31, 2014, 2013 or 2012. |
Concentration of Credit Risk | Concentration of Credit Risk |
Financial instruments that subject the Company to credit risk consist primarily of cash and cash equivalents, available-for-sale securities and accounts receivable. The Company places its cash deposits in accredited financial institutions and, therefore, the Company’s management believes these funds are subject to minimal credit risk. The Company invests cash equivalents and available-for-sale securities in money market funds, U.S. government agencies securities and various corporate debt securities. Credit risk in these securities is reduced as a result of the Company’s investment policy to limit the amount invested in any one issue or any single issuer and to only invest in high credit quality securities. The Company has no significant off-balance sheet concentrations of credit risk such as foreign currency exchange contracts, option contracts or other hedging arrangements. For each of the years ended December 31, 2014 and 2013, Sanofi represented approximately 90% and 98% of collaboration revenues, respectively. As of December 31, 2014 and 2013, Sanofi represented approximately 50% and 98% of accounts receivable, respectively. Baxter International Inc., Baxter Healthcare Corporation and Baxter Healthcare SA (collectively, “Baxter”) represented approximately 49% of accounts receivable as of December 31, 2014. |
Property and Equipment | Property and Equipment |
Property and equipment, including leasehold improvements, are recorded at cost and depreciated when placed into service using the straight-line method, based on their estimated useful lives as follows: |
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Asset classification | | Estimated useful life | |
(in years) |
Lab equipment | | | 7-Mar | |
IT equipment | | | 7-Mar | |
Leaseholds improvements | | | Lesser of useful life or lease term | |
Furniture and fixtures | | | 7-Mar | |
Costs for capital assets not yet placed into service have been capitalized as construction-in-progress and will be depreciated in accordance with the above guidelines once placed into service. Costs for repairs and maintenance are expensed as incurred, while major betterments are capitalized. The Company capitalizes interest cost incurred on funds used to construct property and equipment. The capitalized interest is recorded as part of the asset to which it relates and is depreciated over the asset’s estimated useful life. Upon retirement or sale, the cost of assets disposed of and the related accumulated depreciation are removed from the accounts and any resulting gain or loss is reflected in earnings. |
The Company reviews its long-lived assets for impairment whenever events or changes in business circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of assets may not be fully recoverable or that the useful lives of these assets are no longer appropriate. Each impairment test is based on a comparison of the undiscounted cash flow to the recorded value of the asset. If impairment is indicated, the asset will be written down to its estimated fair value on a discounted cash flow basis. |
Non-Controlling Interest | Non-Controlling Interest |
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Non-controlling interest represents the non-controlling stockholders’ proportionate share of preferred stock and net loss of the Company’s majority owned consolidated subsidiary, Silver Creek. The non-controlling stockholders’ proportionate share of the preferred stock in Silver Creek is reflected as non-controlling interest in the Company’s consolidated balance sheets as a component of mezzanine equity. |
Revenue Recognition | Revenue Recognition |
The Company enters into biopharmaceutical product development agreements with collaborative partners for the research and development of therapeutic and diagnostic products. The terms of the agreements may include nonrefundable signing and licensing fees, funding for research, development and manufacturing, milestone payments and royalties or profit-sharing on any product sales derived from collaborations. These multiple element arrangements are analyzed to determine whether the deliverables can be separated or whether they must be accounted for as a single unit of accounting. |
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In January 2011, the Company adopted authoritative guidance on revenue recognition for multiple element arrangements. This guidance, which applies to multiple element arrangements entered into or materially modified on or after January 1, 2011, separates and allocates consideration in a multiple element arrangement according to the relative selling price of each deliverable. The fair value of deliverables under the arrangement may be derived using a best estimate of selling price if vendor specific objective evidence and third-party evidence are not available. Deliverables under the arrangement will be separate units of accounting provided that a delivered item has value to the customer on a stand-alone basis and if the arrangement does not include a general right of return relative to the delivered item and delivery or performance of the undelivered item is considered probable and substantially in the control of the vendor. |
The Company entered into a license and collaboration agreement with Baxter in September 2014, which was evaluated under the accounting guidance on revenue recognition for multiple element arrangements. The Company determined that the obligations under this agreement represent a single unit of accounting and that the agreement represents a services agreement. As a result, the Company has estimated the level of effort expected to be completed as a result of providing the identified deliverables and will recognize revenue related to the agreement based on proportional performance as effort is completed over the expected services period. |
The Company entered into a collaboration agreement with Watson Laboratories, Inc. (“Actavis”) in November 2013, which was evaluated under the accounting guidance on revenue recognition for multiple element arrangements. See Note 5, “License and Collaboration Agreements,” for additional information. |
Whenever the Company determines that an arrangement should be accounted for as a single unit of accounting, it determines the period over which the performance obligations would be performed and revenue would be recognized. If the Company cannot reasonably estimate the timing and the level of effort to complete its performance obligations under the arrangement, then revenue under the arrangement is recognized on a straight-line basis over the period the Company expects to complete its performance obligations. |
The Company’s collaboration agreements may include additional payments upon the achievement of performance-based milestones. As milestones are achieved, a portion of the milestone payment, equal to the percentage of the total time that the Company has performed the performance obligations to date divided by the total estimated time to complete the performance obligations, multiplied by the amount of the milestone payment, will be recognized as revenue upon achievement of such milestone. The remaining portion of the milestone will be recognized over the remaining performance period. Milestones that are tied to regulatory approvals are not considered probable of being achieved until such approval is received. Milestones tied to counterparty performance are not included in the Company’s revenue model until the performance conditions are met. |
Royalty revenue will be recognized upon the sale of the related products provided the Company has no remaining performance obligations under the arrangement. |
Research and Development Expenses | Research and Development Expenses |
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Research and development expenses are charged to expense as incurred. Research and development expenses comprise costs incurred in performing research and development activities, including personnel-related costs, stock-based compensation, facilities, research-related overhead, clinical trial costs, contracted services, research-related manufacturing, license fees and other external costs. The Company accounts for nonrefundable advance payments for goods and services that will be used in future research and development activities as expenses when the services have been performed or when the goods have been received rather than when the payment is made. |
Stock-Based Compensation | Stock-Based Compensation |
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The Company expenses the fair value of employee stock options over the vesting period. Compensation expense is measured using the fair value of the award at the grant date, net of estimated forfeitures, and is adjusted annually to reflect actual forfeitures. The fair value of each stock-based award is estimated using the Black-Scholes option valuation model and is expensed straight-line over the vesting period. |
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The Company records stock options issued to non-employees at fair value, periodically remeasures to reflect the current fair value at each reporting period, and recognizes expense over the related service period. When applicable, these equity instruments are accounted for based on the fair value of the consideration received or the fair value of the equity instrument issued, whichever is more reliably measurable. |
Comprehensive Income (Loss) | Comprehensive Income (Loss) |
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Comprehensive income (loss) is defined as the change in equity of a business enterprise during a period from transactions, and other events and circumstances, from non-owner sources and currently consists of net loss and changes in unrealized gains and losses on available-for-sale securities. |
Other Income and Expense | Other Income and Expense |
The Company records gains and losses on the remeasurement to fair value of convertible preferred stock warrants and other derivative liabilities, the federal and state sponsored tax incentives and other one-time income or expense-related items in other income and expense. |
In January 2010, the Massachusetts Life Sciences Center (“MLSC”), an independent agency of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, awarded the Company $1.5 million of tax incentives under its Life Sciences Tax Incentive Program. These incentives allowed the Company to monetize approximately $1.4 million of state research and development tax credits. The Company received this payment in 2010. In exchange for these incentives, the Company pledged to hire an incremental 50 employees and retain these employees until at least December 31, 2014. For the years ended December 31, 2014, 2013 and 2012, the Company recognized $0.3 million of benefit in other income in each period. |
In January 2011, the MLSC awarded the Company an additional $1.3 million of tax incentives under its Life Sciences Tax Incentive Program, which allowed the Company to monetize approximately $1.2 million of state research and development tax credits. The Company received this payment in the second quarter of 2011. In exchange for these incentives, the Company pledged to hire an incremental 50 employees and retain these employees until at least December 31, 2015. Failure to do so could result in the repayment of some or all of these incentives. The Company deferred and is amortizing the benefit of this incentive on a straight-line basis over the five-year performance period, with a cumulative catch-up in the period the pledge is achieved. For the years ended December 31, 2014, 2013 and 2012, the Company recognized $0.2 million of benefit in other income in each period. |
In January 2013, the MLSC awarded the Company an additional $0.5 million of tax incentives under its Life Science Tax Incentive Program, which allows the Company to monetize approximately $0.4 million of state research and development tax credits. The Company received this payment in the fourth quarter of 2013. In exchange for these incentives, the Company pledged to hire an incremental 20 employees and to maintain the additional headcount through at least December 31, 2017. Failure to do so could result in the Company being required to repay some or all of these incentives. The Company deferred and is amortizing the benefit of this incentive on a straight-line basis over the five-year performance period, with a cumulative catch-up in the period the pledge is achieved. For the years ended December 31, 2014 and 2013, the Company recognized $0.1 million of benefit in other income in each period. |
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In May 2014, the MLSC awarded the Company an additional $0.6 million of tax incentives under its Life Science Tax Incentive Program, which allows the Company to monetize approximately $0.6 million of state research and development tax credits. In exchange for these incentives, the Company pledged to hire an incremental 31 employees and to maintain the additional headcount through at least December 31, 2018. Failure to do so could result in the Company being required to repay some or all of these incentives. The Company deferred and is amortizing the benefit of this incentive on a straight-line basis over the five-year performance period, commencing with a cumulative catch-up when the pledge was achieved. For the year ended December 31, 2014, the Company recognized $0.1 million of benefit in other income. |
Deferred Financing Costs | Deferred Financing Costs |
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The Company capitalizes certain legal, accounting and other fees that are directly associated with in-process debt and equity financings as current assets until such financings occur. In the case of an equity financing, after occurrence, these costs are recorded in equity or mezzanine equity, net of proceeds received. In the case of a debt financing, these costs are recorded as assets and amortized over the term of the debt. |
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In April 2012, the Company closed the initial public offering of its common stock. Upon closing, $2.7 million of deferred financing costs were netted against the equity proceeds within stockholders’ deficit. |
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In July 2013, the Company closed a follow-on underwritten public offering of additional shares of common stock and issued convertible senior notes in concurrent public offerings. Upon closing, $0.6 million of aggregate deferred financing costs were netted against the proceeds of these offerings. |
Income Taxes | Income Taxes |
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The Company accounts for income taxes under the asset and liability method. Under this method, deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the estimated future tax consequences attributable to differences between financial statement carrying amounts of existing assets and liabilities and their respective tax bases. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using enacted rates in effect for the year in which these temporary differences are expected to be recovered or settled. Valuation allowances are provided if based on the weight of available evidence, it is more likely than not that some or all of the deferred tax assets will not be realized. |
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The Company provides reserves for potential payments of tax to various tax authorities related to uncertain tax positions and other issues. Reserves are based on a determination of whether and how much of a tax benefit taken by the Company in its tax filing is more likely than not to be realized following resolution of any potential contingencies present related to the tax benefit. Potential interest and penalties associated with such uncertain tax positions are recorded as components of income tax expense. To date, the Company has not taken any uncertain tax positions or recorded any reserves, interest or penalties. |
Goodwill and Intangible Assets | Goodwill and Intangible Assets |
Goodwill and indefinite-lived intangible assets, including in-process research and development (“IPR&D”), are evaluated for impairment on an annual basis or more frequently if an indicator of impairment is present. No impairment of goodwill resulted from the Company’s most recent evaluation, which occurred in the third quarter of 2014. The Company’s next annual impairment evaluation will be made in the third quarter of 2015 unless indicators arise that would require the Company to evaluate at an earlier date. |
When performing an evaluation of goodwill impairment, the Company has the option to first assess qualitative factors to determine whether it is necessary to perform the quantitative two-step impairment test. If the Company elects this option and finds, as a result of the qualitative assessment, that it is more likely than not that the fair value of the reporting unit is less than its carrying amount, the quantitative two-step impairment test is required; otherwise, further testing is not required. This requires the Company to assess the impact of significant events, milestones and changes to expectations and activities that may have occurred since the last impairment evaluation. Significant changes to these estimates, judgments and assumptions could materially change the outcome of the impairment assessment. Alternatively, the Company may elect to not first assess qualitative factors and immediately perform the quantitative two-step impairment test. If such an election occurs, in the first step, the fair value of the Company’s reporting unit is compared to the carrying value. If the carrying value of the net assets assigned to the reporting unit exceeds the fair value of the reporting unit, then the second step of the impairment test is performed in order to determine the implied fair value of the reporting unit’s goodwill. If the carrying value of the reporting unit’s goodwill exceeds the implied fair value, then the Company would record an impairment loss equal to the difference. As described above, the Company operates in one operating segment, which is considered the only reporting unit. |
The Company’s evaluation of IPR&D impairment included a qualitative assessment to determine whether further impairment testing of indefinite-lived intangible assets was necessary. It was determined that it was not more likely than not that an impairment existed as of the third quarter of 2014 and, therefore, impairment evaluations were not performed. |
The Company commences amortization of indefinite-lived intangible assets, such as IPR&D, once the assets have reached technological feasibility or are determined to have an alternative future use and amortizes the assets over their estimated future lives. Amortization of remaining IPR&D has not commenced as of December 31, 2014. |
Definite-lived intangible assets, such as core technology, are evaluated for impairment whenever events or circumstances indicate that the carrying value may not be fully recoverable. Definite-lived intangible assets are separate from goodwill and indefinite-lived intangible assets and are deemed to have a definite life. The Company amortizes these assets over their estimated useful lives. The Company has not recorded any impairment charges related to definite-lived intangible assets during the year ended December 31, 2014. |
Recent Accounting Pronouncements | Recent Accounting Pronouncements |
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In February 2013, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued amendments to the accounting guidance for presentation of comprehensive income to improve the reporting of reclassifications out of accumulated other comprehensive income. The amendments do not change the current requirements for reporting net income or other comprehensive income, but do require an entity to provide information about the amounts reclassified out of accumulated other comprehensive income by component. In addition, an entity is required to present, either on the face of the statement where the net income is presented or in the notes, significant amounts reclassified out of accumulated other comprehensive income by the respective line items of net income but only if the amount reclassified is required under GAAP to be reclassified to net income in its entirety in the same reporting period. For other amounts that are not required under GAAP to be reclassified in their entirety to net income, an entity is required to cross-reference to other disclosures required under GAAP that provide additional detail about these amounts. For public companies, these amendments are effective prospectively for reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2012. Other than a change in presentation, the adoption of this guidance did not have a material impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements. |
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In July 2013, the FASB issued guidance to address the diversity in practice related to the financial statement presentation of unrecognized tax benefits as either a reduction of a deferred tax asset or a liability when a net operating loss carryforward, a similar tax loss or a tax credit carryforward exists. This guidance is effective prospectively for fiscal years, and interim periods within those years, beginning after December 15, 2013. The adoption of this guidance did not have a material impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements. |
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In May 2014, the FASB issued guidance which supersedes all existing revenue recognition requirements, including most industry-specific guidance. The new standard requires a company to recognize revenue when it transfers goods or services to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration that the company expects to receive for those goods or services. This guidance will be effective prospectively for fiscal years, and interim periods within those years, beginning after December 15, 2016, and early adoption is not permitted. The Company is currently evaluating the potential impact that the adoption of this guidance and the related transition guidance may have on its consolidated financial statements. |
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In August 2014, the FASB issued guidance outlining management’s responsibility to perform interim and annual assessments of an entity’s ability to continue as a going concern within one year of the date the financial statements are issued and providing guidance on determining when and how to disclose going concern uncertainties in the financial statements. This guidance will be effective for annual and interim reporting periods ending after December 15, 2016, with early adoption permitted. The Company does not anticipate a material impact to its consolidated financial statements as a result of this change. |