Loans and Allowance for Loan Losses | Note 4 – Loans and Allowance for Loan Losses All loan origination fees and direct loan origination costs are deferred and recognized over the life of the loan. As of September 30, 2017 and 2016 , net deferred fees of $667 thousand and $796 thousand , respectively, were included in the carrying value of loans. An allowance for loan losses is maintained to absorb losses from the loan portfolio. The allowance for loan losses is based on management’s continuing evaluation of the risk characteristics and credit quality of the loan portfolio, assessment of current economic conditions, diversification and size of the portfolio, adequacy of collateral, past and anticipated loss experience, and the amount of non-performing loans. The Bank’s methodology for determining the allowance for loan losses is based on the requirements of ASC Section 310-10-35 for loans individually evaluated for impairment (discussed above) and ASC Subtopic 450-20 for loans collectively evaluated for impairment, as well as the Interagency Policy Statements on the Allowance for Loan and Lease Losses and other bank regulatory guidance. The total of the two components represents the Bank’s allowance for loan losses. As of September 30, 2017, the Bank adjusted its methodology to allow impaired homogeneous loans below a specific threshold to be evaluated collectively rather than on an individual basis. More specifically, residential mortgage loans, home equity lines of credit, and consumer loans, when considered impaired, are evaluated collectively for impairment by applying allocation rates derived from the Bank’s historical losses specific to impaired loans. The impact of this change in methodology, as of September 30, 2017, was an increase to the allowance for loan losses of $168 thousand . Loans that are collectively evaluated for impairment are analyzed with general allowances being made as appropriate. For general allowances, historical loss trends are used in the estimation of losses in the current portfolio. These historical loss amounts are modified by qualified factors. The segments described below in the impaired loans by class table, which are based on the Federal call code assigned to each loan, provide the starting point for the allowance for loan losses analysis. Company and bank management tracks the historical net charge-off activity at the call code level. A historical charge-off factor is calculated utilizing a defined number of consecutive historical quarters. All pools currently utilize a rolling 12 quarters. “Pass” rated credits are segregated from “Criticized” credits for the application of qualitative factors. Loans in the criticized pools, which possess certain qualities or characteristics that may lead to collection and loss issues, are closely monitored by management and subject to additional qualitative factors. Company and Bank management have identified a number of additional qualitative factors which it uses to supplement the historical charge-off factor because these factors are likely to cause estimated credit losses associated with the existing loan pools to differ from historical loss experience. The additional factors that are evaluated quarterly and updated using information obtained from internal, regulatory, and governmental sources are: national and local economic trends and conditions; levels of and trends in delinquency rates and non-accrual loans; trends in volume and terms of loans; effects of changes in lending policies; experience, ability, and depth of lending staff; value of underlying collateral; and concentrations of credit from a loan type, industry and/or geographic standpoint. The combination of historical charge-off and qualitative factors are then weighted for each risk grade. These weightings are determined internally based upon the likelihood of loss as a loan risk grading deteriorates. To estimate the liability for off-balance sheet credit exposures, Bank management analyzed the portfolios of letters of credit, non-revolving lines of credit, and revolving lines of credit, and based its calculation on the expectation of future advances of each loan category. Letters of credit were determined to be highly unlikely to advance since they are generally in place only to ensure various forms of performance of the borrowers. In the Bank’s history, there have been no letters of credit drawn upon. In addition, many of the letters of credit are cash secured and do not warrant an allocation. Non-revolving lines of credit were determined to be highly likely to advance as these are typically construction lines. Meanwhile, the likelihood of revolving lines of credit advancing varies with each individual borrower. Therefore, the future usage of each line was estimated based on the average line utilization of the revolving line of credit portfolio as a whole. Once the estimated future advances were calculated, an allocation rate, which was derived from the Bank’s historical losses and qualitative environmental factors, was applied in the similar manner as those used for the allowance for loan loss calculation. The resulting estimated loss allocations were totaled to determine the liability for unfunded commitments related to these loans, which Management considers necessary to anticipate potential losses on those commitments that have a reasonable probability of funding. As of September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016 , the liability for unfunded commitments was $284 thousand , respectively. Bank management reviews the loan portfolio on a quarterly basis using a defined, consistently applied process in order to make appropriate and timely adjustments to the allowance for loan losses. When information confirms all or part of specific loans to be uncollectible, these amounts are promptly charged off against the allowance for loan losses. The allowance for loan losses is based on estimates, and actual losses will vary from current estimates. Management believes that the granularity of the homogeneous pools and the related historical loss ratios and other qualitative factors, as well as the consistency in the application of assumptions, result in an allowance for loan losses that is representative of the risk found in the components of the portfolio at any given date. The following tables summarize the primary segments of the allowance for loan losses, segregated into the amount required for loans individually evaluated for impairment and the amount required for loans collectively evaluated for impairment as of September 30, 2017 : (Dollars in thousands) Commercial Residential Home Equity Consumer Total Allowance for loan losses balance at June 30, 2017 $ 7,723 $ 992 $ 777 $ 256 $ 9,748 Charge-offs (382 ) — — (90 ) (472 ) Recoveries 1 6 1 16 24 Provision (38 ) 46 11 77 96 Allowance for loan losses balance at September 30, 2017 $ 7,304 $ 1,044 $ 789 $ 259 $ 9,396 (Dollars in thousands) Commercial Residential Home Equity Consumer Total Allowance for loan losses balance at December 31, 2016 $ 7,181 $ 990 $ 728 $ 202 $ 9,101 Charge-offs (645 ) (141 ) (33 ) (106 ) (925 ) Recoveries 22 40 3 18 83 Provision 746 155 91 145 1,137 Allowance for loan losses balance at September 30, 2017 $ 7,304 $ 1,044 $ 789 $ 259 $ 9,396 Individually evaluated for impairment $ 420 $ — $ 1 $ — $ 421 Collectively evaluated for impairment $ 6,884 $ 1,044 $ 788 $ 259 $ 8,975 The following table summarizes the primary segments of the Company loan portfolio as of September 30, 2017 : (Dollars in thousands) Commercial Residential Home Equity Consumer Total Individually evaluated for impairment $ 10,457 $ 1,166 $ 581 $ 183 $ 12,387 Collectively evaluated for impairment 772,406 233,070 63,692 12,912 1,082,080 Total Loans $ 782,863 $ 234,236 $ 64,273 $ 13,095 $ 1,094,467 The following tables summarize the primary segments of the allowance for loan losses, segregated into the amount required for loans individually evaluated for impairment and the amount required for loans collectively evaluated for impairment as of September 30, 2016 : (Dollars in thousands) Commercial Residential Home Equity Consumer Total Allowance for loan losses balance at June 30, 2016 $ 6,956 $ 1,011 $ 758 $ 366 $ 9,091 Charge-offs (768 ) — — (250 ) (1,018 ) Recoveries 1 1 — — 2 Provision 967 11 2 95 1,075 Allowance for loan losses balance at September 30, 2016 $ 7,156 $ 1,023 $ 760 $ 211 $ 9,150 (Dollars in thousands) Commercial Residential Home Equity Consumer Total Allowance for loan losses balance at December 31, 2015 $ 6,066 $ 1,095 $ 715 $ 130 $ 8,006 Charge-offs (1,448 ) (124 ) — (272 ) (1,844 ) Recoveries 3 2 7 1 13 Provision 2,535 50 38 352 2,975 Allowance for loan losses balance at September 30, 2016 $ 7,156 $ 1,023 $ 760 $ 211 $ 9,150 Individually evaluated for impairment $ 1,288 $ 38 $ — $ 20 $ 1,346 Collectively evaluated for impairment $ 5,868 $ 985 $ 760 $ 191 $ 7,804 The following table summarizes the primary segments of the Company loan portfolio as of September 30, 2016 : (Dollars in thousands) Commercial Residential Home Equity Consumer Total Individually evaluated for impairment $ 10,922 $ 673 $ 51 $ 141 $ 11,787 Collectively evaluated for impairment 739,122 242,814 67,788 14,562 1,064,286 Total Loans $ 750,044 $ 243,487 $ 67,839 $ 14,703 $ 1,076,073 Loans are considered to be impaired when, based on current information and events, it is probable that the Company will be unable to collect the scheduled payments of principal or interest when due according to the contractual terms of the loan agreement. Factors considered by management in evaluating impairment include payment status, collateral value, and the probability of collecting scheduled principal and interest payments when due. Management determines the significance of payment delays and payment shortfalls on a case-by-case basis, taking into consideration all of the circumstances surrounding the loan and the borrower, including the length of the delay, the reasons for the delay, the borrower’s prior payment record, and the amount of the shortfall in relation to the principal and interest owed. The Company evaluates residential mortgage loans, home equity lines of credit, and consumer loans in homogeneous pools, rather than on an individual basis, when each of those loans are below specific thresholds based on outstanding principal balance. Loans that individually exceed these thresholds are evaluated individually for impairment. The Chief Credit Officer identifies these loans individually by monitoring the delinquency status of the Bank’s portfolio. Once identified, the Bank’s ongoing communications with the borrower allow Management to evaluate the significance of the payment delays and the circumstances surrounding the loan and the borrower. Once the determination has been made that a loan is impaired, the amount of the impairment is measured using one of three valuation methods: (a) the present value of expected future cash flows discounted at the loan’s effective interest rate; (b) the loan’s observable market price; or (c) the fair value of the collateral less selling costs. The method is selected on a loan-by-loan basis, with management primarily utilizing the fair value of collateral method. The evaluation of the need and amount of a specific allocation of the allowance and whether a loan can be removed from impairment status is made on a quarterly basis. During December 2013, the Bank purchased $74.3 million in performing commercial real estate secured loans in the northern Virginia area. At the time of acquisition, none of these loans were considered impaired. They were acquired at a premium of roughly 1.024 or $1.8 million , which is being amortized in accordance with ASC 310-20. These loans are collectively evaluated for impairment under ASC 450. The loans continue to be individually monitored for payoff activity, and any necessary adjustments to the premium are made accordingly. At September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016 , these balances totaled $19.9 million and $20.5 million , respectively. Of the $54.4 million decrease since originally purchased, MVB refinanced $19.6 million and sold participations totaling $10.5 million and sold $9.7 million back to the institution from which the loans were originally purchased in December 2013 . The remainder of the decrease was the result of $7.1 million in scheduled loan amortization and $7.5 million in partial principal curtailments and/or loan payoffs. The weighted average yield on the remaining portfolio is 5.46% . The following table presents impaired loans by class, segregated by those for which a specific allowance was required and those for which a specific allowance was not necessary as of September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016 : Impaired Loans with Specific Allowance Impaired Loans with No Specific Allowance Total Impaired Loans (Dollars in thousands) Recorded Investment Related Allowance Recorded Investment Recorded Investment Unpaid Principal Balance September 30, 2017 Commercial Commercial Business $ 3,501 $ 91 $ 335 $ 3,836 $ 3,837 Commercial Real Estate 1,442 242 1,477 2,919 2,946 Acquisition & Development 1,083 87 2,619 3,702 5,571 Total Commercial 6,026 420 4,431 10,457 12,354 Residential — — 1,166 1,166 1,227 Home Equity 505 1 76 581 590 Consumer — — 183 183 475 Total Impaired Loans $ 6,531 $ 421 $ 5,856 $ 12,387 $ 14,646 December 31, 2016 Commercial Commercial Business $ — $ — $ 3,342 $ 3,342 $ 4,102 Commercial Real Estate 2,757 302 892 3,649 3,676 Acquisition & Development 264 74 3,526 3,790 6,059 Total Commercial 3,021 376 7,760 10,781 13,837 Residential 783 122 378 1,161 1,166 Home Equity 62 36 70 132 135 Consumer 16 9 62 78 285 Total Impaired Loans $ 3,882 $ 543 $ 8,270 $ 12,152 $ 15,423 Impaired loans have increased by $573 thousand , or 4.7% , during 2017 . This change is the net effect of multiple factors, including the identification of $3.0 million of impaired loans, principal curtailments of $752 thousand , partial charge-offs of $395 thousand , foreclosure and reclassification to other real estate owned of $1.0 million , reclassification of $150 thousand of previously reported impaired loans to performing loans, and normal loan amortization. The following tables presents the average recorded investment in impaired loans and related interest income recognized for the periods indicated: Nine Months Ended Three Months Ended (Dollars in thousands) Average Investment in Impaired Loans Interest Income Recognized on Accrual Basis Interest Income Recognized on Cash Basis Average Investment in Impaired Loans Interest Income Recognized on Accrual Basis Interest Income Recognized on Cash Basis Commercial Commercial Business $ 3,479 $ 116 $ 87 $ 3,720 $ 39 $ 27 Commercial Real Estate 2,783 75 74 2,915 25 24 Acquisition & Development 3,661 7 10 3,637 2 3 Total Commercial 9,923 198 171 10,272 66 54 Residential 1,402 8 44 1,256 2 20 Home Equity 641 1 1 644 — — Consumer 189 — — 184 — — Total $ 12,155 $ 207 $ 216 $ 12,356 $ 68 $ 74 Nine Months Ended Three Months Ended (Dollars in thousands) Average Investment in Impaired Loans Interest Income Recognized on Accrual Basis Interest Income Recognized on Cash Basis Average Investment in Impaired Loans Interest Income Recognized on Accrual Basis Interest Income Recognized on Cash Basis Commercial Commercial Business $ 4,296 $ 116 $ 104 $ 4,730 $ 39 $ 40 Commercial Real Estate 5,008 84 75 6,864 28 25 Acquisition & Development 1,927 7 9 2,958 2 3 Total Commercial 11,231 207 188 14,552 69 68 Residential 885 15 22 731 5 8 Home Equity 30 1 1 35 — — Consumer 284 — — 286 — — Total $ 12,430 $ 223 $ 211 $ 15,604 $ 74 $ 76 As of September 30, 2017 , the Bank held nine foreclosed residential real estate properties representing $777 thousand , or 56% , of the total balance of other real estate owned. There are five additional consumer mortgage loans collateralized by residential real estate properties in the process of foreclosure. The total recorded investment in these loans was $378 thousand as of September 30, 2017 . These loans are included in the table above. However, these loans no longer have specific allocations against them since the Bank implemented homogeneous impairment analysis. Bank management uses a nine point internal risk rating system to monitor the credit quality of the overall loan portfolio. The first six categories are considered not criticized, and are aggregated as “Pass” rated. The criticized rating categories utilized by management generally follow bank regulatory definitions. The Special Mention category includes assets that are currently protected but are potentially weak, resulting in an undue and unwarranted credit risk, but not to the point of justifying a Substandard classification. Loans in the Substandard category have well-defined weaknesses that jeopardize the liquidation of the debt, and have a distinct possibility that some loss will be sustained if the weaknesses are not corrected. Any portion of a loan that has been or is expected to be charged off is placed in the Loss category. To help ensure that risk ratings are accurate and reflect the present and future capacity of borrowers to repay a loan as agreed, the Bank has a structured loan rating process with several layers of internal and external oversight. Generally, consumer and residential mortgage loans are included in the Pass categories unless a specific action, such as past due status, bankruptcy, repossession, or death occurs to raise awareness of a possible credit event. The Bank’s Chief Credit Officer is responsible for the timely and accurate risk rating of the loans in the portfolio at origination and on an ongoing basis. The Credit Department ensures that a review of all commercial relationships of one million dollars or greater is performed annually. Review of the appropriate risk grade is included in both the internal and external loan review process, and on an ongoing basis. The Bank has an experienced Credit Department that continually reviews and assesses loans within the portfolio. The Bank engages an external consultant to conduct independent loan reviews on at least an annual basis. Generally, the external consultant reviews larger commercial relationships or criticized relationships. The Bank’s Credit Department compiles detailed reviews, including plans for resolution, on loans classified as Substandard on a quarterly basis. Loans in the Special Mention and Substandard categories that are collectively evaluated for impairment are given separate consideration in the determination of the allowance. The following table represents the classes of the loan portfolio summarized by the aggregate Pass and the criticized categories of Special Mention, Substandard and Doubtful within the internal risk rating system as of September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016 : (Dollars in thousands) Pass Special Mention Substandard Doubtful Total September 30, 2017 Commercial Commercial Business $ 356,809 $ 4,348 $ 4,553 $ — $ 365,710 Commercial Real Estate 266,798 23,198 7,607 — 297,603 Acquisition & Development 112,886 940 3,403 2,321 119,550 Total Commercial 736,493 28,486 15,563 2,321 782,863 Residential 231,434 2,291 231 280 234,236 Home Equity 63,102 1,043 128 — 64,273 Consumer 12,754 183 27 131 13,095 Total Loans $ 1,043,783 $ 32,003 $ 15,949 $ 2,732 $ 1,094,467 December 31, 2016 Commercial Commercial Business $ 377,631 $ 2,933 $ 6,833 $ 69 $ 387,466 Commercial Real Estate 240,851 26,340 3,532 737 271,460 Acquisition & Development 90,875 1,905 2,584 3,226 98,590 Total Commercial 709,357 31,178 12,949 4,032 757,516 Residential 212,869 1,664 787 132 215,452 Home Equity 64,706 582 98 — 65,386 Consumer 14,134 302 13 62 14,511 Total Loans $ 1,001,066 $ 33,726 $ 13,847 $ 4,226 $ 1,052,865 Management further monitors the performance and credit quality of the loan portfolio by analyzing the age of the portfolio as determined by the length of time a recorded payment is past due. A loan that has deteriorated and requires additional collection efforts by the Bank could warrant non-accrual status. A thorough review is presented to the Chief Credit Officer and or the MLC, as required with respect to any loan which is in a collection process and to make a determination as to whether the loan should be placed on non-accrual status. The placement of loans on non-accrual status is subject to applicable regulatory restrictions and guidelines. Generally, loans should be placed in non-accrual status when the loan reaches 90 days past due, when it becomes likely the borrower cannot or will not make scheduled principal or interest payments, when full repayment of principal and interest is not expected, or when the loan displays potential loss characteristics. Normally, all accrued interest is charged off when a loan is placed in non-accrual status, unless Management believes it is likely the accrued interest will be collected. Any payments subsequently received are applied to principal. To remove a loan from non-accrual status, all principal and interest due must be paid up to date and the Bank is reasonably sure of future satisfactory payment performance. Usually, this requires a six -month recent history of payments due. Removal of a loan from non-accrual status will require the approval of the Chief Credit Officer and/or MLC. The following table presents the classes of the loan portfolio summarized by aging categories of performing loans and nonaccrual loans as of September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016 : (Dollars in thousands) Current 30-59 Days Past Due 60-89 Days Past Due 90+ Days Past Due Total Past Due Total Loans Non-Accrual 90+ Days Still Accruing September 30, 2017 Commercial Commercial Business $ 362,942 $ 1,468 $ 958 $ 342 $ 2,768 $ 365,710 $ 577 $ — Commercial Real Estate 297,132 — 32 439 471 297,603 693 — Acquisition & Development 116,998 — — 2,552 2,552 119,550 3,441 — Total Commercial 777,072 1,468 990 3,333 5,791 782,863 4,711 — Residential 233,554 41 247 394 682 234,236 1,084 — Home Equity 64,184 13 — 76 89 64,273 581 — Consumer 12,943 14 — 138 152 13,095 183 — Total Loans $ 1,087,753 $ 1,536 $ 1,237 $ 3,941 $ 6,714 $ 1,094,467 $ 6,559 $ — December 31, 2016 Commercial Commercial Business $ 387,208 $ 15 $ 169 $ 74 $ 258 $ 387,466 $ 74 $ — Commercial Real Estate 270,339 229 — 892 1,121 271,460 1,375 — Acquisition & Development 96,014 — — 2,576 2,576 98,590 3,526 — Total Commercial 753,561 244 169 3,542 3,955 757,516 4,975 — Residential 212,502 2,067 419 464 2,950 215,452 1,072 — Home Equity 64,791 525 — 70 595 65,386 104 — Consumer 14,354 55 34 68 157 14,511 78 — Total Loans $ 1,045,208 $ 2,891 $ 622 $ 4,144 $ 7,657 $ 1,052,865 $ 6,229 $ — Troubled Debt Restructurings The restructuring of a loan is considered a troubled debt restructuring (“TDR”) if both (i) the borrower is experiencing financial difficulties and (ii) the creditor has granted a concession. Concessions may include interest rate reductions or below market interest rates, principal forgiveness, restructuring amortization schedules and other actions intended to minimize potential losses. At September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016 , the Bank had specific reserve allocations for TDR’s of $254 thousand and $348 thousand , respectively. Loans considered to be troubled debt restructured loans totaled $8.0 million and $8.8 million as of September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016 , respectively. Of these totals, $6.2 million and $5.9 million , respectively, represent accruing troubled debt restructured loans and represent 48% and 49% , respectively of total impaired loans. Meanwhile, $1.7 million and $1.7 million , respectively, represent two loans to a single borrower that has defaulted under the restructured terms. Both loans are commercial acquisition and development loans that were considered TDR's due to extended interest only periods and/or unsatisfactory repayment structures once transitioned to principal and interest payments. This borrower has experienced continued financial difficulty and are considered non-performing loans as of September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016 . There were no previously restructured loans that defaulted during the three months ended September 30, 2017 . A commercial loan in the amount of $147 thousand which was previously classified as impaired was also classified as a TDR in the third quarter of 2017. This loan represents the only new TDR for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017. There were no new TDR's for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2016. New TDR's Three Months Ended September 30, 2017 Nine Months Ended September 30, 2017 (Dollars in thousands) Number of Contracts Pre-Modification Outstanding Recorded Investment Post-Modification Outstanding Recorded Investment Number of Contracts Pre-Modification Outstanding Recorded Investment Post-Modification Outstanding Recorded Investment Commercial Commercial Business 1 $ 147 $ 147 1 $ 147 $ 147 Commercial Real Estate — — — — — — Acquisition & Development — — — — — — Total Commercial 1 147 147 1 147 147 Residential — — — — — — Home Equity — — — — — — Consumer — — — — — — Total 1 $ 147 $ 147 1 $ 147 $ 147 |