Commission revenue for the fourth quarter of 2018 increased 15.3% to $101.4 million, compared to $88.0 million for the fourth quarter of 2017. Variable transaction fees increased 17.0% to $76.6 million on total trading volume of $442.3 billion for the fourth quarter of 2018, compared to variable transaction fees of $65.4 million on total trading volume of $355.6 billion for the fourth quarter of 2017. U.S. high-grade trading volume as a percentage of FINRA’s high-grade TRACE trading volume increased to an estimated 19.3% for the fourth quarter of 2018, compared to an estimated 17.6% for the fourth quarter of 2017.
All other revenue increased 4.0% to $11.0 million, compared to $10.6 million for the fourth quarter of 2017, principally due to higher information services revenue of $0.3 million and post-trade services revenue of $0.2 million.
Total expenses for the fourth quarter of 2018 increased 17.6% to $58.5 million, compared to $49.7 million for the fourth quarter of 2017. The increase in total expenses was largely due to higher employee compensation and benefit costs of $3.6 million, occupancy costs of $2.3 million, technology and communication costs of $0.8 million, clearing costs of $0.8 million and depreciation and amortization of $0.6 million. Occupancy costs in the fourth quarter of 2018 include duplicate expense recognized during thebuild-out phase of the Company’s new corporate offices in New York. The duplicate expense had the effect of increasing total expenses by $2.1 million and reducing diluted EPS by $0.05.
Other income increased to $2.1 million in the fourth quarter of 2018 from $0.5 million in the fourth quarter of 2017 due to a $0.9 million increase in investment income as a result of higher investment balances and an increase in interest rates.
The effective tax rate for the fourth quarter of 2018 was 18.3%, compared to 32.2% for the fourth quarter of 2017. The fourth quarter of 2018 income tax provision reflected $1.9 million of excess tax benefits related to share-based compensation awards. The fourth quarter of 2017 income tax provision includes aone-time tax charge totaling $11.7 million related to the enactment of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (the “Tax Act”), which was signed into law in December 2017, offset by excess tax benefits of $11.4 million related to a new share-based compensation accounting standard (ASU2016-09) adopted as of January 1, 2017.
Full Year 2018 Results
Total revenues for the year ended December 31, 2018 increased 10.7% to a record $435.6 million, compared to $393.4 million for 2017. Operating income was a record $212.6 million, compared to $199.6 million for 2017, an increase of 6.5%. Operating margin was 48.8%, compared to 50.7% for 2017. Net income totaled $172.9 million, or $4.57 per share on a diluted basis, compared to $148.1 million, or $3.89 per share, for 2017.
Commission revenue for the year ended December 31, 2018 increased 10.0% to a record $390.8 million, compared to $355.3 million for 2017. Variable transaction fees increased 5.1% to $293.9 million on total trading volume of $1.7 trillion, compared to variable transaction fees of $279.8 million on total trading volume of $1.5 trillion for 2017. U.S. high-grade trading volume as a percentage of FINRA’s high-grade TRACE trading volume increased to an estimated 18.1%, compared to an estimated 16.9% for 2017.
All other revenue increased 17.3% to $44.7 million in 2018, compared to $38.1 million for 2017. The increase in all other revenue was principally due to higher post-trade services revenue of $4.3 million and information services revenue of $2.4 million.
Total expenses for the year ended December 31, 2018 increased 15.1% to $223.0 million, compared to $193.8 million for 2017. The increase in total expenses was principally due to higher occupancy costs of $8.1 million, employee compensation and benefits costs of $6.8 million, depreciation and amortization of $3.8 million, technology and communication costs of $3.8 million and marketing and advertising costs of $2.4 million. Occupancy costs in 2018 included duplicate expense recognized during thebuild-out phase of the Company’s new corporate offices in New York. The duplicate expense had the effect of increasing total expenses by $7.3 million and reducing diluted EPS by $0.15.
The effective tax rate for 2018 was 20.7%, compared to 26.6% for 2017. The 2018 income tax provision reflected $5.6 million of excess tax benefits related to share-based compensation awards. The 2017 income tax provision included $26.1 million of excess tax benefits related to share-based compensation awards offset by theone-time tax charge of $11.7 million related to the enactment of the Tax Act.
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