Summary of Significant Accounting Policies | Summary of Significant Accounting Policies Basis of Presentation The accompanying consolidated financial statements, presented in U.S. dollars, are prepared in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (“GAAP”). GAAP requires us to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities as of the date of the financial statements, and revenue and expenses during the reporting periods. Our actual results could differ from those estimates and assumptions. All material intercompany transactions among consolidated entities have been eliminated. All dollar amounts in the tables herein, except share, per share, unit and per unit amounts, are stated in thousands unless otherwise indicated. Certain prior period amounts, as discussed below in Recently Adopted Accounting Pronouncements , have been reclassified to conform to the current period presentation. Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements In August 2016, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued Accounting Standards Update 2016-15 (“ASU 2016-15”), “Statement of Cash Flows: Classification of Certain Cash Receipts and Cash Payments.” The amendments in this update provide guidance on eight specific cash flow issues where there is diversity in practice in how certain cash receipts and cash payments are presented and classified in the statement of cash flows. The guidance is effective for public business entities for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2017, and interim periods within those fiscal years. Early adoption is permitted. The Company is currently assessing whether ASU 2016-15 will have a material effect on its consolidated statements of cash flows. In March 2016, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update 2016-05 (“ASU 2016-05”), “Effect of Derivative Contract Novations on Existing Hedge Accounting Relationships.” The amendments in this guidance clarify that a change in the counterparty to a derivative instrument that has been designated as a hedging instrument under Topic 815 does not, in and of itself, require dedesignation of that hedging relationship provided that all other hedge accounting criteria continue to be met. The guidance is effective for public business entities for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2016 and interim periods within those fiscal years. Early adoption is permitted. The Company plans to adopt ASU 2016-05 as of January 1, 2017 and does not expect it to have a material impact on its consolidated financial statements. In February 2016, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update 2016-02 (“ASU 2016-02”), “Leases: Amendments to the FASB Accounting Standards Codification.” ASU 2016-02 amends the existing accounting standards for lease accounting, including requiring lessees to recognize most leases on their balance sheets and making targeted changes to lessor accounting. The new standard requires a modified retrospective transition approach for all leases existing at, or entered into after, the date of initial application, with an option to use certain transition relief. The guidance is effective for public business entities for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2018 and interim periods within those fiscal years. Early adoption is permitted. The Company is currently assessing whether ASU 2016-02 will have a material effect on its consolidated financial statements. In May 2014, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update 2014-09 (“ASU 2014-09”), “Revenue From Contracts With Customers”. ASU 2014-09 provides a single comprehensive revenue recognition model for contracts with customers (excluding certain contracts, such as lease contracts) to improve comparability within industries. ASU 2014-09 requires an entity to recognize revenue to reflect the transfer of goods or services to customers at an amount the entity expects to be paid in exchange for those goods and services and provide enhanced disclosures, all to provide more comprehensive guidance for transactions such as service revenue and contract modifications. Subsequent to the issuance of ASU 2014-09, the FASB has issued multiple Accounting Standards Updates clarifying multiple aspects of the new revenue recognition standard, which include the deferral of the effective date by one year. ASU 2014-09, as amended by subsequent Accounting Standards Updates, is effective for public entities for interim and annual periods beginning after December 15, 2017 and may be applied using either a full retrospective or modified retrospective approach upon adoption. The Company plans to adopt the new revenue standard as of January 1, 2018 and is currently evaluating the potential impact of the new standards on its consolidated financial statements. Recently Adopted Accounting Pronouncements In March 2016, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update 2016-09 (“ASU 2016-09”), “Improvements to Employee Share-Based Payment Accounting.” The updated guidance changes how companies account for certain aspects of share-based payment awards to employees, including the accounting for income taxes, forfeitures, and statutory tax withholding requirements, as well as classification in the statement of cash flows. The guidance is effective for public business entities for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2016 and interim periods within those fiscal years. Early adoption is permitted. The Company adopted ASU 2016-09 as of January 1, 2016. ASU 2016-09 did not have a material impact on the Company's consolidated financial statements. Refer to the accompanying consolidated statements of cash flows for details on the impact of the reclassification of taxes paid on net-share settlements from operating to financing activities. On January 1, 2016, the Company adopted Accounting Standards Update 2015-16 (“ASU 2015-16”), “Simplifying the Accounting for Measurement-Period Adjustments.” Under the new guidance, the Company will no longer recognize a measurement-period adjustment retroactively in a business combination. Instead, measurement-period adjustments will be recognized during the period in which the amount of the adjustment is determined. The adoption of ASU 2015-16 did not have a material impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements. On January 1, 2016, the Company adopted Accounting Standards Update 2015-03 (“ASU 2015-03”), “Simplifying the Presentation of Debt Issuance Costs.” The impact of adopting ASU 2015-03 on the Company’s consolidated financial statements was the reclassification of deferred financing costs previously included in “other assets” to “secured mortgage, construction and bond debt”, “unsecured notes” and “unsecured term loans” within its consolidated balance sheets for all periods presented (see Note 7 ). Other than these reclassifications, the adoption of ASU 2015-03 did not have an impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements. On January 1, 2016, the Company adopted Accounting Standards Update 2015-02 (“ASU 2015-02”), “Amendments to the Consolidation Analysis.” The new guidance changed the analysis a reporting entity must perform to determine whether it should consolidate certain types of legal entities. The guidance did not amend the existing disclosure requirements for Variable Interest Entities (“VIEs”) or voting interest model entities. The guidance, however, modified the requirements to qualify under the voting interest model and eliminated the presumption that a general partner should consolidate a limited partnership. Under the revised guidance, ACCOP is determined to be a VIE. As ACCOP is already included in the consolidated financial statements of the Company, the identification of this entity as a VIE has no impact on its consolidated financial statements. There were no other legal entities qualifying under the scope of the revised guidance that were consolidated as a result of the adoption of this guidance. In addition, there were no other voting interest entities under prior existing guidance determined to be VIEs under the revised guidance. Interim Financial Statements The accompanying interim financial statements are unaudited, but have been prepared in accordance with GAAP for interim financial information and in conjunction with the rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission. Accordingly, they do not include all disclosures required by GAAP for complete financial statements. In the opinion of management, all adjustments (consisting solely of normal recurring matters) necessary for a fair presentation of the financial statements of the Company for these interim periods have been included. Because of the seasonal nature of the Company’s operations, the results of operations and cash flows for any interim period are not necessarily indicative of results for other interim periods or for the full year. These financial statements should be read in conjunction with the financial statements and the notes thereto included in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2015 . Use of Estimates The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, disclosures of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements, and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could differ from those estimates. Investments in Real Estate Investments in real estate are recorded at historical cost. Major improvements that extend the life of an asset are capitalized and depreciated over the remaining useful life of the asset. The cost of ordinary repairs and maintenance are charged to expense when incurred. Depreciation and amortization are recorded on a straight-line basis over the estimated useful lives of the assets as follows: Buildings and improvements 7-40 years Leasehold interest - on-campus participating properties 25-34 years (shorter of useful life or respective lease term) Furniture, fixtures and equipment 3-7 years Project costs directly associated with the development and construction of an owned real estate project, which include interest, property taxes, and amortization of deferred finance costs, are capitalized as construction in progress. Upon completion of the project, costs are transferred into the applicable asset category and depreciation commences. Interest totaling approximately $3.3 million and $2.8 million was capitalized during the three months ended September 30, 2016 and 2015 , respectively, and interest totaling approximately $9.0 million and $8.2 million was capitalized during the nine months ended September 30, 2016 and 2015 , respectively. Management assesses whether there has been an impairment in the value of the Company’s investments in real estate whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset may not be recoverable. Impairment is recognized when estimated expected future undiscounted cash flows are less than the carrying value of the property, or when a property meets the criteria to be classified as held for sale, at which time an impairment charge is recognized for any excess of the carrying value of the property over the expected net proceeds from the disposal. The estimation of expected future net cash flows is inherently uncertain and relies on assumptions regarding current and future economics and market conditions. If such conditions change, then an adjustment to the carrying value of the Company’s long-lived assets could occur in the future period in which the conditions change. To the extent that a property is impaired, the excess of the carrying amount of the property over its estimated fair value is charged to earnings. The Company believes that there were no impairment indicators of the carrying values of its investments in real estate as of September 30, 2016 . The Company allocates the purchase price of acquired properties to net tangible and identified intangible assets based on relative fair values. Fair value estimates are based on information obtained from a number of sources, including independent appraisals that may be obtained in connection with the acquisition or financing of the respective property, our own analysis of recently acquired and existing comparable properties in our portfolio, and other market data. Information obtained about each property as a result of due diligence, marketing and leasing activities is also considered. The value allocated to land is generally based on the actual purchase price if acquired separately, or market research/comparables if acquired as part of an existing operating property. The value allocated to building is based on the fair value determined on an “as-if vacant” basis, which is estimated using an income, or discounted cash flow, approach that relies upon internally determined assumptions that we believe are consistent with current market conditions for similar properties. The value allocated to furniture, fixtures, and equipment is based on an estimate of the fair value of the appliances and fixtures inside the units. We have determined these estimates to have been primarily based upon unobservable inputs and therefore are considered to be Level 3 inputs within the fair value hierarchy. We record the acquisition of undeveloped land parcels that do not meet the accounting criteria to be accounted for as business combinations at the purchase price paid and capitalize the associated acquisition costs. Pre-development Expenditures Pre-development expenditures such as architectural fees, permits and deposits associated with the pursuit of third-party and owned development projects are expensed as incurred, until such time that management believes it is probable that the contract will be executed and/or construction will commence. Because the Company frequently incurs these pre-development expenditures before a financing commitment and/or required permits and authorizations have been obtained, the Company bears the risk of loss of these pre-development expenditures if financing cannot ultimately be arranged on acceptable terms or the Company is unable to successfully obtain the required permits and authorizations. As such, management evaluates the status of third-party and owned projects that have not yet commenced construction on a periodic basis and expenses any deferred costs related to projects whose current status indicates the commencement of construction is unlikely and/or the costs may not provide future value to the Company in the form of revenues. Such write-offs are included in third-party development and management services expenses (in the case of third-party development projects) or general and administrative expenses (in the case of owned development projects) on the accompanying consolidated statements of comprehensive income. As of September 30, 2016 , the Company has deferred approximately $9.0 million in pre-development costs related to third-party and owned development projects that have not yet commenced construction. Such costs are included in other assets on the accompanying consolidated balance sheets. Earnings per Share – Company Basic earnings per share is computed using net income attributable to common stockholders and the weighted average number of shares of the Company’s common stock outstanding during the period. Diluted earnings per share reflects common shares issuable from the assumed conversion of American Campus Communities Operating Partnership Units (“OP Units”) and common share awards granted. Only those items having a dilutive impact on basic earnings per share are included in diluted earnings per share. The following potentially dilutive securities were outstanding for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2016 and 2015 , but were not included in the computation of diluted earnings per share because the effects of their inclusion would be anti-dilutive. Three Months Ended Nine Months Ended 2016 2015 2016 2015 Common OP Units (Note 9) 1,221,242 1,442,723 1,278,148 — Preferred OP Units (Note 9) 87,767 109,359 95,212 109,916 Total potentially dilutive securities 1,309,009 1,552,082 1,373,360 109,916 The following is a summary of the elements used in calculating basic and diluted earnings per share: Three Months Ended Nine Months Ended 2016 2015 2016 2015 Numerator – basic earnings per share: Net income $ 9,845 $ 2,016 $ 74,819 $ 89,201 Net income attributable to noncontrolling interests (201 ) (161 ) (1,150 ) (1,569 ) Net income attributable to common stockholders 9,644 1,855 73,669 87,632 Amount allocated to participating securities (329 ) (264 ) (1,051 ) (867 ) Net income attributable to common stockholders - basic $ 9,315 $ 1,591 $ 72,618 $ 86,765 Numerator – diluted earnings per share: Net income attributable to common shareholders - basic $ 9,315 $ 1,591 $ 72,618 $ 86,765 Income allocated to Common OP Units — — — 929 Net income attributable to common shareholders - diluted $ 9,315 $ 1,591 $ 72,618 $ 87,694 Denominator: Basic weighted average common shares outstanding 130,786,985 112,323,520 128,239,294 111,867,257 Unvested Restricted Stock Awards (Note 10) 781,386 656,688 795,107 688,997 Common OP units (Note 9) — — — 1,355,610 Diluted weighted average common shares outstanding 131,568,371 112,980,208 129,034,401 113,911,864 Earnings per share: Net income attributable to common stockholders - basic $ 0.07 $ 0.01 $ 0.57 $ 0.78 Net income attributable to common stockholders - diluted $ 0.07 $ 0.01 $ 0.56 $ 0.77 Earnings per Unit – Operating Partnership Basic earnings per OP Unit is computed using net income attributable to common unitholders and the weighted average number of common units outstanding during the period. Diluted earnings per OP Unit reflects the potential dilution that could occur if securities or other contracts to issue OP Units were exercised or converted into OP Units or resulted in the issuance of OP Units and then shared in the earnings of the Operating Partnership. The following is a summary of the elements used in calculating basic and diluted earnings per unit: Three Months Ended Nine Months Ended 2016 2015 2016 2015 Numerator – basic and diluted earnings per unit: Net income $ 9,845 $ 2,016 $ 74,819 $ 89,201 Net income attributable to noncontrolling interests – partially owned properties (77 ) (92 ) (285 ) (507 ) Series A preferred unit distributions (36 ) (44 ) (115 ) (132 ) Amount allocated to participating securities (329 ) (264 ) (1,051 ) (867 ) Net income attributable to common unitholders $ 9,403 $ 1,616 $ 73,368 $ 87,695 Denominator: Basic weighted average common units outstanding 132,008,227 113,766,243 129,517,442 113,222,867 Unvested Restricted Stock Awards (Note 10) 781,386 656,688 795,107 688,997 Diluted weighted average common units outstanding 132,789,613 114,422,931 130,312,549 113,911,864 Earnings per unit: Net income attributable to common unitholders - basic $ 0.07 $ 0.01 $ 0.57 $ 0.77 Net income attributable to common unitholders - diluted $ 0.07 $ 0.01 $ 0.56 $ 0.77 |