Filed Pursuant to Rule 424(b)(5)
Registration No. 333-192251
This prospectus supplement relates to an effective registration statement under the Securities Act of 1933 but is not complete and may be changed. This prospectus supplement is not an offer to sell the securities described herein and it is not soliciting an offer to buy such securities in any state where the offer or sale is not permitted.
Subject to Completion, dated May 18, 2015
PRELIMINARY PROSPECTUS SUPPLEMENT TO PROSPECTUS DATED DECEMBER 27, 2013
$150,000,000
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Common Stock
We are offering shares of our common stock, with an aggregate public offering size of approximately $150,000,000.
Our common stock is listed on the NYSE MKT under the symbol “EOX.” The last reported sale price of our common stock on the NYSE MKT on May 15, 2015 was $0.59 per share.
Subject to the approval of our stockholders, we intend to effect a 1-for-20 reverse stock split of our issued and outstanding shares of common stock (the “proposed reverse stock split”) prior to the closing of this offering. Unless otherwise indicated, the information in this prospectus supplement has not been adjusted to reflect the proposed reverse stock split. Additionally, there can be no assurance that we will be able to consummate the reverse stock split. See “Capitalization” on page S-21.
We have granted the underwriters an option to purchase up to additional shares of our common stock at the public offering price less underwriting discounts and commissions, with an aggregate public offering size of approximately $22,500,000.
Investing in our common stock involves risk. See “Risk Factors” beginning on page S-8 of this prospectus supplement and page 4 of the accompanying prospectus and in the documents incorporated by reference in this prospectus supplement.
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| | Price to Public | | Underwriting Discounts and Commissions* | | Proceeds to Emerald Oil, Inc. |
Per Share | | | $ | | | | $ | | | | $ | |
Total | | | $ | | | | $ | | | | $ | |
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| * | These amounts do not include up to $862,500 in structuring fees payable to Credit Suisse Securities (USA) LLC. We refer you to “Underwriting (Conflicts of Interest)” beginning on page S-27 of this prospectus supplement for additional information regarding underwriting and other compensation. |
Delivery of the shares of common stock is expected to be made on or about May , 2015 through the book-entry facilities of The Depository Trust Company.
Neither the Securities and Exchange Commission nor any state securities commission has approved or disapproved of these securities or determined if this prospectus supplement or the accompanying prospectus is truthful or complete. Any representation to the contrary is a criminal offense.
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Credit Suisse | | Johnson Rice & Company L.L.C. | | Barclays |
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Scotia Howard Weil | | GMP Securities |
The date of this prospectus supplement is , 2015.
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ABOUT THIS PROSPECTUS SUPPLEMENT
This document is in two parts. The first part is this prospectus supplement, which describes the specific terms of this offering. The second part, the accompanying prospectus, including the documents incorporated by reference, provides more general information regarding us and our common stock, some of which may not apply to this offering. The accompanying prospectus was filed as part of our registration statement on Form S-3 (registration no. 333-192251) with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”) which was declared effective on December 27, 2013, as part of a “shelf” registration process. Under the shelf registration process, we may offer to sell common stock, preferred stock, debt securities, warrants, and units, from time to time, in one or more offerings, up to a total dollar amount of $500,000,000. Generally, when we refer to this prospectus supplement, we are referring to both parts of this document combined. We urge you to carefully read this prospectus supplement, the information incorporated by reference, the accompanying prospectus, and any free writing prospectus that we authorize to be distributed to you before buying any of the securities being offered under this prospectus supplement. This prospectus supplement may supplement, update, or change information contained in the accompanying prospectus. To the extent that any statement we make in this prospectus supplement is inconsistent with statements made in the accompanying prospectus or any documents incorporated by reference herein or therein, the statements made in this prospectus supplement will be deemed to modify or supersede those made in the accompanying prospectus and such documents incorporated by reference herein and therein.
You should rely only on the information contained in or incorporated by reference in this prospectus supplement and the accompanying prospectus and in any written communication from us or the underwriter, including any free writing prospectus. We and the underwriters have not authorized any other person to provide you with additional or different information. We and the underwriters are not making an offer to sell these securities in any jurisdiction where the offer to sell is not permitted. You should not assume that the information provided by this prospectus supplement, the accompanying prospectus, or the documents incorporated by reference in this prospectus supplement and in the accompanying prospectus is accurate as of any date other than their respective dates. Our business, financial condition, results of operations, and prospects may have changed since those dates.
Before you invest in our common stock, you should carefully read the registration statement described in the accompanying prospectus (including the exhibits thereto) of which this prospectus supplement and the accompanying prospectus form a part, as well as this prospectus supplement, the accompanying prospectus, and the documents incorporated by reference into this prospectus supplement and the accompanying prospectus. The incorporated documents are described in this prospectus supplement and in the accompanying prospectus under “Information Incorporated by Reference” and “Where You Can Find More Information.”
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CAUTIONARY NOTE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS
This prospectus supplement and the accompanying prospectus includes, and the documents we incorporate by reference herein and therein contain, forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “Securities Act”), and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”). All statements other than statements of historical facts are forward-looking statements. Such statements can be identified by the use of forward-looking terminology such as “believe,” “expect,” “may,” “should,” “seek,” “plan,” “project,” “forecast,” “intend,” or “anticipate” or the negative thereof or comparable terminology, or by discussions of vision, strategy, or outlook, including statements related to our beliefs and intentions with respect to our growth strategy, including our expectations regarding our operational, exploration and development plans; our expectations regarding the nature and amount of our reserves, our production, cash flows and recoveries; the amount we may invest, the location, and the scale of the drilling projects in which we intend to participate; our beliefs with respect to the potential value of drilling projects; our beliefs with regard to the impact of environmental and other regulations on our business; our beliefs with respect to the strengths of our business model; our assumptions, beliefs, and expectations with respect to future market conditions; our plans for future capital expenditures; and our capital needs, the adequacy of our capital resources, and potential sources of capital. You are cautioned that our business and operations are subject to a variety of risks and uncertainties, many of which are beyond our control and, consequently, our actual results may differ materially from those projected by any forward-looking statements. You should consider carefully the risks discussed under the “Risk Factors” section of this prospectus supplement, as well as those described in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2014 and our quarterly report on Form 10-Q for the quarterly period ended March 31, 2015 and the other disclosures contained or incorporated by reference herein and therein, which describe factors that could cause our actual results to differ from those anticipated in the forward-looking statements, including, but not limited to, the following factors:
| • | our ability to consummate the Acquisition and to realize the expected benefits therefrom; |
| • | the impact of title and environmental due diligence on the value of the Delaware Basin Assets; |
| • | volatility in commodity prices for oil and natural gas; |
| • | our ability to successfully acquire additional properties, to discover reserves, to participate in exploration opportunities, and to identify and enter into commercial arrangements with customers; |
| • | unexpected difficulties in integrating our operations as a result of any significant acquisitions, including the Acquisition; |
| • | our ability to diversify our operations in terms of both the nature and geographic scope of our business; |
| • | our ability to generate sufficient cash flow from operations, borrowings, or other sources to enable us to fully develop our undeveloped acreage positions; |
| • | a redetermination of the borrowing base under our revolving credit facility; |
| • | competition, including competition for acreage in resource play areas; |
| • | our ability to retain key members of management; |
| • | our ability to replace oil and natural gas reserves; |
| • | drilling and operating risks; |
| • | exploration and development risks; |
| • | our lack of experience drilling and operating assets in the Delaware Basin; |
| • | the possibility that our industry may be subject to future regulatory or legislative actions (including any additional taxes and changes in environmental regulation); |
| • | the presence or recoverability of estimated oil and natural gas reserves and the actual future production rates and associated costs; |
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| • | ability to obtain permits and government approvals; |
| • | the timing of and our ability to obtain financing on acceptable terms; |
| • | substantial impairment write-downs; |
| • | effects of governmental regulation; |
| • | the possibility that general economic conditions, whether internationally, nationally, or in the regional and local market areas in which we do business, may be less favorable than expected, including the possibility that the economic conditions in the United States will worsen and that capital markets are disrupted, which could adversely affect demand for oil and natural gas and make it difficult to access financial markets; |
| • | the amount of our indebtedness and ability to maintain compliance with debt covenants; |
| • | effect of seasonal weather conditions and wildlife restrictions on our operations; |
| • | effect of local and regional factors on oil and natural gas prices; |
| • | our inability to control operations on properties we do not operate; and |
| • | other economic, competitive, governmental, legislative, regulatory, geopolitical, and technological factors that may negatively impact our business, operations, or pricing. |
We have based these forward-looking statements on our current expectations and assumptions about future events. While our management considers these expectations and assumptions to be reasonable, they are inherently subject to significant business, economic, competitive, regulatory, and other risks, contingencies, and uncertainties, most of which are difficult to predict and many of which are beyond our control. Accordingly, results actually achieved may differ materially from expected results in these statements. Forward-looking statements speak only as of the date they are made. We do not undertake, and specifically disclaim, any obligation to update any forward-looking statements to reflect events or circumstances occurring after the date of such statements, other than as may be required by applicable law or regulation. Readers are urged not to place undue reliance on these forward-looking statements. Readers are also urged to carefully review and consider the various disclosures made by us in our reports filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”), which attempt to advise interested parties of the risks and factors that may affect our business, financial condition, results of operations, and cash flows. If one or more of these risks or uncertainties materialize, or if the underlying assumptions prove incorrect, our actual results may vary materially from those expected or projected.
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PROSPECTUS SUPPLEMENT SUMMARY
This summary provides a brief overview of information contained elsewhere in or incorporated by reference into this prospectus supplement and the accompanying prospectus. Because it is abbreviated, this summary does not contain all of the information that you should consider before investing in our common stock. You should carefully read this entire prospectus supplement, the accompanying prospectus, and any free writing prospectus distributed by us before making an investment decision, including the information presented under the headings “Risk Factors” and “Cautionary Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements” in this prospectus supplement and the financial statements and other information incorporated by reference into this prospectus supplement and the accompanying prospectus. In this prospectus supplement, unless the context otherwise requires, the terms “we,” “us,” “our,” and the “company” refer to Emerald Oil, Inc. and its subsidiaries.
Subject to the approval of our stockholders, we intend to effect a 1-for-20 reverse stock split of our issued and outstanding shares of common stock (the “proposed reverse stock split”) prior to the closing of this offering. Unless otherwise indicated, the information in this prospectus supplement has not been adjusted to reflect the proposed reverse stock split and assumes that the underwriters will not exercise their option to purchase additional shares of our common stock.
Overview
We are a Denver-based independent exploration and production company that is focused on acquiring acreage and developing wells in the Williston Basin of North Dakota and Montana. We believe the location, size and concentration of our acreage in our core project areas create an opportunity for us to achieve cost, recovery and production efficiencies through the large-scale development of our project inventory.
As of March 31, 2015, we had approximately 122,000 net acres in the Williston Basin. We operate approximately 98,000 net acres, or 80% of our total net acreage. We have identified approximately 890 net potential drilling locations on this acreage prospective for oil in the Bakken, Three Forks and Pronghorn Sand formations, based on industry accepted well downspacing assumptions.
Our acreage holdings are comprised of the operating areas below:
| • | 72,000 net acres in the Low Rider area of McKenzie County, North Dakota; |
| • | 8,000 net acres in the Richland area of Richland County, Montana; |
| • | 6,000 net acres in the Pronghorn Sand formation in Stark and Billings Counties, North Dakota in the core of the Pronghorn field; and |
| • | 36,000 net acres in the Lewis & Clark area of McKenzie County, North Dakota, south of the Low Rider area. |
Acquisition of Delaware Basin Assets
On May 11, 2015, we entered into a purchase and sale agreement (the “Purchase and Sale Agreement”) with Yates Petroleum Corporation to acquire oil and natural gas leaseholds in the Delaware Basin in southeastern New Mexico for a purchase price of approximately $75.2 million, subject to customary closing conditions. We refer to the assets to be acquired as the “Delaware Basin Assets” and the transaction as the “Acquisition.”
The Delaware Basin Assets consist of approximately 10,746 net (12,901 gross) acres located in Eddy and Lea counties in New Mexico. The Delaware Basin Assets consist of nonproducing acreage that we believe to be prospective for the Avalon, Bone Spring and Wolfcamp formations based on available geologic data and well results of offset operators. We intend to be the operator all of the assets to be acquired in the Acquisition.
The Purchase and Sale Agreement contains customary conditions to closing, including, but not limited to, title and environmental due diligence. We expect the Acquisition to close on or before May 28, 2015, with an effective date of April 20, 2015; however, there can be no assurance that all of the conditions to closing the Acquisition will be satisfied or that the Acquisition will be consummated on the terms described herein, or at all.
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Our Business Strategies
Our goal is to increase stockholder value by growing production, cash flows, estimated proved reserves and our leasehold position to generate attractive rates of return on capital. Key elements of our business strategies include:
| • | Expansion into the Delaware Basin. If the Acquisition successfully closes, then we intend to expand our operations into a new basin. This will provide us (i) additional diversity in our asset base in another unconventional resource play, (ii) an extensive drilling inventory based on available geologic data, well results from offset operators and industry-accepted downspacing assumptions and (iii) an increase in our production volumes once we successfully drill and complete wells in the area. As a result of current commodity prices, we intend to concentrate a significant portion of our planned remaining 2015 capital expenditures to drill oil and natural gas wells in the Delaware Basin. We believe the Delaware Basin Assets will provide attractive economics based on the results of offset operators and a base from which we can build a substantial development program. Furthermore, we believe these assets are prospective for multiple oil and liquids-rich stacked pay zones across the acreage and have the potential for further down-spacing. |
| • | Continue to Develop Our Williston Basin Leasehold Position. We intend to continue developing our acreage position in the Williston Basin in order to maximize the value of our existing assets. Due to the results from our operated producing wells to date and current commodity prices, we intend to continue drilling in the Williston Basin in 2015 with a variable one-rig drilling program, which rig will be held on standby while it is not drilling. We believe that our experience in the application of advanced drilling and completion techniques along with modern fracture stimulation design provide us with a competitive advantage in developing our approximate 122,000 net acres prospective in the Bakken, Three Forks and Pronghorn Sand formations. |
| • | Retain Operational Control. In our principal development targets, we seek to maintain operational control of our development and drilling activities. As operator of approximately 80% of our net acreage in the Williston Basin, we retain more control over the timing, selection and process of drilling prospects and completion design, which enhances our ability to maximize our return on invested capital and gives us greater control over the timing, allocation and amounts of our capital expenditures. Retaining operational control also gives us the ability to control the financing, construction and operation of infrastructure related to our production operations. We intend to retain operational control of the Delaware Basin Assets, which will be consistent with our philosophy of acquiring and holding high working interest, operated properties. |
| • | Adopt and Employ Leading Drilling and Completion Techniques. Our management team is focused on enhancing our drilling and completion techniques to maximize overall well economics. We continuously evaluate our internal drilling and completion results and monitor the results of other operators to improve our operating practices. We believe this continued evolution will continue to enhance our initial production rates, ultimate recovery factors and rates of return on invested capital. |
| • | Evaluate and Pursue Strategic Acquisitions in the Delaware Basin. We intend to evaluate both asset and corporate acquisition opportunities and will focus on acquiring additional acreage and producing assets in the Delaware Basin in areas near the Delaware Basin Assets. By acquiring additional assets in the Delaware Basin, we intend to maximize the efficiency of our drilling and exploration activities, and further leverage the knowledge and experience we expect to gain from operating the Delaware Basin Assets. We believe this will provide us with the opportunity to capture economies of scale, including by implementing multiple well pad drilling, thereby reducing the time and cost of rig mobilization. |
| • | Maintain Financial Liquidity and Capacity to Capitalize on Growth Opportunities. We are committed to maintaining a conservative financial strategy by managing our liquidity position and leverage levels. As of May 15, 2015, we had $149.7 million in outstanding borrowings under our revolving credit facility. Upon the completion of this offering, we expect to have approximately $139 million of liquidity available, including approximately $5 million in unrestricted cash and |
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| | short-term investments and $134 million available under our revolving credit facility. While we expect the borrowing capacity available under our revolving credit facility to be reduced if commodity prices do not improve, we expect that our liquidity position, including borrowing capacity expected under our revolving credit facility, along with internally generated cash flows, will provide adequate financial flexibility as we continue to develop our acreage position in the Delaware Basin and the Williston Basin. |
Our Competitive Strengths
We believe the following competitive strengths will help us successfully execute our business strategies:
| • | Substantial Leasehold Position with Multi-Year Inventory of Identified Drilling Locations in the Williston Basin, Targeting the Bakken, Three Forks and Pronghorn Sand Formations, and in the Delaware Basin, Targeting the Avalon, Bone Spring and Wolfcamp Formations. We have assembled approximately 122,000 net acres in the oil-producing core of the Williston Basin. We have identified an inventory of approximately 890 net potential drilling locations across our acreage position. We expect that the scale and concentration of our acreage will enable us to lower our drilling and completion costs and leverage operational efficiencies. The Delaware Basin Assets to be acquired will provide us with an additional 10,746 net acres, which we believe, based on available geologic data and the results of offset operators, are prospective for oil. We have identified approximately 400 potential drilling locations across the Delaware Basin Assets. |
| • | Oil-Weighted Reserves. As of December 31, 2014, approximately 86% of our 26.3 MMBoe net proved reserves were comprised of oil, with a vast majority of our natural gas reserves coming from associated natural gas. |
| • | High Degree of Operational Control. We are the operator of approximately 80% of our Williston Basin acreage and expect to be the operator of substantially all of the assets to be acquired in the Delaware Basin. This operating control allows us to better execute on our strategies of enhancing returns through operational and cost efficiencies and increasing ultimate hydrocarbon recovery by seeking to continually improve our drilling techniques, completion methodologies and reservoir evaluation processes. Additionally, as the operator of a significant majority of our acreage, we retain the ability to adjust our capital expenditures based on prevailing commodity prices. This operational control also enables us to obtain data needed for efficient exploration of horizontal prospects. |
| • | Experienced Management Team with Proven Operational, Technical and Financial Expertise. Our management team has extensive expertise in all areas of the oil and gas industry. Our operational and technical teams have an average of more than 20 years of industry experience in multiple North American resource plays. We believe our management and technical team is one of our principal competitive strengths due to our team’s proven track record in the identification, acquisition and execution of resource conversion opportunities. In addition, our technical team possesses substantial expertise in horizontal and vertical drilling techniques and acquiring and managing large development programs in multiple unconventional shale plays in North America. |
Area of Operation
Our Williston Basin acreage is located primarily in McKenzie, Billings and Stark Counties of North Dakota and Richland County of Montana. Our primary geologic target is the Bakken Pool where our primary objective is the dolomitic, sandy interval between the two Bakken Shales at an approximate vertical depth of 10,600 to 11,300 feet and the Three Forks that is present immediately below the lower Bakken Shale. We also target the Pronghorn Sand formation, located primarily in Billings and Stark Counties of North Dakota and run along the Bakken shale pinch-out in the southern Williston Basin. Our operations are in an area that we believe has high reservoir pressure and a high degree of thermal maturity, which is prospective for both the Middle Bakken and multiple benches within the Three Forks.
If the Acquisition successfully closes, we will be entering a new operating area located in the Permian Basin region of Southeast New Mexico, a large onshore oil and natural gas basin in the United States. The Permian Basin is one of the most prolific oil and natural gas producing regions in the United States and is characterized by an extensive production history, long reserve life, multiple producing horizons and enhanced
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recovery potential. More recently, the Permian Basin has experienced a resurgence in primary drilling activity related to horizontal “unconventional” targets, primarily in the Delaware and Midland Basins. We plan to use horizontal drilling and technology to target the Bone Spring formation (including the Avalon shale and the Bone Spring sands) and the Wolfcamp shale formation. We intend to grow our reserves and production through development drilling and exploration activities on our multi-year project inventory and through additional acquisitions that meet our strategic and financial objectives.
Recent Developments
2015 Capital Development Plan
In December 2014, management decided to reduce the 2015 development program because of the reduced commodity price environment. We released two of our three operated rigs in December 2014. Our 2015 production and capital expenditure estimates are currently based upon a variable one-rig drilling program in the Williston Basin and a variable one-rig drilling program in the Delaware Basin.
We plan to drill and complete a total of 7.5 net wells across our Bakken acreage over the next twelve months, four of which are expected to be spud before the end of the second quarter of 2015, and a fifth well expected to be spud in the second half of 2015. The one rig will be held on standby during 2015 while it is not drilling. In our Low Rider operated area in McKenzie County, North Dakota, we have a current inventory of nine wells remaining to be completed over the remainder of 2015. If the Acquisition successfully closes, we plan to commence drilling operations in the Delaware Basin in the third quarter of 2015, with plans to drill 5.0 net operated horizontal wells. We may add additional wells to our 2015 development schedule if commodity prices improve.
Upon completion of this offering and the closing of the Acquisition, we plan to increase our 2015 capital expenditures budget for 2015 from $75 million to between $85 and $109 million, with the increase being attributed to the planned 5.0 net well program in the Delaware Basin. We expect to fund our 2015 capital program through existing cash on hand, our expected cash flows from operations, proceeds from this offering and borrowing capacity expected to be available under our revolving credit facility after giving effect to the use of proceeds of this offering as described under “Use of Proceeds.”
Credit Facility Amendment
In April 2015, we completed the semi-annual borrowing base redetermination of our revolving credit facility. As a result, we entered into an amendment to our credit agreement with Wells Fargo Bank, N.A., which decreased our borrowing base from $250.0 million to $200.0 million. As of May 15, 2015, we had $149.7 million of borrowings outstanding under our revolving credit facility and, upon completion of this offering, expect to have approximately $66 million of borrowings outstanding under our revolving credit facility.
The borrowing base under our revolving credit facility is subject to a semi-annual redetermination in October 2015 and may be subject to additional redeterminations from time to time. If current low commodity prices persist at the time of the next redetermination, we anticipate that our lenders may further decrease our borrowing base, although the extent of any such reduction cannot be determined at this time.
Proposed Amendment to Certificate of Incorporation
In our Proxy Statement filed with the Commission on April 24, 2015, we, as directed by our Board of Directors, proposed (amongst other things) to our stockholders that they consider and vote upon a proposal to approve an amendment to our Certificate of Incorporation to effect a 1-for-20 reverse stock split of our common stock. The annual meeting of stockholders is scheduled to be held on May 20, 2015. There can be no assurance that our stockholders will vote to approve this amendment.
Hedging Profile
On April 7, 2015, we entered into put option contracts for oil volumes produced in May 2015 through December 2016, whereby premiums are paid monthly throughout the life of the contracts. Further details on the option contracts are provided in the table below.
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Settlement Period | | Daily Volume Oil (Bbls) | | Put Option Fixed Price Per Bbl | | Total Volume (Bbls) | | Premium Paid Per Bbl | | Total Premiums Due |
May 2015 – December 2015 | | | 4,000 | | | $ | 55.00 | | | | 980,000 | | | $ | 4.88 | | | $ | 4,782,400 | |
January 2016 – December 2016 | | | 3,000 | | | $ | 60.00 | | | | 1,098,000 | | | $ | 7.54 | | | $ | 8,278,920 | |
Corporate Information
Our principal executive offices are located at 1600 Broadway, Suite 1360, Denver, Colorado 80202, our telephone number at these offices is (303) 595-5600 and our website iswww.emeraldoil.com. Information contained on or accessible through our website is not incorporated by reference into or otherwise a part of this prospectus supplement or the accompanying prospectus.
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THE OFFERING
Common stock offered by us | | |
| | shares, or shares if the underwriters exercise their option to purchase additional shares of our common stock in full. |
Common stock outstanding immediately after this offering | | |
| | shares, or shares if the underwriters exercise their option to purchase additional shares of our common stock in full. |
| | We estimate that our net proceeds from this offering will be approximately $141.5 million after deducting underwriting discounts and commissions and estimated offering expenses, or approximately $162.8 million if the underwriters’ option to purchase additional shares is exercised in full. |
| | We intend to use the net proceeds from this offering to fund the consideration for the Acquisition and to use the remaining proceeds for working capital and general corporate purposes. Prior to these uses, however, we may use some or all of the net proceeds from this offering to repay borrowings under our revolving credit facility. We may at any time reborrow amounts repaid under this facility. See “Use of Proceeds.” |
| | Because affiliates of Credit Suisse Securities (USA) LLC, Barclays Capital Inc. and Scotia Capital (USA) Inc. are lenders under our revolving credit facility and will each receive 5% or more of the net proceeds of this offering due to the repayment of borrowings under this facility, each of Credit Suisse Securities (USA) LLC, Barclays Capital Inc. and Scotia Capital (USA) Inc. is deemed to have a conflict of interest within the meaning of Rule 5121 of the Financial Industry Regulatory Authority, Inc. (“FINRA”). Accordingly, this offering will be conducted in accordance with Rule 5121, which requires, among other things, that a “qualified independent underwriter” participate in the preparation of, and exercise the usual standards of “due diligence” with respect to, the registration statement and this prospectus. Johnson Rice & Company L.L.C. has agreed to act as a qualified independent underwriter for this offering and to undertake the legal responsibilities and liabilities of an underwriter under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “Securities Act”), specifically including those inherent in Section 11 thereof. Johnson Rice & Company L.L.C. will not receive any additional fees for serving as a qualified independent underwriter in connection with this offering. We have agreed to indemnify Johnson Rice & Company L.L.C. against liabilities incurred in connection with acting as a qualified independent underwriter, including liabilities under the Securities Act. See “Underwriting (Conflicts of Interest).” |
| | We have not declared or paid any cash or other dividends on our common stock, and do not expect to declare or pay any cash or other dividends on our common stock in the foreseeable future. |
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| | You should consider carefully the risks discussed under the “Risk Factors” beginning on page S-8 of this prospectus supplement, as well as those described in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2014 and in our quarterly report on Form 10-Q for the quarterly period ended March 31, 2015, and the other disclosures contained or incorporated by reference herein and therein. |
Proposed reverse stock split | | |
| | On December 22, 2014, our Board of Directors approved, subject to stockholder approval, a 1-for-20 reverse stock split of our issued and outstanding shares of common stock reverse split of our common stock (the “proposed reverse stock split”). We intend to effectuate the proposed reverse stock split prior to the closing of this offering, subject to the approval by our stockholders of the proposed reverse stock split. Unless otherwise indicated, the information in this prospectus supplement has not been adjusted to reflect the proposed reverse stock split. |
The number of shares to be outstanding after this offering is based on 110,814,458 shares of our common stock outstanding as of May 15, 2015, does not take into account the proposed reverse stock split and excludes 8,676,727 shares that may be issued pursuant to outstanding stock options, warrants and restricted stock units, 17,264,957 shares that may be issued upon the conversion of our 2.00% Convertible Senior Notes and 1,141,586 shares available for issuance under our 2011 Equity Incentive Plan or 11,141,586 shares available for issuance under our 2011 Equity Incentive Plan if our stockholders approve a pending amendment and restatement of our 2011 Equity Incentive Plan to authorize an additional 10,000,000 shares available for issuance under the 2011 Equity Incentive Plan. The exercise price of the warrant to purchase 5,114,633 shares of our common stock held by affiliates of White Deer Energy L.P. is subject to adjustment in the event we issue common stock at a price lower than the exercise price of the warrant, which is currently $1.34 per share. Assuming an offering price of $0.59 per share, which is the last reported sales price of our common stock on the NYSE MKT on May 15, 2015, the exercise price of the warrant would be reduced to $0.95 per share as a result of this offering. The number of shares issuable upon the exercise of the warrant will be adjusted for the proposed reverse stock split.
Following the consummation of the proposed reverse stock split and the completion of this offering and assuming an offering price of $0.59 per share, which is the last reported sales price of our common stock on the NYSE MKT on May 15, 2015, we will have approximately 18,040,723 shares outstanding, or approximately 19,947,503 shares outstanding if the underwriters exercise their option to purchase additional shares of our common stock in full.
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RISK FACTORS
An investment in our common stock involves risks. You should carefully consider the following risk factors and the risk factors contained in the accompanying prospectus and all other information contained in this prospectus supplement, the accompanying prospectus, and the documents incorporated herein and therein by reference in evaluating our business and prospects. The risks and uncertainties described in this prospectus supplement, the accompanying prospectus and the documents incorporated herein and therein by reference are not the only ones we face. Additional risks and uncertainties, other than those we describe in this prospectus supplement, the accompanying prospectus, and the documents incorporated herein and therein by reference, that are not presently known to us or that we currently believe are immaterial, may also impair our business operations. If any of those risks occur, our business, financial condition, and results of operations could be harmed.
Risks Related to the Company
Prices and markets for oil and natural gas are unpredictable and tend to fluctuate significantly, and continued depressed prices may significantly and adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations.
Our revenue, profitability and cash flows depend upon the prices for oil and natural gas. The prices we receive for oil and natural gas production are volatile and a decrease in prices can significantly affect our financial results and impede our growth, including our ability to maintain or increase our borrowing capacity, to repay current or future indebtedness and to obtain additional capital on attractive terms.
Historically, world-wide oil and natural gas prices and markets have been volatile, and may continue to be volatile in the future. In particular, the prices of oil and natural gas were highly volatile in 2014 and throughout the first quarter of 2015 and declined dramatically, particularly in the past nine months. For example, during 2014 and the first quarter of 2015, based on NYMEX pricing, the price for a barrel of oil ranged from a high of $105.15 to a low of $44.03 and the price for an MMbtu of natural gas ranged from a high of $5.16 to a low of $2.62. As of May 15, 2015, the price for a barrel of oil was $59.69 and the price per MMBtu of natural gas was $3.02.
Continued depressed oil and natural gas prices, further price declines or any other unfavorable market conditions could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and on the carrying value of our proved reserves. The average realized price, excluding hedge settlements, at which we sold in 2014 was $79.54 per barrel compared to $90.58 per barrel in 2013, and $85.16 per barrel in 2012. Because the oil price we are required to use pursuant to SEC guidelines to estimate our future net cash flows is the average price over the twelve months prior to the date of determination of future net cash flows, the full effect of falling prices will not be reflected in our estimated net cash flows for several quarters. We review the carrying value of our properties on a quarterly basis and once incurred, a write-down in the carrying value of our properties is not reversible at a later date, even if prices increase.
Oil and natural gas are commodities, the prices of which are determined based on world demand, supply and other factors, all of which are beyond our control. These factors include:
| • | the domestic and foreign supply of oil and natural gas; |
| • | the current level of prices and expectations about future prices of oil and natural gas; |
| • | the level of global oil and natural gas exploration and production; |
| • | the cost of exploring for, developing, producing and delivering oil and natural gas; |
| • | the price of foreign oil and natural gas imports; |
| • | political and economic conditions in oil producing regions, including the Middle East, Africa, South America and Russia; |
| • | the ability of members of the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries to agree to and maintain oil price and production controls; |
| • | speculative trading in oil and natural gas derivative contracts; |
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| • | the level of consumer product demand; |
| • | weather conditions and other natural disasters; |
| • | risks associated with operating drilling rigs; |
| • | technological advances affecting energy consumption; |
| • | domestic and foreign governmental regulations and taxes; |
| • | the continued threat of terrorism and the impact of military and other action, including U.S. military operations in the Middle East; |
| • | the availability, proximity and capacity of oil and natural gas transportation, processing, storage and refining facilities; |
| • | the price and availability of alternative fuels; and |
| • | overall domestic and global economic conditions. |
Further, world prices for oil and natural gas have fluctuated widely in recent years, and we expect that prices will fluctuate in the future. Price fluctuations will have a significant impact upon our revenue, the return from our reserves and on our financial condition generally. Price fluctuations for oil and natural gas commodities may also impact the investment market for companies engaged in the oil and natural gas industry. Prices may not remain at current levels. Decreases in the prices of oil and natural gas may have a material adverse effect on our financial condition, the future results of our operations and quantities of reserves recoverable on an economic basis. A significant decrease in oil and natural gas prices could also adversely impact our ability to raise additional capital to pursue future drilling activities.
Lower oil and natural gas prices have reduced and may further reduce the amount of oil and natural gas that we can produce economically and may cause the value of our proved reserves at future reporting dates to decline. Specifically, a decline in the value of our reserves may reduce the borrowing base available to us under our senior secured revolving credit facility, and, should the value of our reserves decline below our recorded costs as measured by the ceiling test, we would be required to record a non-cash impairment charge in our financial statements. Additionally, an extended decline in commodity process could lead us to reduce our 2015 capital expenditure budget and scale back our exploration and development activities.
The present value of future net cash flows from our proved reserves is not necessarily the same as the current market value of our estimated proved reserves.
You should not construe our estimate of PV-10 as the current market value of the estimated oil and natural gas reserves attributable to our properties. We have calculated the estimated discounted future net cash flows in accordance with SEC methodology, using the unweighted arithmetic average of the first-of-the-month price for oil and natural gas for the preceding 12-month period, whereas current prices are, and future prices may continue to be, materially lower. Many factors will affect actual future net cash flow, including:
| • | prices of oil and natural gas; |
| • | the amount and timing of actual production; |
| • | the cost, timing and success in developing proved undeveloped reserves; |
| • | supply and demand for oil and natural gas; |
| • | curtailments or increases in consumption by oil and natural gas purchasers; and |
| • | changes in governmental regulations or taxation. |
The timing of both our production and our incurrence of expenses in connection with the development and production of oil and natural gas properties will affect the timing of actual future net cash flows from proved reserves, and thus their actual present value. In addition, the 10% discount factor we use when calculating discounted future net cash flows may not be the most appropriate discount factor based on interest rates in effect from time to time and risks associated with us or the oil and natural gas industry in general.
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Any material inaccuracies in these reserve estimates or underlying assumptions will materially affect the quantities and present value of our reserves, which could adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition.
At December 31, 2014, the PV-10 value of our proved reserves, using mandated SEC pricing, totaled approximately $535 million. Due to the decrease in commodity prices in the last nine months, the current market value of the estimated oil and natural gas reserves attributed to our properties may be materially lower.
We are exposed to fluctuations in the price of oil and natural gas, and our hedging program may be inadequate to protect us against continuing and prolonged declines in the price of oil and natural gas.
As of May 15, 2015, we had commodity price derivative agreements on approximately 4,000 Bbls/d of oil hedged with fixed price swaps through the end of 2016. These hedges may be inadequate to protect us from continuing and prolonged decline in the price of oil and natural gas. To the extent that the prices of oil and natural gas remain at current levels or decline further, we will not be able to hedge future production at the same level as our current hedges and our results of operations and financial condition would be negatively impacted.
Lower oil and natural gas prices, decreases in value of undeveloped acreage, lease expirations and material changes to our plans of development may cause us to record ceiling test write-downs.
We use the full cost method of accounting to account for our oil and natural gas operations. Accordingly, we capitalize the cost to acquire, explore for and develop oil and natural gas properties. Under full cost accounting rules, the net capitalized costs of oil and natural gas properties may not exceed a “full cost ceiling” which is based upon the present value of estimated future net cash flows from proved reserves, including the effect of hedges in place, discounted at 10%, plus the lower of cost or fair market value of unproved properties. If at the end of any fiscal period we determine that the net capitalized costs of oil and natural gas properties exceed the full cost ceiling, we must charge the amount of the excess to earnings in the period then ended. This is called a “ceiling test write-down.” This charge does not impact cash flow from operating activities, but does reduce our net income and stockholders’ equity. We may recognize write-downs in the future if commodity prices decline or if we experience substantial downward adjustments to our estimated proved reserves.
As a result of currently prevailing low commodity prices and their effect on the proved reserve values of properties we acquired during 2014, we recorded a non-cash ceiling test impairment for the 2015 first quarter, as reflected in our financial statements for the three months ended March 31, 2015. The impairment charge affected our reported net income but did not reduce our cash flow. Continued write downs of oil and natural gas properties may occur until such time as commodity prices have recovered, and remain at recovered levels, so as to meaningfully increase the trailing 12-month average price used in the ceiling calculation. In addition to commodity prices, our production rates, levels of proved reserves, future development costs, transfers of unevaluated properties and other factors will determine our actual ceiling test calculation and impairment analyses in future periods.
The Williston Basin oil price differential could have adverse impacts on our revenues.
Generally, oil produced from the Bakken formation in North Dakota is high quality (characterized by an American Petroleum Institute gravity, or API gravity, between 36 to 44 degrees, which is comparable to West Texas Intermediate, or WTI, oil). However, due to takeaway constraints, oil prices in the Williston Basin ranged from $6.00 to $17.00 less per Bbl than prices for other areas in the United States during 2014. This discount, or differential, may widen in the future, which would reduce the price we would receive for our production.
Drilling and completion costs for the wells we drill in the Williston Basin are comparable to other areas where there is no price differential. As a result of this reverse leverage effect, a significant, prolonged downturn in oil prices on a national basis could result in a ceiling limitation write-down of the oil and natural gas properties we hold. Such a price downturn also could reduce cash flow from our Williston Basin properties and adversely impact our ability to participate fully in other drilling. Our production in other areas could also be affected by adverse changes in differentials. In addition, changes in differentials could make it more difficult for us to effectively hedge our exposure to changes in commodity prices.
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We plan to devote a substantial portion of our near term capital investments in the development of the Delaware Basin Assets.
Upon completion of the Acquisition, we intend to devote a substantial portion of our near term capital expenditures on drilling and completion activity (including facilities and infrastructure) in the Delaware Basin. The results of these investments may not prove as attractive as we anticipate, and the concentration of such funding and activity in the Delaware Basin will divert those resources from use to further develop our other properties. There can be no assurance that these investments will generate any specific return on investment.
We may not be able to drill wells on a substantial portion of our acreage.
We may not be able to drill on a substantial portion of our acreage for various reasons. We may not generate or be able to raise sufficient capital to do so. Future deterioration in commodities pricing may also make drilling some acreage uneconomic. Our actual drilling activities and future drilling budget will depend on drilling results, oil and natural gas prices, the availability and cost of capital, drilling and production costs, availability of drilling services and equipment, lease expirations, gathering system and pipeline transportation constraints, regulatory approvals and other factors. In addition, any drilling activities we are able to conduct may not be successful or add additional proved reserves to our overall proved reserves, which could have a material adverse effect on our future business, financial condition and results of operations.
Certain of our undeveloped leasehold acreage is subject to leases that will expire over the next several years unless production is established on units containing the acreage.
A large portion of our acreage is not currently held by production. Unless production in paying quantities is established on units containing these leases during their terms, these leases will expire. If our leases expire, we will lose our right to develop the related properties. In addition, because of our concerns regarding the effect that continued deterioration in commodity prices could have on the economics of drilling our Bakken acreage, we have reduced our planned drilling activity on this acreage to 7.5 net wells in 2015. To the extent we are unable to begin production in paying quantities on the acreage whose applicable lease is scheduled to expire in 2015, those leases will expire. Approximately 15% of our acreage in the Bakken is scheduled to expire in 2015. Our drilling plans for these areas are subject to change based upon various factors, many of which are beyond our control, including drilling results, oil and natural gas prices, the availability and cost of capital, drilling and production costs, availability of drilling services and equipment, gathering system and pipeline transportation constraints, and regulatory approvals. Further, some of our acreage is located in sections where we do not hold the majority of the acreage and therefore it is likely that we will not be named operator of these sections. On our acreage that we do not operate, we have less control over the timing of drilling and there is therefore additional risk of expirations occurring in those sections.
Our ability to sell our production and/or receive market prices for our production may be adversely affected by transportation capacity constraints and interruptions.
If the amount of oil or natural gas being produced by us and others exceeds the capacity of the various transportation pipelines and gathering systems currently available in our operating areas, it will be necessary for new transportation pipelines and gathering systems to be built. In the case of oil and condensate, it may be necessary for us to rely more heavily on trucks to transport our production, which is more expensive and less efficient than transportation via pipeline. Currently, we anticipate that additional pipeline capacity will be required in the Williston Basin to transport oil and condensate production, which increased substantially during 2014 and is expected to continue to increase. The construction of new pipelines and gathering systems is capital intensive and construction may be postponed, interrupted or cancelled in response to changing economic conditions and the availability and cost of capital. In addition, capital constraints could limit our ability to build gathering systems to transport our production to transportation pipelines. In such event, costs to transport our production may increase materially or we might have to shut in our wells awaiting a pipeline connection or capacity and/or sell our production at much lower prices than market or than we currently project, which would adversely affect our results of operations. A portion of our production may also be interrupted, or shut in, from time to time for numerous other reasons, including as a result of weather conditions, accidents, loss of pipeline or gathering system access, field labor issues or strikes, or we might voluntarily curtail production in response to market conditions.
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If we are not able to generate sufficient funds from our operations and other financing sources, we may not be able to finance our planned development activity, acquisitions or service our debt.
We have been dependent on debt and equity financing to fund our cash needs that are not funded from operations or the sale of assets, and we will continue to incur additional indebtedness to fund our operations. Low commodity prices, production problems, disappointing drilling results and other factors beyond our control could reduce our funds from operations and may restrict our ability to obtain additional financing or to pay interest and principal on our debt obligations. Furthermore, we have incurred losses in the past that may affect our ability to obtain financing. Quantifying or predicting the likelihood of any or all of these occurring is difficult in the current domestic and world economy. For these reasons, financing may not be available to us in the future on acceptable terms or at all. In the event additional capital is required but not available on acceptable terms, we would curtail our acquisition, drilling, development and other activities or could be forced to sell some of our assets on an untimely or unfavorable basis.
We may be subject to a redetermination of the borrowing base under our revolving credit facility and we may be unable to obtain additional capital that we will require to implement our business plan, which could restrict our ability to grow.
Our revolving credit facility limits our borrowings to the lesser of the borrowing base and the total commitments. Our borrowing base was $250.0 million as of March 31, 2015, and in connection with a redetermination in April 2015, our borrowing base was reduced to $200.0 million. Our borrowing base is determined semi-annually, and may also be redetermined at the election of us or the banks between the scheduled redeterminations. Lower oil and natural gas prices may result in a reduction in our borrowing base at the next redetermination, which is scheduled to occur in October 2015.
We would anticipate prolonged depression of pricing may equate to decreases in our borrowing base, which may or may not be offset by increases in production. Further, as a general rule, we experience a significant lag time between the initial cash outlay on the development of a prospect and the inclusion of any value for such prospect in the borrowing base. Until a well is on production, the banks may assign only a minimal borrowing base value to the well, and cash flows from the well are not available to fund our operating expense. Delays in bringing wells on production may reduce the borrowing base significantly, depending on the amounts borrowed and the length of the delays.
A reduction in our borrowing base could require us to repay any indebtedness in excess of the borrowing base. As a result, we may be unable to implement our drilling and development plan, make acquisitions or otherwise carry out our business plans, which would materially and adversely impact our financial condition and results of operations and impair our ability to service our indebtedness. Additionally, our revolving credit facility contains covenants limiting our ability to incur additional indebtedness and requiring us to maintain certain financial ratios.
Future acquisitions and future exploration, development, production and marketing activities, as well as our administrative requirements (such as salaries, insurance expenses and general overhead expenses, as well as legal compliance costs and accounting expenses) will require a substantial amount of capital and cash flow.
We may pursue sources of additional capital through various financing transactions or arrangements, including joint venturing of projects, debt financing, equity financing or other means. We may not be successful in identifying suitable financing transactions in the time period required or at all, and we may not obtain the capital we require by other means. If we do not succeed in raising additional capital, our resources may not be sufficient to fund our operations in the future.
Any additional capital raised through the sale of equity will dilute the ownership percentage of our stockholders. Raising any such capital could also result in a decrease in the fair market value of our equity securities because our assets would be owned by a larger pool of outstanding equity. The terms of securities we issue in future capital transactions may be more favorable to our new investors, and may include preferences, superior voting rights and the issuance of other derivative securities. In addition, we have granted and will continue to grant equity incentive awards under our equity incentive plans, which may have a further dilutive effect.
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Our ability to obtain financing, if and when necessary, may be impaired by such factors as the capital markets (both generally and in the oil and natural gas industry in particular), our limited operating history, the location of our oil and natural gas properties and prices of oil and natural gas on the commodities markets (which will impact the amount of asset-based financing available to us) and the departure of key employees. Further, if oil or natural gas prices decline, our revenues will likely decrease and such decreased revenues may increase our requirements for capital. If the amount of capital we are able to raise from financing activities, together with our revenues from operations, is not sufficient to satisfy our capital needs (even to the extent that we reduce our operations), we may be required to cease our operations, divest our assets at unattractive prices or obtain financing on unattractive terms.
We may incur substantial costs in pursuing future capital financing, including investment banking fees, legal fees, accounting fees, securities law compliance fees, printing and distribution expenses and other costs. We may also be required to recognize non-cash expenses in connection with certain securities we may issue, which may adversely impact our financial condition.
Restrictive debt covenants could limit our growth and our ability to finance our operations, fund our capital needs, respond to changing conditions and engage in other business activities that may be in our best interests.
Our revolving credit facility contains a number of significant covenants that, among other things, restrict or limit our ability to:
| • | pay dividends or distributions on our capital stock; |
| • | make certain loans and investments; |
| • | enter into certain transactions with affiliates; |
| • | create or assume certain liens on our assets; |
| • | merge or to enter into other business combination transactions; |
| • | enter into transactions that would result in a change of control of us; or |
| • | engage in certain other corporate activities. |
Also, our revolving credit facility requires us to maintain compliance with specified financial ratios and satisfy certain financial condition tests. Our ability to comply with these ratios and financial condition tests may be affected by events beyond our control, and we cannot assure you that we will meet these ratios and financial condition tests. These financial ratio restrictions and financial condition tests could limit our ability to obtain future financings, make needed capital expenditures, withstand a future downturn in our business or the economy in general or otherwise conduct necessary corporate activities. We may also be prevented from taking advantage of business opportunities that arise because of the limitations that the restrictive covenants under our revolving credit facility impose on us.
A breach of any of these covenants or our inability to comply with the required financial ratios or financial condition tests could result in a default under our revolving credit facility. A default, if not cured or waived, could result in all indebtedness outstanding under our revolving credit facility becoming immediately due and payable. If that should occur, we may not be able to pay all such debt or borrow sufficient funds to refinance it. Even if new financing were then available, it may not be on terms that are acceptable to us. If we were unable to repay those amounts, the lenders could accelerate the maturity of the debt or proceed against any collateral granted to them to secure such defaulted debt.
We have significantly reduced our drilling and completion operations in the Bakken Shale because such activities are currently economically challenging in the current crude oil price environment. Considering lower commodity prices and persistent differentials in that area, we do not anticipate material improvement in realized margins from drilling and completion operations for the foreseeable future.
In the fourth quarter of 2014 and continuing into 2015, the price of crude oil dropped substantially. Additionally, pricing differentials have persisted close to historical levels. At current crude oil price levels, pricing differentials and production cost levels, our drilling and completion operations in the Bakken Shale are
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economically challenging. While we continue to produce oil and gas from existing wells and continue to drill wells to hold our leasehold acreage by production, we do not anticipate our cash margins on production from this acreage to improve materially in the current pricing and differentials environment. Consequently, we do not anticipate resuming at prior levels our drilling and completion activities on this acreage in the near future. Our ability to achieve increased margins for our operations in the Bakken Shale will largely depend on rising commodity prices, which are beyond our control.
Proposed changes to U.S. tax laws, if adopted, could have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.
The U.S. President’s Fiscal Year 2016 Budget Proposal includes provisions that would, if enacted, make significant changes to U.S. tax laws. These changes include, but are not limited to, eliminating the immediate deduction for intangible drilling and development costs, eliminating the deduction from income for domestic production activities relating to oil and natural gas exploration and development, repealing the percentage depletion allowance for oil and natural gas properties and extending the amortization period for certain geological and geophysical expenditures. These proposed changes in the U.S. tax laws, if adopted, or other similar changes that reduce or eliminate deductions currently available with respect to oil and natural gas exploration and development, could adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.
Risks Related to This Offering
One of our existing stockholders beneficially owns common stock and warrants to purchase a significant percentage of our common stock, and its interests may conflict with those of our other stockholders.
As of May 15, 2015, White Deer Energy L.P. beneficially owned approximately 24.3% of our outstanding common stock on a fully diluted basis, consisting of 21,921,309 shares of our common stock, a warrant to purchase 5,114,633 shares of our common stock and convertible notes that are presently convertible into 472,542 shares of our common stock. White Deer owns 5,114,633 shares of our Series B Voting Preferred Stock, which have one vote per share and vote together with shares of our common stock. In addition, Ben A. Guill, a principal of White Deer is a member of our board of directors. As a result, White Deer is able to exercise significant influence over matters requiring stockholder approval, including the election of directors, the adoption or amendment of provisions in our charter and bylaws, the approval of mergers and other significant corporate transactions. The exercise price of the warrant to purchase 5,114,633 shares of our common stock held by White Deer is subject to adjustment in the event we issue common stock at a price lower than the exercise price of the warrant, which is currently $1.34 per share. Assuming an offering price of $0.59 per share, which is the last reported sales price of our common stock on the NYSE MKT on May 15, 2015, the exercise price of the warrant would be reduced to $0.95 per share as a result of this offering. The interests of White Deer with respect to matters potentially or actually involving or affecting us, such as future acquisitions, financings and other corporate opportunities, may conflict with the interests of our other stockholders.
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The price of our common stock may fluctuate significantly, which could negatively affect us and holders of our common stock.
Although our common stock is listed on the NYSE MKT, we cannot assure you that an active public market will continue for our common stock. If an active public market for our common stock does not continue, the trading price and liquidity of our common stock will be materially and adversely affected. If there is a thin trading market or “float” for our stock, the market price for our common stock may fluctuate significantly more than the stock market as a whole. During the year ended December 31, 2014, the sales price of our stock ranged from a low of $0.83 per share (on December 16, 2014) to a high of $8.55 per share (on August 29, 2014). Without a large float, our common stock would be less liquid than the stock of companies with broader public ownership and, as a result, the trading prices of our common stock may be more volatile. In addition, in the absence of an active public trading market, you may not be able to sell your shares of common stock at or above the public offering price, or at all. The trading price of our common stock may fluctuate significantly in response to a number of factors, many of which are beyond our control. For instance, if our financial results are below the expectations of securities analysts and investors, the market price of our common stock could decrease, perhaps significantly. Other factors that may affect the market price of our common stock include:
| • | actual or anticipated fluctuations in our quarterly results of operations; |
| • | sales of common stock by our stockholders; |
| • | changes in oil and natural gas prices; |
| • | changes in our cash flow from operations or earnings estimates; |
| • | publication of research reports about us or the oil and natural gas exploration and production industry generally; |
| • | increases in market interest rates which may increase our cost of capital; |
| • | changes in applicable laws or regulations, court rulings, and enforcement and legal actions; |
| • | changes in market valuations of similar companies; |
| • | adverse market reaction to any indebtedness we incur in the future; |
| • | additions or departures of key management personnel; |
| • | actions by our stockholders; |
| • | commencement of or involvement in litigation; |
| • | adverse environmental incidents, such as uncontrollable flows of natural gas, oil, brine, well fluids, toxic gas or other pollution into the environment, including groundwater contamination; |
| • | news reports relating to trends, concerns, technological or competitive developments, regulatory changes, and other related issues in our industry; |
| • | speculation in the press or investment community regarding our business; |
| • | general market and economic conditions; and |
| • | domestic and international economic, legal and regulatory factors unrelated to our performance. |
In addition, the U.S. securities markets have experienced significant price and volume fluctuations. These fluctuations often have been unrelated to the operating performance of companies in these markets. Market fluctuations and broad market, economic, and industry factors may negatively affect the price of our common stock, regardless of our operating performance. Any volatility or a significant decrease in the market price of our common stock could also negatively affect our ability to make acquisitions using common stock. Further, if we were to be the object of securities class action litigation as a result of volatility in our price or for other
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reasons, it could result in substantial costs and diversion of our management’s attention and resources, which could negatively affect our financial results.
The issuance of additional shares of our common stock or other equity securities will dilute all other stockholdings.
After this offering, not taking into account the proposed reverse stock split, we will have shares of common stock outstanding, which amount excludes the underwriters’ option to purchase up to an additional shares of common stock, 8,676,727 additional shares that may be issued pursuant to outstanding stock options, warrants and restricted stock units, 17,264,957 shares that shares that may be issued upon the conversion of our 2.00% Convertible Senior Notes and 1,141,586 shares available for issuance under our 2011 Equity Incentive Plan, or 11,141,586 shares available for issuance under our 2011 Equity Incentive Plan if our stockholders approve a pending amendment and restatement of our 2011 Equity Incentive Plan to authorize an additional 10,000,000 shares available for issuance under the 2011 Equity Incentive Plan. We may issue additional shares without any action or approval by our stockholders. The issuance of additional shares of our common stock or other equity securities, whether issued in connection with the exercise of stock options, the payment of dividends or otherwise, would dilute the percentage ownership held by the investors who purchase our common stock in this offering.
Future sales of our common stock in the public market, or the perception that such future sales may occur, or the issuance of securities senior to our common stock could adversely affect the trading price of our common stock and our ability to raise funds in new stock offerings.
Sales by us or our stockholders of a substantial number of shares of our common stock in the public markets following this offering, or the perception that these sales might occur, could cause the market price of our common stock to decline or could impair our ability to raise capital through a future sale of, or pay for acquisitions using, our equity securities. All of the shares sold in this offering will be freely tradable. Our directors and executive officers and certain entities controlled by White Deer are subject to agreements that limit their ability to sell our common stock held by them. These holders cannot sell or otherwise dispose of any shares of our common stock for a period of 90 days after the date of this prospectus, without the prior written approval of the underwriter. However, these lock-up agreements are subject to certain specific exceptions, including the exercise of outstanding options and other equity-based awards granted pursuant to certain equity incentive and other plans, entry into new trading plans in compliance with Rule 10b5-1 of the Exchange Act, and sales pursuant to existing Rule 10b5-1 trading plans. The lock-up restrictions will also permit transfers of common stock as a bona fide gift or by will or intestate succession and transfers to such person’s immediate family or to a trust or to an entity controlled by such holder, provided that the recipient of such shares agrees to be bound by the same restrictions on sales. In the event that one or more of our stockholders sells a substantial amount of our common stock in the public market, or the market perceives that such sales may occur, the price of our stock could decline.
We may issue common stock or other equity securities senior to our common stock in the future for a number of reasons, including to finance our operations and growth plans, to adjust our ratio of debt-to-equity, to satisfy our obligations upon the exercise of options, or for other reasons. We cannot predict the effect, if any, that future sales or issuances of shares of our common stock or other equity securities, or the availability of shares of common stock or such other equity securities for future sale or issuance, will have on the trading price of our common stock.
Management will have broad discretion as to the use of the proceeds from this offering, and we may not use the proceeds effectively.
Our management will have broad discretion in the application of the net proceeds from this offering and could spend the proceeds in ways that do not improve our results of operations or enhance the value of our common stock. Our failure to apply these funds effectively could have a material adverse effect on our business and cause the trading price of our common stock to decline.
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If securities or industry analysts do not publish research or reports about our business, if they adversely change their recommendations regarding our stock or if our operating results do not meet their expectations, our stock price could decline.
The trading market for our common stock will be influenced by the research and reports that industry or securities analysts publish about us or our business. If one or more of these analysts cease coverage of our company or fail to publish reports on us regularly, we could lose visibility in the financial markets, which in turn could cause our stock price or trading volume to decline. Moreover, if one or more of the analysts who cover our company downgrade our stock or if our operating results do not meet their expectations, our stock price could decline.
The terms of our outstanding preferred stock or preferred stock that we may issue in the future could adversely affect the voting power or value of our common stock.
Our charter authorizes us to issue, without the approval of our stockholders, one or more classes or series of preferred stock having such designations, preferences, limitations and relative rights, including preferences over our common stock respecting dividends and distributions, as our board of directors may determine. Our board of directors has currently has designated one series of preferred stock, the Series B Voting Preferred Stock. The terms of these or any additionally authorized series of preferred stock could adversely impact the voting power or value of our common stock. Shares of Series B Voting Preferred Stock have one vote per share on all matters submitted to a vote of the holders of our common stock. These terms could affect the residual value of the common stock.
Limited trading volume in our common stock may contribute to price volatility.
As a relatively small company with a limited market capitalization, even if our shares are more widely disseminated, we are uncertain as to whether a more active trading market in our common stock will develop. As a result, relatively small trades may have a significant impact on the price of our common stock. In addition, because of the limited trading volume in our common stock and the price volatility of our common stock, you may be unable to sell your shares of common stock when you desire or at the price you desire. The inability to sell your shares in a declining market because of such illiquidity or at a price you desire may substantially increase your risk of loss.
We do not intend to pay cash dividends on our common stock in the foreseeable future, and therefore only appreciation of the price of our common stock will provide a return to our stockholders.
We currently anticipate that we will retain all future earnings, if any, to finance the growth and development of our business. We do not intend to pay cash dividends in the foreseeable future. Any future determination as to the declaration and payment of cash dividends will be at the discretion of our board of directors and will depend upon our financial condition, results of operations, contractual restrictions, capital requirements, business prospects and other factors deemed relevant by our board of directors. In addition, the terms of our revolving credit facility prohibit us from paying dividends and making other distributions. As a result, only appreciation of the price of our common stock, which may not occur, will provide a return to our stockholders.
Risks Related to the Acquisition
We have no experience drilling and operating assets in the Delaware Basin and, as a result, we have less information regarding reserves and decline rates in this shale formation than in some other areas of our operations.
We plan to acquire oil and natural gas leaseholds in the Delaware Basin in southeastern New Mexico in May 2015. These leaseholds are the first assets in the Delaware Basin that we have been required to drill, develop and operate. Other exploration and production companies in the Delaware Basin may have more experience than we do in the drilling of wells, including the drilling of horizontal wells, and the development and operation of leases in the Delaware Basin. As a result, we have less information with respect to the ultimate recoverable reserves, the production decline rate and other matters relating to the exploration, drilling and development of the Delaware Basin than we have in some other areas in which we operate. Our lack of
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experience in the Delaware Basin may create a greater risk of drilling wells that are marginal or nonproductive and may hinder our ability to fully implement our business plan in a timely and cost-effective manner and, further, to fully realize the value that we place on these assets, which may materially and adversely affect our results of operations and financial condition.
Our strategy includes acquisitions of oil and natural gas properties, including the Acquisition, and our failure to identify or complete future acquisitions successfully could reduce our earnings and hamper our growth.
We may be unable to identify properties for acquisition or to make acquisitions on terms that we consider economically acceptable. There is intense competition for acquisition opportunities in the oil and natural gas industry. Competition for acquisitions may increase the cost of, or cause us to refrain from, completing acquisitions. The completion and pursuit of acquisitions, including the Acquisition, may be dependent upon, among other things, our ability to obtain debt and equity financing and, in some cases, regulatory approvals. Our ability to grow through acquisitions will require us to continue to invest in operations, financial and management information systems and to attract, retain, motivate and effectively manage our employees. The inability to manage the integration of acquisitions effectively could reduce our focus on subsequent acquisitions and current operations, and could negatively impact our results of operations and growth potential. Our financial position and results of operations may fluctuate significantly from period to period as a result of the completion of significant acquisitions during particular periods. If we are not successful in identifying or acquiring any material property interests, our earnings could be reduced and our growth could be restricted.
We may engage in bidding and negotiating to complete successful acquisitions. We may be required to alter or increase substantially our capitalization to finance these acquisitions through the use of cash on hand, the issuance of debt or equity securities, the sale of production payments, the sale of non-strategic assets, the borrowing of funds or otherwise. If we were to proceed with one or more acquisitions involving the issuance of our common stock, our stockholders would suffer dilution of their interests. Furthermore, our decision to acquire properties that are substantially different in operating or geologic characteristics or geographic locations from areas with which our staff is familiar may impact our productivity in such areas.
We may have difficulty integrating and managing the growth associated with our recent acquisitions, including the Acquisition.
We expect the Acquisition to result in a significant growth in our assets, reserves and revenues and may place a significant strain on our financial, technical, operational and administrative resources. We may not be able to integrate the operations of the acquired assets without increases in costs, losses in revenues or other difficulties. In addition, we may not be able to realize the operating efficiencies, synergies, costs savings or other benefits expected from such acquisitions. Any unexpected costs or delays incurred in connection with such integration could have an adverse effect on our business, results of operations or financial condition. We have hired and intend to hire new employees that we expect will be required to manage our operations, and we plan to add resources as needed as we scale up our business. However, we may experience difficulties in finding additional qualified personnel. In an effort to stay on schedule with our planned activities, we may supplement our staff with contract and consultant personnel until we are able to hire new employees. Our ability to continue to grow after these acquisitions will depend upon a number of factors, including our ability to identify and acquire new exploratory prospects and other acquisition targets, our ability to develop then existing prospects, our ability to successfully adopt an operated approach, our ability to continue to retain and attract skilled personnel, the results of our drilling program and acquisition efforts, hydrocarbon prices and access to capital. We may not be successful in achieving or managing growth, and any such failure could have a material adverse effect on us.
We may not be able to consummate the Acquisition.
On May 11, 2015, we entered into a purchase and sale agreement with Yates Petroleum Corporation to acquire oil and natural gas leaseholds in the Delaware Basin. The consummation of the Acquisition is subject to certain closing conditions, including but not limited to title and environmental due diligence and other closing conditions, including conditions that must be met by Yates Petroleum Corporation and which are
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beyond our control. In addition, under certain circumstances, we or Yates Petroleum Corporation are able to terminate the proposed purchase and sale agreement. There can be no assurances that the Acquisition will be consummated in the anticipated timeframe or at all. If the Acquisition is not consummated, we will be required to forfeit a deposit equal to approximately $750,000. Furthermore, our stock price could be negatively impacted if we fail to complete the Acquisition.
Risks Related to Our Proposed Reverse Stock Split
The reverse stock split may not result in a proportionate increase in the price of our common stock, which may cause us to be unable to meet the continued listing requirements of the NYSE MKT.
Our common stock currently is listed on the NYSE MKT equities market. The NYSE MKT will consider suspending dealings in, or delisting, securities selling for a substantial period of time at a low price per share if the issuer fails to effect a reverse split of such stock within a reasonable time after being notified in accordance with Section 1003(f)(v) of the Company Guide for the NYSE MKT that the NYSE MKT deems such action to be appropriate under the circumstances. We expect that the proposed reverse stock split of our outstanding common stock will increase the market price of our common stock so that we will continue to meet the listing requirements of the NYSE MKT. However, there is no assurance that our stockholders will vote to approve the proposed reverse stock split or that we will continue to maintain compliance with the NYSE MKT continued listing standards after the proposed reverse stock split, and the NYSE MKT may require that we effect a second reverse stock split in addition to the proposed reverse stock split in order to remain in compliance with NYSE MKT continued listing requirements. A delisting of our common stock could negatively impact us by, among other things, reducing the liquidity and market price of our common stock; reducing the number of investors willing to hold or acquire our common stock, which could negatively impact our ability to raise equity financing; decreasing the amount of news and analyst coverage of us; and limiting our ability to issue additional securities or obtain additional financing in the future. In addition, delisting from the NYSE MKT might negatively impact our reputation and, as a consequence, our business.
The proposed reverse stock split may decrease the liquidity of the shares of our common stock.
The liquidity of the shares of our common stock may be affected adversely by the proposed reverse stock split given the reduced number of shares that will be outstanding following the proposed reverse stock split, especially if the market price of our common stock does not increase as a result of the proposed reverse stock split. In addition, the proposed reverse stock split may increase the number of stockholders who own odd lots (less than 100 shares) of our common stock, creating the potential for such stockholders to experience an increase in the cost of selling their shares and greater difficulty effecting such sales.
Following the proposed reverse stock split, the resulting market price of our common stock may not attract new investors, including institutional investors, and may not satisfy the investing requirements of those investors.
Consequently, the trading liquidity of our common stock may not improve. Although we believe that a higher market price of our common stock may help generate greater or broader investor interest, there can be no assurance that the proposed reverse stock split will result in a share price that will attract new investors, including institutional investors. In addition, there can be no assurance that the market price of our common stock will satisfy the investing requirements of those investors. As a result, the trading liquidity of our common stock may not necessarily improve.
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USE OF PROCEEDS
We estimate that the net proceeds to be received by us from this offering will be approximately $141.5 million after deducting underwriters’ discounts and commissions and estimated offering expenses, or approximately $162.8 million if the underwriters exercise their option to purchase additional shares of common stock in full. We intend to use the net proceeds from this offering to fund the approximate $75.2 million purchase price for the Acquisition and will use the remainder for working capital purposes and general corporate purposes. Prior to these uses, however, we may use some or all of the net proceeds from this offering to repay borrowings under our revolving credit facility. We may at any time reborrow amounts repaid under this facility.
Our revolving credit facility matures in September 30, 2018 and bears interest at a variable rate, which was approximately 2.82% per annum as of May 15, 2015. As of May 15, 2015, we had $149.7 million of outstanding borrowings and an additional $50.3 million available under our revolving credit facility. Our outstanding borrowings under our revolving credit facility were incurred to fund, in part, our exploration, development and other capital expenditures.
Affiliates of Credit Suisse Securities (USA) LLC are lenders under our revolving credit facility and will receive a portion of the net proceeds from this offering in the form of the repayment of borrowings thereunder. Accordingly, this offering is being made in compliance with FINRA Rule 5121. Please read “Underwriting (Conflicts of Interest).”
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CAPITALIZATION
The following table presents a summary of our cash and cash equivalents and capitalization as of March 31, 2015 (and without giving effect to the proposed reverse stock split):
| • | on an as adjusted basis, giving effect to the sale of an aggregate $150,000,000 of shares of common stock in this offering at an assumed price of $0.59 per share, which is the last reported sales price of our common stock on the NYSE MKT on May 15, 2015, after deducting underwriting discounts and commissions and estimated offering expenses, and the application of the net proceeds therefrom as described in “Use of Proceeds.” |
You should read the following table in conjunction with our historical financial statements and the related notes thereto incorporated by reference into this prospectus supplement.
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| | March 31, 2015 |
| | Actual | | As Adjusted |
| | (dollars in thousands) |
| | (unaudited) |
Cash and Cash Equivalents(1) | | $ | 1,423 | | | $ | 1,423 | |
Debt
| | | | | | | | |
Revolving Credit Facility | | | 109,683 | | | | 43,383 | |
Convertible Senior Notes | | | 151,500 | | | | 151,500 | |
Preferred Stock (par value $0.001 per share; 20,000,000 shares authorized) | | | — | | | | — | |
Series B Voting Preferred Stock – 5,114,633 issued and outstanding; liquidation preference value of $5,115 | | | 5 | | | | 5 | |
Stockholders’ Equity
| | | | | | | | |
Common Stock (par value $0.001 per share; 500,000,000 shares authorized); 107,929,271 shares issued and outstanding (actual) and 357,929,271 shares issued and outstanding (as adjusted)(2) | | | 108 | | | | 358 | |
Additional Paid-in Capital | | | 487,533 | | | | 628,783 | |
Accumulated Deficit | | | (230,886 | ) | | | (230,886 | ) |
Total Stockholders’ Equity | | | 256,755 | | | | 398,255 | |
Total Capitalization | | $ | 517,943 | | | $ | 593,143 | |
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| (1) | As of March 31, 2015, unrestricted cash was approximately $1.4 million, and we had approximately $140.3 million available under our revolving credit facility. As of May 15, 2015, unrestricted cash was approximately $20.8 million, and we had approximately $50.3 million available under our revolving credit facility. |
| (2) | As of May 15, 2015, we had 110,814,458 shares of common stock issued and outstanding. Upon consummation of the proposed reverse split and giving effect to the approximate 250,000,000 shares issued in this offering (without giving effect to the proposed reverse stock split) at an assumed offering price of $0.59 per share, which is the last reported sales price of our common stock on the NYSE MKT on May 15, 2015, we will have approximately 18,040,723 shares of common stock issued and outstanding. |
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DIVIDEND POLICY AND COMMON STOCK PRICE RANGE
Dividend Policy
We have never paid a cash dividend on our common stock, and the current policy of our board of directors is to retain any earnings to provide for our growth. The payment of cash dividends on our common stock in the future, if any, will be at the discretion of our board of directors and will depend on such factors as earnings levels, capital requirements, our overall financial condition and any other factors deemed relevant by our board of directors.
Price Range of Our Common Stock
Our common stock is listed on the NYSE MKT under the symbol “EOX.” The following table sets forth, for the periods indicated, the range of high and low sales prices since January 1, 2013.
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| | Price Range |
| | High | | Low |
2015
| | | | | | | | |
Second Quarter (through May 15, 2015) | | $ | 0.94 | | | $ | 0.55 | |
First Quarter | | $ | 1.30 | | | $ | 0.68 | |
2014
| | | | | | | | |
Fourth Quarter | | | 6.37 | | | | 0.83 | |
Third Quarter | | | 8.63 | | | | 6.15 | |
Second Quarter | | | 7.78 | | | | 6.00 | |
First Quarter | | | 8.40 | | | | 6.34 | |
2013
| | | | | | | | |
Fourth Quarter | | | 9.20 | | | | 6.54 | |
Third Quarter | | | 8.09 | | | | 6.36 | |
Second Quarter | | | 7.20 | | | | 5.81 | |
First Quarter | | | 7.49 | | | | 5.17 | |
The reported last sales price for our common stock on the NYSE MKT on May 15, 2015 was $0.59 per share. As of May 15, 2015, there were 110,814,458 shares of common stock outstanding, and our outstanding shares of common stock were held by approximately 569 stockholder accounts of record.
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MATERIAL UNITED STATES FEDERAL TAX CONSEQUENCES FOR NON-U.S. HOLDERS
The following is a summary of the material United States federal income and, to a limited extent, estate tax consequences relating to the purchase, ownership and disposition of our common stock. Except where noted, this summary deals only with common stock that is held as a “capital asset” (generally, property held for investment) by a non-U.S. holder (as defined below).
A “non-U.S. holder” means a beneficial owner of common stock (other than a partnership or entity treated as a partnership for United States federal income tax purposes) that is not for United States federal income tax purposes any of the following:
| • | an individual who is a citizen or resident of the United States, including an alien individual who is a lawful permanent resident of the United States or who meets the “substantial presence” test under Section 7701(b) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, which we refer to as the “Code”; |
| • | a corporation (or any other entity treated as a corporation for United States federal income tax purposes) created or organized in or under the laws of the United States, any state thereof or the District of Columbia; |
| • | an estate, the income of which is subject to United States federal income taxation regardless of its source; or |
| • | a trust if it (1) is subject to the primary supervision of a court within the United States and one or more United States persons (as defined in the Code) have the authority to control all substantial decisions of the trust or (2) has a valid election in effect under applicable United States Treasury regulations to be treated as a United States person. |
This summary is based upon provisions of the Code and Treasury regulations, administrative rulings and judicial decisions, all as of the date hereof. Those authorities may be subject to different interpretations or changed, perhaps retroactively, so as to result in United States federal income and estate tax consequences different from those summarized below. This summary does not address all aspects of United States federal income and estate taxation and does not deal with foreign, state, local or other tax considerations that may be relevant to non-U.S. holders in light of their personal circumstances, including the impact of the unearned income Medicare contribution tax. In addition, this summary does not address tax considerations applicable to investors that may be subject to special treatment under the United States federal income tax laws such as (without limitation):
| • | certain United States expatriates; |
| • | persons subject to the alternative minimum tax; |
| • | stockholders that hold our common stock as part of a straddle, appreciated financial position, synthetic security, hedge, conversion transaction or other integrated investment or risk reduction transaction; |
| • | persons deemed to sell our common stock under the constructive sale provisions of the Code; |
| • | stockholders that acquired our common stock through the exercise of employee stock options or otherwise as compensation or through a tax-qualified retirement plan; |
| • | stockholders that are partnerships or entities or arrangements treated as partnerships for United States federal income tax purposes, or other pass-through entities, or owners thereof; |
| • | “controlled foreign corporations,” “passive foreign investment companies,” and corporations that accumulate earnings to avoid United States federal income tax; |
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| • | dealers in securities or foreign currencies; and |
| • | traders in securities that use the mark-to-market method of accounting for United States federal income tax purposes. |
If a partnership (including an entity treated as a partnership for United States federal income tax purposes) holds our common stock, the tax treatment of a partner in the partnership generally will depend upon the status of the partner, the activities of the partnership and certain determinations made at the partner level. If you are a partner of a partnership (including an entity treated as a partnership for United States federal income tax purposes) holding our common stock, you should consult your tax advisor.
We have not sought any ruling from the Internal Revenue Service, which we refer to as the “IRS,” with respect to the statements made and the conclusions reached in the following summary, and there can be no assurance that the IRS will agree with such statements and conclusions. INVESTORS CONSIDERING THE PURCHASE OF COMMON STOCK SHOULD CONSULT THEIR TAX ADVISORS WITH RESPECT TO THE APPLICATION OF THE UNITED STATES FEDERAL INCOME AND ESTATE TAX LAWS TO THEIR PARTICULAR SITUATIONS AS WELL AS ANY TAX CONSEQUENCES ARISING UNDER THE LAWS OF ANY STATE, LOCAL OR FOREIGN TAXING JURISDICTION OR UNDER ANY APPLICABLE TAX TREATY.
Distributions
We do not presently expect to declare or pay any dividends on our common stock for the foreseeable future. However, if we do make distributions on our common stock, such distributions will constitute dividends for United States federal income tax purposes to the extent paid from our current or accumulated earnings and profits, as determined under United States federal income tax principles. Distributions in excess of our current and accumulated earnings and profits will constitute a return of capital that is applied against and reduces the non-U.S. holder’s adjusted tax basis in our common stock, but not below zero. Any remaining excess will be treated as gain realized on the sale or other disposition of our common stock and will be treated as described below under “Gain on Disposition of Common Stock.” Any dividend paid to a non-U.S. holder of our common stock that is not effectively connected with the non-U.S. holder’s conduct of a trade or business within the United States will be subject to withholding of United States federal income tax at a rate of 30%, or such lower rate as may be specified under an applicable income tax treaty. In order to receive a reduced treaty rate, a non-U.S. holder must provide us with IRS Form W-8BEN or IRS Form W-8BEN-E (or other applicable documentation), as applicable, properly certifying eligibility for the reduced rate. A non-U.S. holder that does not timely furnish the required certification, but that qualifies for a reduced treaty rate, may obtain a refund of any excess amounts withheld by timely filing an appropriate claim for refund with the IRS. Non-U.S. holders should consult their tax advisors regarding their entitlement to benefits under any applicable income tax treaty.
Dividends paid to a non-U.S. holder that are effectively connected with the conduct of a trade or business by the non-U.S. holder in the United States (and, if required by an applicable income tax treaty, are attributable to a United States permanent establishment or fixed base of the non-U.S. holder) generally will be exempt from the withholding tax described above and instead will be subject to United States federal income tax on a net income basis at the regular graduated United States federal income tax rates in the same manner as if the non-U.S. holder were a United States person. In such case, we will not have to withhold United States federal income tax if the non-U.S. holder complies with applicable certification and disclosure requirements. In order to obtain this exemption from withholding tax, a non-U.S. holder must provide us with an IRS Form W-8ECI properly certifying eligibility for such exemption. Any such effectively connected dividends received by a non-U.S. holder that is a corporation may be subject to an additional “branch profits tax” at a rate of 30% or such lower rate as may be specified by an applicable income tax treaty, as adjusted for certain items. Non-U.S. holders should consult their tax advisors regarding any applicable tax treaties that may provide for different rules.
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Gain on Disposition of Common Stock
Any gain realized on the disposition of our common stock by a non-U.S. holder generally will not be subject to United States federal income tax unless:
| • | the gain is effectively connected with the conduct of a trade or business by the non-U.S. holder in the United States (and, if required by an applicable income tax treaty, is attributable to a United States permanent establishment or fixed base of the non-U.S. holder); |
| • | the non-U.S. holder is an individual who is present in the United States for 183 days or more in the taxable year of that disposition, and certain other conditions are met; or |
| • | our common stock constitutes a U.S. real property interest, or USRPI, by reason of our status as a “United States real property holding corporation,” or USRPHC, for United States federal income tax purposes. |
A non-U.S. holder who has gain that is described in the first bullet point immediately above will be subject to tax on the net gain derived from the disposition under regular graduated United States federal income tax rates in the same manner as if it were a United States person. In addition, a non-U.S. holder described in the first bullet point immediately above that is a corporation may be subject to the branch profits tax equal to 30% of its effectively connected earnings and profits or at such lower rate as may be specified by an applicable income tax treaty, as adjusted for certain items.
A non-U.S. holder who meets the requirements described in the second bullet point immediately above will be subject to a flat 30% tax (or a lower tax rate specified by an applicable tax treaty) on the gain derived from the disposition, which may be offset by certain United States source capital losses, even though the individual is not considered a resident of the United States, provided the non-U.S. holder has timely filed U.S. federal income tax returns with respect to such losses.
With respect to our status as a USRPHC, we believe that we currently are, and expect to remain for the foreseeable future, a USRPHC for United States federal income tax purposes. However, so long as our common stock continues to be “regularly traded on an established securities market,” as defined by applicable Treasury regulations, a non-U.S. holder will be taxable on gain realized on the disposition of our common stock only if the non-U.S. holder actually or constructively holds or held more than 5% of such common stock at any time during the five-year period ending on the date of disposition or, if shorter, the non-U.S. holder’s holding period for our common stock. If our common stock were not considered to be regularly traded on an established securities market, all non-U.S. holders would be subject to United States federal income tax on a sale or other taxable disposition of our common stock, and a purchaser of the stock may be required to withhold and remit to the IRS 10% of the purchase price, unless an exception applies.
Non-U.S. holders should consult their tax advisors with respect to the application of the foregoing rules to their ownership and disposition of our common stock and regarding potentially applicable income tax treaties that may provide for different rules.
Federal Estate Tax
If you are an individual, common stock owned or treated as owned by you at the time of your death will be included in your gross estate for United States federal estate tax purposes and may be subject to United States federal estate tax, unless an applicable estate tax treaty provides otherwise.
Information Reporting and Backup Withholding
We must report annually to the IRS and to each non-U.S. holder the amount of dividends paid to such holder and any tax withheld with respect to such dividends, regardless of whether withholding was required. Copies of the information returns reporting such dividends and withholding also may be made available to the tax authorities in the country in which the non-U.S. holder resides or is established under the provisions of an applicable income tax treaty or agreement.
A non-U.S. holder will be subject to backup withholding for dividends paid to such holder unless such holder certifies under penalty of perjury that it is not a United States person (as defined in the Code), and the payor does not have actual knowledge or reason to know that such holder is a United States person, or such
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holder otherwise establishes an exemption. Information reporting and, depending on the circumstances, backup withholding will apply to the proceeds of a sale of our common stock within the United States or conducted through certain United States-related financial intermediaries, unless such non-U.S. holder certifies under penalty of perjury that it is not a United States person (as defined in the Code), and the payor does not have actual knowledge or reason to know that the non-U.S. holder is a United States person, or such non-U.S. holder otherwise establishes an exemption.
Backup withholding is not an additional tax. Any amounts withheld under the backup withholding rules may be allowed as a refund or a credit against a non-U.S. holder’s United States federal income tax liability, if any, provided the required information is timely furnished to the IRS.
FATCA
Sections 1471 through 1474 of the Code and the regulations thereunder (generally referred to as “FATCA”) generally impose a withholding tax of 30 percent on any dividends on our common stock paid to a foreign financial institution, unless such institution enters into an agreement with the U.S. government to collect and provide to the U.S. tax authorities substantial information regarding U.S. account holders of such institution (which includes certain equity and debt holders, as well as certain account holders that are foreign entities with U.S. owners) or is otherwise exempt. FATCA also imposes a withholding tax of 30 percent on any dividends on our common stock paid to a non-financial foreign entity unless such entity provides the withholding agent with either certification that such entity does not have any substantial United States owners or identification of the direct and indirect U.S. owners of the entity. Finally, beginning January 1, 2017, withholding of 30 percent also generally will apply to the gross proceeds of a disposition of our common stock paid to a foreign financial institution or to a non-financial foreign entity unless the reporting and certification requirements described above have been met. Withholding under FATCA is imposed on payments to foreign financial institutions and other applicable payees whether they receive such payments in the capacity of an intermediary or for their own account. Under certain circumstances, a non-U.S. holder of our common stock might be eligible for refunds or credits of such taxes. Foreign financial institutions located in jurisdictions that have an intergovernmental agreement with the United States governing FATCA may be subject to different rules. Investors are encouraged to consult with their tax advisors regarding the possible implications of FATCA on their investment in our common stock and the entities through which they hold our stock.
THE FOREGOING DISCUSSION IS FOR GENERAL INFORMATION ONLY AND SHOULD NOT VIEWED AS TAX ADVICE. INVESTORS CONSIDERING THE PURCHASE OF OUR COMMON STOCK ARE URGED TO CONSULT THEIR OWN TAX ADVISORS REGARDING THE APPLICATION OF THE UNITED STATES FEDERAL INCOME AND ESTATE TAX LAWS TO THEIR PARTICULAR SITUATIONS AND THE APPLICABILITY AND EFFECT OF STATE, LOCAL OR FOREIGN TAX LAWS AND TREATIES.
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UNDERWRITING (CONFLICTS OF INTEREST)
Under the terms and subject to the conditions contained in an underwriting agreement dated , 2015, we have agreed to sell to Credit Suisse Securities (USA) LLC, Johnson Rice & Company L.L.C. and Barclays Capital Inc., as representatives of the underwriters named below, and the underwriters have agreed to purchase, at the public offering price less the underwriting discounts and commissions set forth on the cover page of this prospectus supplement, shares of common stock.
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Underwriter | | Number of Shares |
Credit Suisse Securities (USA) LLC | | | | |
Johnson Rice & Company L.L.C. | | | | |
Barclays Capital Inc. | | | | |
Scotia Capital (USA) Inc. | | | | |
GMP Securities LLC | | | | |
Total | | | | |
The underwriting agreement provides that the underwriters are obligated to purchase all the shares of common stock in the offering if any are purchased, other than those shares covered by the option described below. We have granted the underwriters a 30-day option to purchase up to additional shares at the public offering price less the underwriting discounts and commissions.
The underwriters propose to offer the shares of common stock initially at the public offering price on the cover page of this prospectus less a selling concession of $ per share. After the initial offering of the shares of common stock, the underwriters may change the public offering price and concession and discount to broker/dealers. The offering of the shares by the underwriters is subject to receipt and acceptance and subject to the underwriters’ right to reject any order in whole or in part.
The following table summarizes the compensation and estimated expenses that we will pay:
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| | | | Total |
| | Per Share | | Without Option | | With Option |
Underwriting discounts and commissions to be paid by us | | $ | | | | $ | | | | $ | | |
We will also pay a structuring fee of up to $862,500 to Credit Suisse Securities (USA) LLC for services provided in connection with analyzing, evaluating and structuring various potential financing, acquisition and strategic operating structures.
We estimate our out-of-pocket expenses for this offering will be approximately $250,000. We have also agreed to reimburse the underwriters for certain of their expenses as set forth in the underwriting agreement, including up to $20,000 of fees and expenses related to any required review by FINRA.
The underwriters have informed us that they do not expect sales to accounts over which it has discretionary authority to exceed 5% of the shares of common stock being offered.
In connection with this offering, we agreed that, subject to certain exceptions, we will not offer, sell, contract to sell, pledge or otherwise dispose of, directly or indirectly, or file with the SEC a registration statement under the Securities Act relating to, any shares of our common stock or securities convertible into or exchangeable or exercisable for any shares of our common stock, or publicly disclose the intention to make any offer, sale, pledge, disposition or filing, without the prior written consent of Credit Suisse Securities (USA) LLC for a period of 90 days after the date of this prospectus.
Each of our officers and directors has agreed in connection with this offering that they will not offer, sell, contract to sell, pledge or otherwise dispose of, directly or indirectly, any shares of our common stock or securities convertible into or exchangeable or exercisable for any shares of our common stock, enter into a transaction that would have the same effect, or enter into any swap, hedge or other arrangement that transfers, in whole or in part, any of the economic consequences of ownership of our common stock, whether any of these transactions are to be settled by delivery of our common stock or other securities, in cash or otherwise,
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or publicly disclose the intention to make any offer, sale, pledge or disposition, or to enter into any transaction, swap, hedge or other arrangement, without, in each case, the prior written consent of the underwriter for a period of 90 days after the date of this prospectus.
These lock-up restrictions are subject to certain specific exceptions, including the exercise of outstanding options and other equity-based awards granted pursuant to certain equity incentive and other plans, entry into new trading plans in compliance with Rule 10b5-1 of the Exchange Act, and sales pursuant to existing Rule 10b5-1 trading plans. The lock-up restrictions will also permit transfers of common stock as a bona fide gift or by will or intestate succession and transfers to such person’s immediate family or to a trust or to an entity controlled by such holder, provided that the recipient of such shares agrees to be bound by the same restrictions on sales.
If (A) during the last 17 days of the 90-day period, we issue an earnings release or material news or a material event relating to us occurs or (B) prior to the expiration of the 90-day period, we announce that we will release earnings results during the 16-day period beginning on the last day of the 90-day period, then in each case the 90-day period will be extended until the expiration of the 18-day period beginning on the date of the issuance of the earnings release or the occurrence of the material news or material event, as applicable.
Credit Suisse Securities (USA) LLC, in its sole discretion, may release the common stock and other securities subject to the lock-up agreements described above in whole or in part at any time. When determining whether or not to release the common stock and other securities from lock-up agreements, the Credit Suisse Securities (USA) LLC will consider, among other factors, the holder’s reasons for requesting the release and the number of shares of common stock or other securities for which the release is being requested.
We have agreed to indemnify the underwriters against liabilities under the Securities Act, or contribute to payments that the underwriters may be required to make in that respect.
Conflicts of Interest
Affiliates of Credit Suisse Securities (USA) LLC, Barclays Capital Inc. and Scotia Capital (USA) Inc. are lenders under our revolving credit facility. As described in “Use of Proceeds,” the net proceeds from this offering will be used to repay outstanding borrowings under our revolving credit facility and each such entity will receive 5% or more of the net proceeds of this offering due to the repayment of borrowings under our revolving credit facility. Therefore, such underwriters are deemed to have a conflict of interest within the meaning of FINRA Rule 5121. Accordingly, this offering is being conducted in accordance with Rule 5121, which requires, among other things, that a “qualified independent underwriter” participate in the preparation of, and exercise the usual standards of “due diligence” with respect to, the registration statement and this prospectus. Johnson Rice & Company L.L.C. has agreed to act as a qualified independent underwriter for this offering and to undertake the legal responsibilities and liabilities of an underwriter under the Securities Act, specifically including those inherent in Section 11 thereof. Johnson Rice & Company L.L.C. will not receive any additional fees for serving as a qualified independent underwriter in connection with this offering. We have agreed to indemnify Johnson Rice & Company L.L.C. against liabilities incurred in connection with acting as a qualified independent underwriter, including liabilities under the Securities Act. Pursuant to Rule 5121, Johnson Rice & Company L.L.C. will not confirm any sales to any account over which it exercises discretionary authority without the specific written approval of the account holder. See “Use of Proceeds” for additional information.
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Other Relationships
The underwriters and their respective affiliates are full service financial institutions engaged in various activities, which may include securities trading, commercial and investment banking, financial advisory, investment management, investment research, principal investment hedging, financing and brokerage activities. The underwriters and their respective affiliates have from time to time performed, and may in the future perform, various financial advisory, commercial banking and investment banking services for us and for our affiliates in the ordinary course of business for which they have received and would receive customary compensation.
In the ordinary course of their various business activities, the underwriters and their respective affiliates may make or hold a broad array of investments and actively trade debt and equity securities (or related derivative securities) and financial instruments (including bank loans) for their own account and for the accounts of their customers, and such investments and securities activities may involve securities and/or instruments of the issuer. The underwriters and their respective affiliates may also make investment recommendations and/or publish or express independent research views in respect of such securities or instruments and may at any time hold, or recommend to clients that they acquire, long and/or short positions in such securities and instruments.
In connection with the offering the underwriters may engage in stabilizing transactions, over-allotment transactions, syndicate covering transactions, penalty bids and passive market making in accordance with Regulation M under the Exchange Act.
| • | Stabilizing transactions permit bids to purchase the underlying security so long as the stabilizing bids do not exceed a specified maximum. |
| • | Over-allotment involves sales by the underwriters of shares in excess of the number of shares the underwriters are obligated to purchase, which creates a syndicate short position. The short position may be either a covered short position or a naked short position. In a covered short position, the number of shares over-allotted by the underwriters is not greater than the number of shares that the underwriter may purchase upon the exercise of the underwriters’ option to purchase additional shares. In a naked short position, the number of shares involved is greater than the number of shares that the underwriters may purchase upon the exercise of such option. The underwriters may close out any covered short position by either exercising such option and/or purchasing shares in the open market. |
| • | Syndicate covering transactions involve purchases of the common stock in the open market after the distribution has been completed in order to cover syndicate short positions. In determining the source of shares to close out the short position, the underwriters will consider, among other things, the price of shares available for purchase in the open market as compared to the price at which it may purchase shares through the over-allotment option. If the underwriters sell more shares than could be covered by the over-allotment option, a naked short position, the position can only be closed out by buying shares in the open market. A naked short position is more likely to be created if the underwriters are concerned that there could be downward pressure on the price of the shares in the open market after pricing that could adversely affect investors who purchase in the offering. |
| • | Penalty bids permit the representative to reclaim a selling concession from a syndicate member when the common stock originally sold by the syndicate member is purchased in a stabilizing or syndicate covering transaction to cover syndicate short positions. |
| • | In passive market making, market makers in the common stock who are underwriters or prospective underwriters may, subject to limitations, make bids for or purchases of our common stock until the time, if any, at which a stabilizing bid is made. |
These stabilizing transactions, syndicate covering transactions and penalty bids may have the effect of raising or maintaining the market price of our common stock or preventing or retarding a decline in the market price of the common stock. As a result the price of our common stock may be higher than the price that might otherwise exist in the open market. These transactions may be effected on the NYSE MKT or otherwise and, if commenced, may be discontinued at any time.
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A prospectus in electronic format may be made available on the web sites maintained by the underwriters, or selling group members, if any, participating in this offering and the underwriters participating in this offering may distribute prospectuses electronically. The underwriters may agree to allocate a number of shares to selling group members for sale to their online brokerage account holders. Internet distributions will be allocated by the underwriters and selling group members that will make internet distributions on the same basis as other allocations.
Selling Restrictions
European Economic Area
In relation to each Member State of the European Economic Area which has implemented the Prospectus Directive (each such state being referred to herein as a Relevant Member State), each underwriter has represented and agreed that with effect from and including the date on which the Prospectus Directive is implemented in that Relevant Member State (each such date being referred to herein as a Relevant Implementation Date) it has not made and will not make an offer of shares to the public in that Relevant Member State prior to the publication of a prospectus in relation to the shares which has been approved by the competent authority in that Relevant Member State or, where appropriate, approved in another Relevant Member State and notified to the competent authority in that Relevant Member State, all in accordance with the Prospectus Directive, except that it may, with effect from and including the Relevant Implementation Date, make an offer of shares to the public in that Relevant Member State at any time:
(a) to legal entities which are authorized or regulated to operate in the financial markets or, if not so authorized or regulated, whose corporate purpose is solely to invest in securities;
(b) to any legal entity which has two or more of (1) an average of at least 250 employees during the last financial year; (2) a total balance sheet of more than 43,000,000 and (3) an annual net turnover of more than 50,000,000, as shown in its last annual or consolidated accounts;
(c) to fewer than 100 natural or legal persons (other than qualified investors as defined in the Prospectus Directive) subject to obtaining the prior consent of the representative for any such offer; or
(d) in any other circumstances which do not require the publication by the company of a prospectus pursuant to Article 3 of the Prospectus Directive.
For the purposes of this provision, the expression an “offer of shares to the public” in relation to any shares in any Relevant Member State means the communication in any form and by any means of sufficient information on the terms of the offer and the shares to be offered so as to enable an investor to decide to purchase or subscribe the shares, as the same may be varied in that Relevant Member State by any measure implementing the Prospectus Directive in that Relevant Member State and the expression Prospectus Directive means Directive 2003/71/EC and includes any relevant implementing measure in each Relevant Member State.
United Kingdom
The underwriters have represented and agreed that:
(a) it has only communicated or caused to be communicated and will only communicate or cause to be communicated an invitation or inducement to engage in investment activity (within the meaning of Section 21 of the Financial Services and Markets Act 2000, or the FSMA, received by it in connection with the issue or sale of the shares in circumstances in which Section 21(1) of the FSMA does not apply to the company; and
(b) it has complied and will comply with all applicable provisions of the FSMA with respect to anything done by it in relation to the shares in, from or otherwise involving the United Kingdom.
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Hong Kong
The shares may not be offered or sold by means of any document other than (i) in circumstances which do not constitute an offer to the public within the meaning of the Companies Ordinance (Cap. 32, Laws of Hong Kong), or (ii) to “professional investors” within the meaning of the Securities and Futures Ordinance (Cap. 571, Laws of Hong Kong) and any rules made thereunder, or (iii) in other circumstances which do not result in the document being a “prospectus” within the meaning of the Companies Ordinance (Cap. 32, Laws of Hong Kong), and no advertisement, invitation or document relating to the shares may be issued or may be in the possession of any person for the purpose of issue (in each case whether in Hong Kong or elsewhere), which is directed at, or the contents of which are likely to be accessed or read by, the public in Hong Kong (except if permitted to do so under the laws of Hong Kong) other than with respect to shares which are or are intended to be disposed of only to persons outside Hong Kong or only to “professional investors” within the meaning of the Securities and Futures Ordinance (Cap. 571, Laws of Hong Kong) and any rules made thereunder.
Singapore
This document has not been registered as a prospectus with the Monetary Authority of Singapore. Accordingly, this document and any other document or material in connection with the offer or sale, or invitation for subscription or purchase, of the shares may not be circulated or distributed, nor may the shares be offered or sold, or be made the subject of an invitation for subscription or purchase, whether directly or indirectly, to persons in Singapore other than (i) to an institutional investor under Section 274 of the Securities and Futures Act, Chapter 289 of Singapore, or the SFA, (ii) to a relevant person, or any person pursuant to Section 275(1A), and in accordance with the conditions, specified in Section 275 of the SFA or (iii) otherwise pursuant to, and in accordance with the conditions of, any other applicable provision of the SFA.
Where the shares are subscribed or purchased under Section 275 by a relevant person which is: (a) a corporation (which is not an accredited investor) the sole business of which is to hold investments and the entire share capital of which is owned by one or more individuals, each of whom is an accredited investor; or (b) a trust (where the trustee is not an accredited investor) whose sole purpose is to hold investments and each beneficiary is an accredited investor, shares, debentures and units of shares and debentures of that corporation or the beneficiaries’ rights and interest in that trust shall not be transferable for 6 months after that corporation or that trust has acquired the shares under Section 275 except: (1) to an institutional investor under Section 274 of the SFA or to a relevant person, or any person pursuant to Section 275(1A), and in accordance with the conditions, specified in Section 275 of the SFA; (2) where no consideration is given for the transfer; or (3) by operation of law.
Japan
The securities have not been and will not be registered under the Financial Instruments and Exchange Law of Japan, or the Financial Instruments and Exchange Law, and each underwriter has agreed that it will not offer or sell any securities, directly or indirectly, in Japan or to, or for the benefit of, any resident of Japan (which term as used herein means any person resident in Japan, including any corporation or other entity organized under the laws of Japan), or to others for re-offering or resale, directly or indirectly, in Japan or to a resident of Japan, except pursuant to an exemption from the registration requirements of, and otherwise in compliance with, the Financial Instruments and Exchange Law and any other applicable laws, regulations and ministerial guidelines of Japan.
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LEGAL MATTERS
Certain legal matters with respect to the securities offered hereby will be passed upon for us by Mayer Brown LLP, Houston, Texas. Certain legal matters with respect to this offering will be passed upon for the underwriters by Latham & Watkins LLP, Houston, Texas.
EXPERTS
The financial statements as of December 31, 2014 and 2013 and for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2014 and management’s assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2014 incorporated by reference in this prospectus supplement have been so incorporated in reliance on the reports of BDO USA, LLP, an independent registered public accounting firm, incorporated herein by reference, given on the authority of said firm as experts in auditing and accounting.
The information relating to our oil and natural gas reserves, as of December 31, 2014, incorporated into this prospectus supplement by reference, including all statistics and data, was derived from a reserve report dated February 18, 2015 evaluating our oil and natural gas properties, prepared by Netherland, Sewell & Associates, Inc., our independent petroleum engineer, in reliance on the authority of such firm as experts in the oil and gas industry.
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WHERE YOU CAN FIND MORE INFORMATION
We file annual, quarterly and current reports and other information with the SEC under the Exchange Act. Such reports and other information can be inspected and copied at the SEC’s Public Reference Room at 100 F Street, N.E., Washington, D.C. 20549. You may also obtain copies of these documents at prescribed rates from the Public Reference Section of the SEC at its Washington, D.C. address. Please call the SEC at 1-800-SEC-0330 for further information. Our filings are also available to the public at the SEC’s website atwww.sec.gov. In addition, documents filed by us can be inspected at the offices of the NYSE MKT, 20 Broad Street, New York, New York 10002. We maintain a website atwww.emeraldoil.com. On the Investors page of that site, we provide access to our SEC filings free of charge as soon as reasonably practicable after filing with the SEC. The information on our website is not incorporated in this prospectus supplement or the accompanying prospectus by reference and you should not consider it a part of this prospectus supplement or the accompanying prospectus.
INFORMATION INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE
The SEC allows us to “incorporate by reference” into this prospectus supplement and the accompanying prospectus the information we file with it, which means that we can disclose important information to you by referring you to those documents. The information incorporated by reference is considered to be a part of this prospectus supplement, and information that we file later with the SEC will automatically update and supersede this information. We incorporate by reference the documents listed below and any future filings we make with the SEC under section 13(a), 13(c), 14 or 15(d) of the Exchange Act until this offering is completed (other than information furnished under Items 2.02 or 7.01 of any Form 8-K, which is not deemed filed under the Exchange Act):
| • | our annual report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2014, as filed with the SEC on March 10, 2015; |
| • | our quarterly report on Form 10-Q for the quarterly period ended March 31, 2015, as filed with the SEC on May 4, 2015; |
| • | our current reports on Form 8-K and 8-K/A, as filed with the SEC on January 30, 2015, February 11, 2015, April 2, 2015 and May 11, 2015; and |
| • | a description of our capital stock contained in our Form 8-A/A filed with the SEC on June 12, 2014. |
We will provide to each person, including any beneficial owner, to whom a prospectus supplement is delivered, without charge upon written or oral request, a copy of this prospectus supplement and the accompanying base prospectus and any or all of the documents that are incorporated by reference into this prospectus supplement, other than exhibits which are specifically incorporated by reference into such documents. Requests should be directed to the Secretary at Emerald Oil, Inc., 1600 Broadway, Suite 1360, Denver, Colorado 80202 or by calling us at (303) 595-5600.
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PROSPECTUS
![[GRAPHIC MISSING]](https://capedge.com/proxy/424B5/0001144204-15-031979/logo_emeraldoil-cmyk.jpg)
$500,000,000
Common Stock
Preferred Stock
Debt Securities
Warrants
Guarantees of Debt Securities
Units
We may offer and sell from time to time shares of common stock, shares of preferred stock, debt securities, warrants to purchase common stock, preferred stock, and debt securities, or units consisting of one or more debt securities, shares of common stock or preferred stock, warrants or any combination of such securities. Any debt securities we offer pursuant to this prospectus may be guaranteed by one or more of our subsidiaries on terms to be determined at the time of the offering.
Our common stock, preferred stock, debt securities, guarantees, warrants and units may be offered separately or together, in multiple series, in amounts, at prices and on terms that will be set forth in one or more prospectus supplements to this prospectus. For general information about the distribution of securities, please see “Plan of Distribution” in this prospectus.
This prospectus provides you with a general description of the securities we may offer and the general manner in which we may offer the securities. Each time we sell securities pursuant to this prospectus, we will provide a supplement to this prospectus that contains specific information about the securities we actually offer, including the offering prices. The prospectus supplement will also describe the specific manner in which we offer the securities. You should carefully read this prospectus and the applicable prospectus supplement and any document we incorporate by reference into this prospectus and any accompanying prospectus supplement. This prospectus may not be used to sell securities unless it is accompanied by a prospectus supplement that describes those securities.
We may sell these securities to or through underwriters, to other purchasers, through agents, or through a combination of these methods. The names of any underwriters will be stated in the applicable prospectus supplement.
Our common stock is quoted on the NYSE MKT under the symbol “EOX.” On December 10, 2013, the last reported sale price of our common stock on the NYSE MKT was $6.92.
Investing in our securities involves risk. See “Risk Factors” beginning on page 4 of this prospectus, as well as those contained or referenced in the applicable prospectus supplement and in our periodic reports and other information filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission, for a description of the various risks you should consider in evaluating an investment in our securities.
Our principal offices are located at 1600 Broadway, Suite 1360, Denver, Colorado 80202, and our telephone number is (303) 323-0008.
Neither the Securities and Exchange Commission nor any state securities commission has approved or disapproved of these securities or determined that this prospectus is truthful or complete. Any representation to the contrary is a criminal offense.
The date of this prospectus is December 27, 2013.
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ABOUT THIS PROSPECTUS
This prospectus is part of a registration statement that we filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”) using a “shelf” registration process or continuous registration process. Under this shelf registration process, we may from time to time in one or more offerings sell debt securities, common stock, preferred stock, warrants to purchase debt securities, common stock or preferred stock, or units comprised of one or more of the other securities, in one or more offerings, up to a total dollar amount of $500,000,000. Any debt securities we offer pursuant to this prospectus may be guaranteed by one or more of our subsidiaries on terms to be determined at the time of the offering.
We have provided to you in this prospectus a general description of the securities we may offer. Each time we sell securities under this shelf registration process, we will, to the extent required by law, provide one or more supplements to this prospectus that will contain specific information about the terms of the offering. We may also add, update or change in any accompanying prospectus supplement or any related free writing prospectus we may authorize to be delivered to you any of the information contained in this prospectus. To the extent there is a conflict between the information contained in this prospectus and the prospectus supplement or any related free writing prospectus, you should rely on the information in the prospectus supplement or the related free writing prospectus, provided that if any statement in one of these documents is inconsistent with a statement in another document having a later date — for example, a document incorporated by reference in this prospectus or any prospectus supplement or any related free writing prospectus — the statement in the document having the later date modifies or supersedes the earlier statement.
The information contained in this prospectus, and the documents incorporated by reference herein, are accurate only as of the date such information is presented. You should not assume that the information contained in this prospectus and the accompanying prospectus supplement, if any, is accurate on any date subsequent to the date set forth on the front of the document or that any information we have incorporated by reference is correct on any date subsequent to the date of the document incorporated by reference (as our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects may have changed since that date), even though this prospectus and any accompanying prospectus supplement is delivered or securities are sold on a later date.
As permitted by the rules and regulations of the SEC, the registration statement, of which this prospectus forms a part, includes additional information not contained in this prospectus. You may read the registration statement and the other reports we file with the SEC at the SEC’s web site or at the SEC’s offices described below under the heading “Where You Can Find Additional Information.”
The distribution of this prospectus may be restricted by law in certain jurisdictions. You should inform yourself about and observe any of these restrictions. This prospectus does not constitute, and may not be used in connection with, an offer or solicitation by anyone in any jurisdiction in which the offer or solicitation is not authorized, or in which the person making the offer or solicitation is not qualified to do so, or to any person to whom it is unlawful to make the offer or solicitation.
Unless the context indicates otherwise, all references in this prospectus to “Emerald,” “we,” “our,” “us,” or “the company” refer to Emerald Oil, Inc., unless otherwise indicated or the context otherwise requires.
You should rely only on the information contained or incorporated by reference in this prospectus or the documents to which we have referred you or information that is contained in any prospectus supplement or free writing prospectus to be delivered to you. No dealer, salesperson or other person is authorized to provide you with information that is different from such information. If anyone provides you with additional, different or inconsistent information, you should not rely on it. The information contained in this prospectus is accurate only as of the date of each document regardless of the time of delivery of this prospectus or any sale of these securities. In case there are any differences or inconsistencies between this prospectus and the information incorporated by reference, you should rely on the information in the document with the latest date.
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A WARNING ABOUT FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS
This registration statement includes assumptions, expectations, projections, intentions or beliefs about future events. These statements are intended as “forward-looking statements” under the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995, Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “Securities Act”), and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (the “Exchange Act”), and are subject to risks and uncertainties.
All statements other than statements of historical facts included in this registration statement regarding our financial position, business strategy, plans and objectives of management for future operations, industry conditions, and indebtedness covenant compliance are forward-looking statements. When used in this report, forward-looking statements are generally accompanied by terms or phrases such as “estimate,” “project,” “predict,” “believe,” “expect,” “anticipate,” “target,” “plan,” “budget,” “intend,” “seek,” “goal,” “will,” “should,” “may” or other words and similar expressions that convey the uncertainty of future events or outcomes. Items contemplating or making assumptions about, actual or potential future sales, market size, collaborations, and trends or operating results also constitute such forward-looking statements.
Forward-looking statements involve inherent risks and uncertainties, and important factors (many of which are beyond our company’s control) that could cause actual results to differ materially from those set forth in the forward-looking statements, including the following: general economic or industry conditions, nationally and/or in the communities in which our company conducts business, changes in the interest rate environment, legislation or regulatory requirements, conditions of the securities markets, our ability to raise capital, changes in accounting principles, policies or guidelines, financial or political instability, acts of war or terrorism, other economic, competitive, governmental, regulatory and technical factors affecting our company’s operations, products, services and prices.
We have based these forward-looking statements on our current expectations and assumptions about future events. While our management considers these expectations and assumptions to be reasonable, they are inherently subject to significant business, economic, competitive, regulatory and other risks, contingencies and uncertainties, most of which are difficult to predict and many of which are beyond our control. Accordingly, results actually achieved may differ materially from expected results in these statements. Forward-looking statements speak only as of the date they are made. We do not undertake, and specifically disclaim, any obligation to update any forward-looking statements to reflect events or circumstances occurring after the date of such statements.
Readers are urged not to place undue reliance on these forward-looking statements, which speak only as of the date of this registration statement. We assume no obligation to update any forward-looking statements in order to reflect any event or circumstance that may arise after the date of this registration statement, other than as may be required by applicable law or regulation. Readers are urged to carefully review and consider the various disclosures made by us in our reports filed with the SEC which attempt to advise interested parties of the risks and factors that may affect our business, financial condition, results of operation and cash flows. If one or more of these risks or uncertainties materialize, or if the underlying assumptions prove incorrect, our actual results may vary materially from those expected or projected.
Additional factors that could cause actual results to vary from expected results are discussed in the “Risk Factors” section, beginning on page 4 of this prospectus, and any supplement to this prospectus and in our annual report on Form 10-K and our quarterly reports on Form 10-Q.
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THE COMPANY
Emerald Oil, Inc. is an independent exploration and production operator that is focused on acquiring acreage and developing wells in the Williston Basin of North Dakota and Montana, targeting the Bakken and Three Forks shale oil formations and Pronghorn sand oil formation. Emerald Oil, Inc. is a Montana corporation, and our principal offices are located at 1600 Broadway, Suite 1360, Denver, Colorado 80202. Our telephone number is (303) 323-0008.
THE SUBSIDIARY GUARANTORS
The guarantors of the debt securities may include the following companies, each of which is a wholly owned subsidiary of Emerald Oil, Inc.:
| • | Emerald Oil North America, Inc. |
If so provided in a prospectus supplement or term sheet, each of the guarantors will fully and unconditionally guarantee on a joint and several basis our obligations under the debt securities, subject to certain limitations. Additional information concerning our subsidiaries and us is included in reports and other documents incorporated by reference in this prospectus. See “Where You Can Find More Information” below.
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RISK FACTORS
An investment in our securities involves risks. Before you invest in our securities, you should carefully consider the specific risk factors included in our most recent Annual Report on Form 10-K, subsequent Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q and those that may be set forth in any applicable prospectus supplement, together with all of the other information included in this prospectus, any prospectus supplement and the other documents we incorporate by reference. If any of these risks were to materialize, our business, results of operations, cash flows and financial condition could be materially adversely affected. In that case, our ability to pay interest on, or the principal of, any debt securities, may be reduced, the trading price of our securities could decline and you could lose all or a part of your investment. For more information, see “Where You Can Find More Information.”
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RATIO OF EARNINGS TO FIXED CHARGES
The following table sets forth our ratio of earnings to fixed charges for the periods shown. You should read these ratios of earnings to fixed charges in connection with our consolidated financial statements, including the notes to the financial statements, incorporated by reference into this prospectus.
![](https://capedge.com/proxy/424B5/0001144204-15-031979/spacer.gif) | | ![](https://capedge.com/proxy/424B5/0001144204-15-031979/spacer.gif) | | ![](https://capedge.com/proxy/424B5/0001144204-15-031979/spacer.gif) | | ![](https://capedge.com/proxy/424B5/0001144204-15-031979/spacer.gif) | | ![](https://capedge.com/proxy/424B5/0001144204-15-031979/spacer.gif) | | ![](https://capedge.com/proxy/424B5/0001144204-15-031979/spacer.gif) | | ![](https://capedge.com/proxy/424B5/0001144204-15-031979/spacer.gif) |
| | From Inception on April 18, 2008 Through December 31, 2008 | | 2009 | | 2010 | | 2011 | | 2012 | | Nine Months Ended September 30, 2013 |
Ratio of earnings to fixed charges(1) | | | N/A | | | | N/A | | | | — | (2) | | | — | (2) | | | — | (2) | | | 1.17x | |
Ratio of earnings to fixed charges plus preferred stock dividends(1) | | | N/A | | | | N/A | | | | N/A | | | | N/A | | | | N/A | | | | 0.03x | |
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| (1) | For the purposes of determining the ratio of earnings to fixed charges and the ratio of earnings to fixed charges plus preferred stock dividends, earnings are defined as net income before income taxes, amortization of capitalized interest, rent expense, and interest expense. Fixed charges consist of interest incurred (expensed and capitalized) and rent expense. From our inception in 2008 and during 2009, we did not have any fixed charges or preferred stock dividends. Preferred stock dividends are dividends paid on our Series A Perpetual Preferred Stock issued on February 19, 2013, the remaining shares of which were redeemed in full on October 15, 2013. |
| (2) | Earnings were insufficient to cover fixed charges by approximately $4.2 million, $1.3 million and $62.3 million for the years ended December 31, 2010, 2011 and 2012, respectively. |
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USE OF PROCEEDS
Except as described in any prospectus supplement, we currently intend to use the net proceeds from the sale of securities by us in order to accelerate development growth plans; refinance, in whole or in part, existing indebtedness; finance, in whole or in part, the costs of acquisitions; finance capital expenditures; and/or general corporate purposes. Until we apply the proceeds from a sale of securities to their intended purposes, we may invest the proceeds in short-term investments. The specific allocations of the proceeds we receive from the sale of our securities will be described in the applicable prospectus supplement.
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PLAN OF DISTRIBUTION
We may sell the securities to or through underwriters or dealers, through agents, directly to one or more purchasers, or through a combination of any such methods of sale. The accompanying prospectus or prospectus supplement will describe the terms of the offering of the securities, including:
| • | the name or names of any underwriters; |
| • | the purchase price of securities being offered and the proceeds we will receive from the sale; |
| • | any over-allotment options pursuant to which underwriters may purchase additional securities from us; |
| • | any agency fees or underwriting discounts and other items constituting agents’ or underwriters’ compensation; and |
| • | any discounts or concessions allowed or reallowed or paid to dealers. |
Unless otherwise set forth in an applicable prospectus supplement, if underwriters or dealers are used in the sale, the securities will be acquired for their own account and may be resold from time to time in one or more transactions in accordance with the rules of the NYSE MKT or any other stock exchange on which our securities may be listed or quoted at the time of sale:
| • | at a fixed price or prices that may be changed; |
| • | at market prices prevailing at the time of sale; |
| • | at prices related to such prevailing market prices; or |
If underwriters are used in the sale, they will acquire the securities for their own account and may resell the securities from time to time in one or more transactions at a fixed public offering price or at varying prices determined at the time of the sale. The obligations of the underwriters to purchase the securities will be subject to the conditions set forth in the applicable underwriting agreement. We may offer the to the public through underwriting syndicates represented by managing underwriters or by underwriters without a syndicate. Subject to certain conditions, the underwriters will be obligated to purchase all the securities offered by the prospectus or prospectus supplement. We may change from time to time the public offering price and any discounts or concessions allowed or reallowed or paid to dealers. We may use underwriters with whom we have a material relationship. We will describe such relationships in the prospectus supplement.
We may sell securities directly or through agents we designate from time to time. We will name any agents involved in the offering and sale of the securities, and we will describe any commissions paid to the agent in the prospectus supplement. Unless the prospectus or prospectus supplement states otherwise, the agent will act on a best efforts basis for the period of its appointment.
We may provide agents and underwriters with indemnification against civil liabilities related to this offering, including liabilities under the Securities Act, or contribution with respect to payments that the agents or underwriters may make with respect to these liabilities. Agents and underwriters may engage in transactions with, or perform services for, us in the ordinary course of business.
Rules of the SEC may limit the ability of any underwriters to bid for or purchase securities before the distribution of the securities is completed. However, underwriters may engage in the following activities in accordance with the rules:
Stabilizing transactions. Underwriters may make bids or purchases for the purpose of pegging, fixing or maintaining the price of the securities, so long as stabilizing bids do not exceed a specified maximum.
Over-allotments and syndicate covering transactions. Underwriters may sell more securities than the number that they have committed to purchase in any underwritten offering. This over-allotment creates a short position for the underwriters. This short position may involve either “covered” short sales or “naked” short sales. Covered short sales are short sales made in an amount not greater than the underwriters’ over-allotment option to purchase additional securities in any underwritten offering. The underwriters may close out any
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covered short position either by exercising their over-allotment option or by purchasing securities in the open market. To determine how they will close the covered short position, the underwriters will consider, among other things, the price of securities available for purchase in the open market, as compared to the price at which they may purchase securities through the over-allotment option. Naked short sales are short sales in excess of the over-allotment option. The underwriters must close out any naked position by purchasing securities in the open market. A naked short position is more likely to be created if the underwriters are concerned that, in the open market after pricing, there may be downward pressure on the price of the securities that could adversely affect investors who purchase securities in the offering.
Penalty bids. If underwriters purchase securities in the open market in a stabilizing transaction or syndicate covering transaction, they may reclaim a selling concession from other underwriters and selling group members who sold those securities as part of the offering.
Similar to other purchase transactions, an underwriter’s purchases to cover the syndicate short sales or to stabilize the market price of our securities may have the effect of raising or maintaining the market price of our securities or preventing or mitigating a decline in the market price of our securities. As a result, the price of the securities may be higher than the price that might otherwise exist in the open market. The imposition of a penalty bid might also have an effect on the price of securities if it discourages resales of the securities.
If commenced, the underwriters may discontinue any of the activities at any time.
Any underwriters who are qualified market makers on the NYSE MKT may engage in passive market making transactions in the securities on the NYSE MKT in accordance with Rule 103 of Regulation M, during the business day prior to the pricing of the offering, before the commencement of offers or sales of the securities. Passive market makers must comply with applicable volume and price limitations and must be identified as passive market makers. In general, a passive market maker must display its bid at a price not in excess of the highest independent bid for such security; if all independent bids are lowered below the passive market maker’s bid, however, the passive market maker’s bid must then be lowered when certain purchase limits are exceeded.
In compliance with guidelines of the Financial Industry Regulatory Authority, or FINRA, the maximum consideration or discount to be received by any FINRA member or independent broker dealer may not exceed 8% of the aggregate amount of the securities offered pursuant to this prospectus and any applicable prospectus supplement.
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THE SECURITIES WE MAY OFFER
The descriptions of the securities contained in this prospectus, together with any applicable prospectus or prospectus supplements, summarize all the material terms and provisions of the various types of securities that we may offer. We will describe in the applicable prospectus or prospectus supplement the particular terms of the securities offered by that prospectus or prospectus supplement. If we indicate in the applicable prospectus or prospectus supplement, the terms of the securities may differ from the terms we have summarized below. We will also include in the prospectus or prospectus supplement information, where applicable, about material United States federal income tax considerations relating to the securities, and the securities exchange, if any, on which the securities will be listed.
We may offer and sell from time to time shares of common stock, shares of preferred stock, debt securities, warrants to purchase common stock, preferred stock, and debt securities, or units consisting of one or more debt securities, shares of common stock or preferred stock, warrants or any combination of such securities. Any debt securities we offer pursuant to this prospectus may be guaranteed by one or more of our subsidiaries on terms to be determined at the time of the offering.
Our common stock, preferred stock, debt securities, guarantees, warrants and units may be offered separately or together, in multiple series, in amounts, at prices and on terms that will be set forth in one or more prospectus supplements to this prospectus.
In this prospectus, we refer to the common stock, preferred stock, debt securities, guarantees, warrants and units collectively as “securities.”
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DESCRIPTION OF CAPITAL STOCK
The following is a summary description of the rights of our common stock and preferred stock and related provisions of our articles of incorporation and our bylaws. The following description of our capital stock is intended as a summary only and is qualified in its entirety by reference to our articles of incorporation and our bylaws, which are filed as exhibits to the registration statement, of which this prospectus forms a part, and to the applicable provisions of Montana law.
Common Stock
Our articles of incorporation authorize 500,000,000 shares of common stock, par value $0.001 per share. As of December 10, 2013, we had 65,387,350 shares of common stock issued and outstanding. Each share of our common stock entitles its holder to one vote on all matters to be voted on by the shareholders. Except for the election of directors, which is determined by a plurality vote, and unless otherwise required by Montana law, all matters to be voted on by shareholders must be approved by a majority of the votes entitled to be cast by the holders of our common stock present in person or represented by proxy, voting as a single class. Except as otherwise provided by law or in our articles of incorporation, and subject to any voting rights granted to holders of any then outstanding preferred stock and the powers of our board of directors to amend our bylaws, amendments to our articles of incorporation and our bylaws must be approved by a majority of the votes entitled to be cast by the holders of our common stock, voting as a single class. Holders of our common stock are entitled to cumulate their votes in the election of directors. Each of our directors will be elected annually by our shareholders voting as a single class. Holders of our common stock are not entitled to preemptive rights, and our common stock is not subject to redemption or conversion. There are no redemption or sinking fund provisions applicable to our common stock. Subject to preferences that may apply to shares of preferred stock outstanding at the time, the holders of outstanding shares of our common stock are entitled to receive dividends out of assets legally available at the time if, as and when declared by our board of directors. Upon the liquidation, dissolution or winding-up of the company, the holders of our common stock are entitled to share in all assets remaining after payment of all our debts and other liabilities and the liquidation preferences of any then outstanding preferred stock. All shares of our common stock currently outstanding are fully paid and non-assessable.
Preferred Stock
Our articles of incorporation authorize 20,000,000 shares of preferred stock, par value $0.001 per share. As of December 10, 2013, we had 5,114,633 shares of Series B Voting Preferred Stock (the “Series B Preferred Stock”) issued and outstanding. We issued the Series B Preferred Stock in a private offering to affiliates of White Deer Energy L.P. on February 19, 2013. The Series B Preferred Stock is entitled to vote, until January 1, 2020, in the election of directors and on all other matters submitted to a vote of the holders of common stock as a single class. Each share of Series B Preferred Stock has one vote. The Series B Preferred Stock has no dividend rights and a liquidation preference of $0.001 per share. On and from time to time after January 1, 2020 we may redeem, in whole or in part, the then-outstanding shares of Series B Preferred Stock, at a redemption price per share equal to $0.001. Each share of Series B Preferred Stock was issued as part of a unit with a warrant to purchase one share of common stock and will be surrendered to us upon exercise of each such warrant. See “Description of Warrants.”
Our board of directors has the authority, without action by our shareholders, to designate and issue our preferred stock in one or more series and to designate the rights, preferences and privileges of each series, which may be greater than the rights of our common stock. Other than our Series B Preferred Shares, it is not possible to state the actual effect of the issuance of any shares of our preferred stock upon the rights of holders of our common stock until our board of directors determines the specific rights of the holders of our preferred stock. However, the effects might include, among other things, restricting dividends on our common stock, diluting the voting power of our common stock, impairing the liquidation rights of our common stock, or delaying or preventing a change in control of the company without further action by our shareholders.
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Anti-Takeover Provisions of our Articles of Incorporation and Bylaws
The provisions of Montana law and our articles of incorporation and bylaws we summarize below may have an anti-takeover effect and may delay, defer or prevent a tender offer or takeover attempt that a shareholder might consider in his or her best interest, including those attempts that might result in a premium over the market price for the common stock.
Written Consent of Shareholders. Our bylaws provide that any action required or permitted to be taken by our shareholders may be taken at a duly called meeting of shareholders or by the written consent of 100% of the outstanding voting power.
Special Meetings of Shareholders. Our bylaws provide that special meetings of the shareholders may be called by our board of directors or at the written demand of 10% of the shares outstanding and entitled to vote.
Advance Notice Procedure for Shareholder Proposals. Our bylaws establish an advance notice procedure for the nomination of candidates for election as directors as well as for shareholder proposals to be considered at annual meetings of shareholders. These procedures may operate to limit the ability of shareholders to bring business before a shareholders’ meeting, including with respect to the nomination of directors or considering any transaction that could result in a change of control.
Limitation of Liability of Directors. Our articles of incorporation provides that no director shall be personally liable to the company or its shareholders for monetary damages for breach of fiduciary duty as a director to the fullest extent permitted under Montana law. The effect of these provisions is to eliminate ours and our shareholders’ rights, through derivative suits on our behalf, to recover monetary damages against a director for a breach of fiduciary duty as a director.
Transfer Agent and Registrar
The transfer agent and registrar for our common stock is Wells Fargo Shareowner Services.
Market Information
Our common stock is listed on the NYSE MKT under the symbol “EOX.”
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DESCRIPTION OF DEBT SECURITIES
Any debt securities that we offer under a prospectus supplement will be direct, unsecured general obligations. The debt securities will be either senior debt securities or subordinated debt securities. The debt securities will be issued under one or more separate indentures between us and a trustee. Senior debt securities will be issued under a senior indenture and subordinated debt securities will be issued under a subordinated indenture. Together, the senior indentures and the subordinated indentures are called “indentures.” The indentures will be supplemented by supplemental indentures, the material provisions of which will be described in a prospectus supplement.
We have summarized some of the material provisions of the indentures below. This summary does not restate those agreements in their entirety. Our forms of senior indenture and subordinated indenture have been filed as exhibits to the registration statement of which this prospectus is a part. We urge you to read each of the indentures because each one, and not this description, defines the rights of holders of debt securities.
Capitalized terms defined in the indentures have the same meanings when used in this prospectus.
General
The debt securities issued under the indentures will be our direct, unsecured general obligations. The senior debt securities will rank equally with all of our other senior and unsubordinated debt. The subordinated debt securities will have a junior position to all of our senior debt.
The following description sets forth the general terms and provisions that could apply to debt securities that we may offer to sell. A prospectus supplement relating to any series of debt securities being offered will include specific terms relating to the offering. These terms will include some or all of the following, among others:
| • | the title and type of the debt securities; |
| • | the total principal amount of the debt securities; |
| • | the percentage of the principal amount at which the debt securities will be issued and any payments due if the maturity of the debt securities is accelerated; |
| • | the dates on which the principal of the debt securities will be payable; |
| • | the interest rate which the debt securities will bear and the interest payment dates for the debt securities; |
| • | any conversion or exchange features; |
| • | any optional redemption periods; |
| • | any sinking fund or other provisions that would obligate us to repurchase or otherwise redeem some or all of the debt securities; |
| • | any provisions granting special rights to holders when a specified event occurs; |
| • | any changes to or additional events of default or covenants; |
| • | any special tax implications of the debt securities, including provisions for original issue discount securities, if offered; and |
| • | any other terms of the debt securities. |
Neither of the indentures will limit the amount of debt securities that may be issued. Each indenture will allow debt securities to be issued up to the principal amount that may be authorized by us and may be in any currency or currency unit designated by us.
Debt securities of a series may be issued in registered or global form.
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Covenants
Under the indentures, we:
| • | will pay the principal of, and interest and any premium on, the debt securities when due; |
| • | will maintain a place of payment; |
| • | will deliver a certificate to the trustee each fiscal year reviewing our compliance with our obligations under the indentures; |
| • | will preserve our corporate existence; and |
| • | will segregate or deposit with any paying agent sufficient funds for the payment of any principal, interest or premium on or before the due date of such payment. |
Mergers and Sale of Assets
Each of the indentures will provide that we may not consolidate with or merge into any other Person or sell, convey, transfer or lease all or substantially all of our properties and assets (on a consolidated basis) to another Person, unless:
| • | the Person formed by or surviving any such conversion, consolidation, amalgamation or merger (if other than us) or the Person to which such sale, assignment, transfer, conveyance or other disposition has been made assumes all of our obligations under such indenture and the debt securities governed thereby pursuant to agreements reasonably satisfactory to the trustee, which may include a supplemental indenture; |
| • | we or the successor will not immediately be in default under such indenture; and |
| • | we deliver an officer’s certificate and opinion of counsel to the trustee stating that such consolidation, amalgamation, merger, conveyance, sale, transfer or lease and any supplemental indenture comply with such indenture and that all conditions precedent set forth in such indenture have been complied with. |
Upon the assumption of our obligations under each indenture by a successor, we will be discharged from all obligations under such indenture.
As used in the indenture and in this description, the word “Person” means any individual, corporation, company, limited liability company, partnership, limited partnership, joint venture, association, joint-stock company, trust, other entity, unincorporated organization or government or any agency or political subdivision thereof.
Events of Default
“Event of default,” when used in the indentures with respect to debt securities of any series, will mean any of the following:
(1) default in the payment of any interest upon any debt security of that series when it becomes due and payable, and continuance of such default for a period of 30 days;
(2) default in the payment of the principal of (or premium, if any, on) any debt security of that series at its maturity;
(3) default in the performance, or breach, of any covenant set forth in Article Ten of the applicable indenture (other than a covenant a default in the performance of which or the breach of which is elsewhere specifically dealt with as an event of default or which has expressly been included in such indenture solely for the benefit of one or more series of debt securities other than that series), and continuance of such default or breach for a period of 60 days after there has been given, by registered or certified mail, to us by the trustee or to us and the trustee by the holders of at least 25% in principal amount of the then-outstanding debt securities of that series a written notice specifying such default or breach and requiring it to be remedied and stating that such notice is a “Notice of Default” thereunder;
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(4) default in the performance, or breach, of any covenant in the applicable indenture (other than a covenant set forth in Article Ten of such indenture or any other covenant a default in the performance of which or the breach of which is elsewhere specifically dealt with as an event of default or which has expressly been included in such indenture solely for the benefit of one or more series of debt securities other than that series), and continuance of such default or breach for a period of 120 days after there has been given, by registered or certified mail, to us by the trustee or to us and the trustee by the holders of at least 25% in principal amount of the then-outstanding debt securities of that series a written notice specifying such default or breach and requiring it to be remedied and stating that such notice is a “Notice of Default” thereunder;
(5) we, pursuant to or within the meaning of any bankruptcy law, (i) commence a voluntary case, (ii) consent to the entry of any order for relief against us in an involuntary case, (iii) consent to the appointment of a custodian of us or for all or substantially all of our property, or (iv) make a general assignment for the benefit of our creditors;
(6) a court of competent jurisdiction enters an order or decree under any bankruptcy law that (i) is for relief against us in an involuntary case, (ii) appoints a custodian of us or for all or substantially all of our property, or (iii) orders the liquidation of us, and the order or decree remains unstayed and in effect for 60 consecutive days;
(7) default in the deposit of any sinking fund payment when due; or
(8) any other event of default provided with respect to debt securities of that series in accordance with provisions of the indenture related to the issuance of such debt securities.
An event of default for a particular series of debt securities does not necessarily constitute an event of default for any other series of debt securities issued under an indenture. The trustee may withhold notice to the holders of debt securities of any default (except in the payment of principal, interest or any premium) if it considers the withholding of notice to be in the interests of the holders.
If an event of default for any series of debt securities occurs and continues, the trustee or the holders of 25% in aggregate principal amount of the debt securities of the series may declare the entire principal of all of the debt securities of that series to be due and payable immediately. If this happens, subject to certain conditions, the holders of a majority of the aggregate principal amount of the debt securities of that series can void the declaration.
Other than its duties in case of a default, a trustee is not obligated to exercise any of its rights or powers under any indenture at the request, order or direction of any holders, unless the holders offer the trustee reasonable indemnity. If they provide this reasonable indemnification, the holders of a majority in principal amount outstanding of any series of debt securities may direct the time, method and place of conducting any proceeding or any remedy available to the trustee, or exercising any power conferred upon the trustee, for any series of debt securities.
Amendments and Waivers
Subject to certain exceptions, the indentures, the debt securities issued thereunder or any subsidiary guarantees may be amended or supplemented with the consent of the holders of a majority in aggregate principal amount of the then-outstanding debt securities of each series affected by such amendment or supplemental indenture, with each such series voting as a separate class (including, without limitation, consents obtained in connection with a purchase of, or tender offer or exchange offer for, debt securities) and, subject to certain exceptions, any past default or compliance with any provisions may be waived with respect to each series of debt securities with the consent of the holders of a majority in principal amount of the then-outstanding debt securities of such series voting as a separate class (including consents obtained in connection with a purchase of, or tender offer or exchange offer for, debt securities).
Without the consent of each holder of the outstanding debt securities affected, an amendment, supplement or waiver may not, among other things:
(1) change the stated maturity of the principal of, or any installment of principal of or interest on, any debt security, reduce the principal amount thereof or the rate of interest thereon or any premium payable upon
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the redemption thereof, reduce the amount of the principal of an original issue discount security that would be due and payable upon a declaration of acceleration of the maturity thereof pursuant to the applicable indenture, change the coin or currency in which any debt security or any premium or the interest thereon is payable, or impair the right to institute suit for the enforcement of any such payment on or after the stated maturity thereof (or, in the case of redemption, on or after the redemption date therefor);
(2) reduce the percentage in principal amount of the then-outstanding debt securities of any series, the consent of the holders of which is required for any such amendment or supplemental indenture, or the consent of the holders of which is required for any waiver of compliance with certain provisions of the applicable indenture or certain defaults thereunder and their consequences provided for in the applicable indenture;
(3) modify any of the provisions set forth in (i) the provisions of the applicable indenture related to the holder��s unconditional right to receive principal, premium, if any, and interest on the debt securities or (ii) the provisions of the applicable indenture related to the waiver of past defaults under such indenture;
(4) waive a redemption payment with respect to any debt security; provided, however, that any purchase or repurchase of debt securities shall not be deemed a redemption of the debt securities;
(5) release any guarantor from any of its obligations under its guarantee or the applicable indenture, except in accordance with the terms of such indenture (as amended or supplemented); or
(6) make any change in the foregoing amendment and waiver provisions, except to increase any percentage provided for therein or to provide that certain other provisions of the applicable indenture cannot be modified or waived without the consent of the holder of each then-outstanding debt security affected thereby.
Notwithstanding the foregoing, without the consent of any holder of debt securities, we, any guarantors and the trustee may amend each of the indentures or the debt securities issued thereunder to:
(1) cure any ambiguity or defect or to correct or supplement any provision therein that may be inconsistent with any other provision therein;
(2) evidence the succession of another Person to us and the assumption by any such successor of our covenants therein and, to the extent applicable, of the debt securities;
(3) provide for uncertificated debt securities in addition to or in place of certificated debt securities; provided that the uncertificated debt securities are issued in registered form for purposes of Section 163(f) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the “Code”), or in the manner such that the uncertificated debt securities are described in Section 163(f)(2)(B) of the Code;
(4) add a guarantee and cause any Person to become a guarantor, and/or to evidence the succession of another Person to a guarantor and the assumption by any such successor of the guarantee of such guarantor therein and, to the extent applicable, endorsed upon any debt securities of any series;
(5) secure the debt securities of any series;
(6) add to the our covenants such further covenants, restrictions, conditions or provisions as we shall consider to be appropriate for the benefit of the holders of all or any series of debt securities (and if such covenants, restrictions, conditions or provisions are to be for the benefit of less than all series of debt securities, stating that such covenants are expressly being included solely for the benefit of such series), to make the occurrence, or the occurrence and continuance, of a default in any such additional covenants, restrictions, conditions or provisions an event of default permitting the enforcement of all or any of the several remedies provided in the applicable indenture as set forth therein, or to surrender any right or power therein conferred upon us; provided, that in respect of any such additional covenant, restriction, condition or provision, such amendment or supplemental indenture may provide for a particular period of grace after default (which period may be shorter or longer than that allowed in the case of other defaults) or may provide for an immediate enforcement upon such an event of default or may limit the remedies available to the trustee upon such an event of default or may limit the right of the holders of a majority in aggregate principal amount of the debt securities of such series to waive such an event of default;
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(7) make any change to any provision of the applicable indenture that does not adversely affect the rights or interests of any holder of debt securities issued thereunder;
(8) provide for the issuance of additional debt securities in accordance with the provisions set forth in the applicable indenture on the date of such indenture;
(9) add any additional defaults or events of default in respect of all or any series of debt securities;
(10) add to, change or eliminate any of the provisions of the applicable indenture to such extent as shall be necessary to permit or facilitate the issuance of debt securities in bearer form, registrable or not registrable as to principal, and with or without interest coupons;
(11) change or eliminate any of the provisions of the applicable indenture; provided that any such change or elimination shall become effective only when there is no debt security outstanding of any series created prior to the execution of such amendment or supplemental indenture that is entitled to the benefit of such provision;
(12) establish the form or terms of debt securities of any series as permitted thereunder, including to reopen any series of any debt securities as permitted thereunder;
(13) evidence and provide for the acceptance of appointment thereunder by a successor trustee with respect to the debt securities of one or more series and to add to or change any of the provisions of the applicable indenture as shall be necessary to provide for or facilitate the administration of the trusts thereunder by more than one trustee, pursuant to the requirements of such indenture;
(14) conform the text of the applicable indenture (and/or any supplemental indenture) or any debt securities issued thereunder to any provision of a description of such debt securities appearing in a prospectus or prospectus supplement or an offering memorandum or offering circular to the extent that such provision appears on its face to have been intended to be a verbatim recitation of a provision of such indenture (and/or any supplemental indenture) or any debt securities issued thereunder; or
(15) modify, eliminate or add to the provisions of the applicable indenture to such extent as shall be necessary to effect the qualification of such indenture under the Trust Indenture Act of 1939, as amended (the “Trust Indenture Act”), or under any similar federal statute subsequently enacted, and to add to such indenture such other provisions as may be expressly required under the Trust Indenture Act.
The consent of the holders is not necessary under either indenture to approve the particular form of any proposed amendment. It is sufficient if such consent approves the substance of the proposed amendment. After an amendment with the consent of the holders under an indenture becomes effective, we are required to mail to the holders of debt securities thereunder a notice briefly describing such amendment. However, the failure to give such notice to all such holders, or any defect therein, will not impair or affect the validity of the amendment.
Legal Defeasance and Covenant Defeasance
Each indenture provides that we may, at our option and at any time, elect to have all of our obligations discharged with respect to the debt securities outstanding thereunder and all obligations of any guarantors of such debt securities discharged with respect to their guarantees (“Legal Defeasance”), except for:
(1) the rights of holders of outstanding debt securities to receive payments in respect of the principal of, or interest or premium, if any, on, such debt securities when such payments are due from the trust referred to below;
(2) our obligations with respect to the debt securities concerning temporary debt securities, registration of debt securities, mutilated, destroyed, lost or stolen debt securities, the maintenance of an office or agency for payment and money for security payments held in trust;
(3) the rights, powers, trusts, duties and immunities of the trustee, and our and any guarantor’s obligations in connection therewith; and
(4) the Legal Defeasance and Covenant Defeasance (as defined below) provisions of the applicable indenture.
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In addition, we may, at our option and at any time, elect to have our obligations released with respect to certain provisions of each indenture, including certain provisions described in any prospectus supplement (such release and termination being referred to as “Covenant Defeasance”), and thereafter any failure to comply with such obligations or provisions will not constitute a default or event of default. In addition, in the event Covenant Defeasance occurs in accordance with the applicable indenture, any defeasible event of default will no longer constitute an event of default.
In order to exercise either Legal Defeasance or Covenant Defeasance:
(1) we must irrevocably deposit with the trustee, in trust, for the benefit of the holders of the debt securities, cash in U.S. dollars, non-callable government securities, or a combination of cash in U.S. dollars and non-callable U.S. government securities, in amounts as will be sufficient, in the opinion of a nationally recognized investment bank, appraisal firm or firm of independent public accountants, to pay the principal of, and interest and premium, if any, on, the outstanding debt securities on the stated date for payment thereof or on the applicable redemption date, as the case may be, and we must specify whether the debt securities are being defeased to such stated date for payment or to a particular redemption date;
(2) in the case of Legal Defeasance, we must deliver to the trustee an opinion of counsel reasonably acceptable to the trustee confirming that (a) we have received from, or there has been published by, the Internal Revenue Service a ruling or (b) since the issue date of the debt securities, there has been a change in the applicable federal income tax law, in either case to the effect that, and based thereon such opinion of counsel will confirm that, the holders of the outstanding debt securities will not recognize income, gain or loss for federal income tax purposes as a result of such Legal Defeasance and will be subject to federal income tax on the same amounts, in the same manner and at the same time as would have been the case if such Legal Defeasance had not occurred;
(3) in the case of Covenant Defeasance, we must deliver to the trustee an opinion of counsel reasonably acceptable to the trustee confirming that the holders of the outstanding debt securities will not recognize income, gain or loss for federal income tax purposes as a result of such Covenant Defeasance and will be subject to federal income tax on the same amounts, in the same manner and at the same times as would have been the case if such Covenant Defeasance had not occurred;
(4) no default or event of default shall have occurred and be continuing on the date of such deposit (other than a default or event of default resulting from the borrowing of funds to be applied to such deposit);
(5) the deposit must not result in a breach or violation of, or constitute a default under, any other instrument to which we are, or any guarantor is, a party or by which we are, or any guarantor is, bound;
(6) such Legal Defeasance or Covenant Defeasance must not result in a breach or violation of, or constitute a default under, any material agreement or instrument (other than the applicable indenture) to which we are, or any of our subsidiaries is, a party or by which we are, or any of our subsidiaries is, bound;
(7) we must deliver to the trustee an officer’s certificate stating that the deposit was not made by us with the intent of preferring the holders of debt securities over our other creditors with the intent of defeating, hindering, delaying or defrauding our creditors or the creditors of others;
(8) we must deliver to the trustee an officer’s certificate stating that all conditions precedent set forth in clauses (1) through (6) of this paragraph have been complied with; and
(9) we must deliver to the trustee an opinion of counsel (which opinion of counsel may be subject to customary assumptions, qualifications, and exclusions) stating that all conditions precedent set forth in clauses (2), (3) and (6) of this paragraph have been complied with.
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Satisfaction and Discharge
Each of the indentures will be discharged and will cease to be of further effect (except as to surviving rights of registration of transfer or exchange of debt securities and certain rights of the trustee, as expressly provided for in such indenture) as to all outstanding debt securities issued thereunder and the guarantees issued thereunder when:
(1) either (a) all of the debt securities theretofore authenticated and delivered under such indenture (except lost, stolen or destroyed debt securities that have been replaced or paid and debt securities for the payment of which money has theretofore been deposited in trust or segregated and held in trust by us and thereafter repaid to us or discharged from such trust) have been delivered to the trustee for cancellation or (b) all debt securities not theretofore delivered to the trustee for cancellation have become due and payable, will become due and payable at their stated maturity within one year, or are to be called for redemption within one year under arrangements satisfactory to the trustee for the giving of notice of redemption by the trustee in the name, and at the expense, of us, and we have irrevocably deposited or caused to be deposited with the trustee funds, in an amount sufficient to pay and discharge the entire indebtedness on the debt securities not theretofore delivered to the trustee for cancellation, for principal of and premium, if any, and interest on the debt securities to the date of deposit (in the case of debt securities that have become due and payable) or to the stated maturity or redemption date, as the case may be, together with instructions from us irrevocably directing the trustee to apply such funds to the payment thereof at maturity or redemption, as the case may be;
(2) we have paid all other sums then due and payable under such indenture by us; and
(3) we have delivered to the trustee an officer’s certificate and an opinion of counsel, which, taken together, state that all conditions precedent under such indenture relating to the satisfaction and discharge of such indenture have been complied with.
No Personal Liability of Directors, Managers, Officers, Employees, Partners, Members and Shareholders
No director, manager, officer, employee, incorporator, partner, member or shareholder of us or any guarantor, as such, shall have any liability for any of our obligations or those of any guarantors under the debt securities, the indentures, the guarantees or for any claim based on, in respect of, or by reason of, such obligations or their creation. Each holder of debt securities, upon our issuance of the debt securities and execution of the indentures, waives and releases all such liability. The waiver and release are part of the consideration for issuance of the debt securities. Such waiver may not be effective to waive liabilities under the federal securities laws and it is the view of the SEC that such a waiver is against public policy.
Denominations
Unless stated otherwise in the prospectus supplement for each issuance of debt securities, the debt securities will be issued in denominations of $1,000 each or integral multiples of $1,000.
Paying Agent and Registrar
The trustee will initially act as paying agent and registrar for the debt securities. We may change the paying agent or registrar without prior notice to the holders of the debt securities, and we may act as paying agent or registrar.
Transfer and Exchange
A holder may transfer or exchange debt securities in accordance with the applicable indenture. The registrar and the trustee may require a holder, among other things, to furnish appropriate endorsements and transfer documents, and we may require a holder to pay any taxes and fees required by law or permitted by the applicable indenture. We are not required to transfer or exchange any debt security selected for redemption. In addition, we are not required to transfer or exchange any debt security for a period of 15 days before a selection of debt securities to be redeemed.
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Subordination
The payment of the principal of and premium, if any, and interest on subordinated debt securities and any of our other payment obligations in respect of subordinated debt securities (including any obligation to repurchase subordinated debt securities) is subordinated in certain circumstances in right of payment, as set forth in the subordinated indenture, to the prior payment in full in cash of all senior debt.
We also may not make any payment, whether by redemption, purchase, retirement, defeasance or otherwise, upon or in respect of subordinated debt securities, except from a trust described under “— Legal Defeasance and Covenant Defeasance,” if:
| • | a default in the payment of all or any portion of the obligations on any designated senior debt (“payment default”) occurs that has not been cured or waived; or |
| • | any other default occurs and is continuing with respect to designated senior debt pursuant to which the maturity thereof may be accelerated (“non-payment default”) and, solely with respect to this clause, the trustee for the subordinated debt securities receives a notice of the default (a “payment blockage notice”) from the trustee or other representative for the holders of such designated senior debt. |
Cash payments on subordinated debt securities will be resumed (a) in the case of a payment default, upon the date on which such default is cured or waived, and (b) in case of a nonpayment default, the earliest of the date on which such nonpayment default is cured or waived, the termination of the payment blockage period by written notice to the trustee for the subordinated debt securities from the trustee or other representative for the holders of such designated senior debt, the payment in full of such designated senior debt or 179 days after the date on which the applicable payment blockage notice is received. No new payment blockage period may be commenced unless and until 360 days have elapsed since the date of commencement of the payment blockage period resulting from the immediately prior payment blockage notice. No nonpayment default in respect of designated senior debt that existed or was continuing on the date of delivery of any payment blockage notice to the trustee for the subordinated debt securities will be, or be made, the basis for a subsequent payment blockage notice unless such default shall have been cured or waived for a period of no less than 90 consecutive days.
Upon any payment or distribution of our assets or securities (other than with the money, securities or proceeds held under any defeasance trust established in accordance with the subordinated indenture) in connection with any dissolution or winding up or total or partial liquidation or reorganization of us, whether voluntary or involuntary, or in bankruptcy, insolvency, receivership or other proceedings or other marshalling of assets for the benefit of creditors, all amounts due or to become due upon all senior debt shall first be paid in full, in cash or cash equivalents, before the holders of the subordinated debt securities or the trustee on their behalf shall be entitled to receive any payment by or on behalf of us on account of the subordinated debt securities, or any payment to acquire any of the subordinated debt securities for cash, property or securities, or any distribution with respect to the subordinated debt securities of any cash, property or securities. Before any payment may be made by, or on behalf of, us on any subordinated debt security (other than with the money, securities or proceeds held under any defeasance trust established in accordance with the subordinated indenture) in connection with any such dissolution, winding up, liquidation or reorganization, any payment or distribution of our assets or securities, to which the holders of subordinated debt securities or the trustee on their behalf would be entitled, shall be made by us or by any receiver, trustee in bankruptcy, liquidating trustee, agent or other similar Person making such payment or distribution, or by the holders or the trustee if received by them or it, directly to the holders of senior debt or their representatives or to any trustee or trustees under any indenture pursuant to which any such senior debt may have been issued, as their respective interests appear, to the extent necessary to pay all such senior debt in full, in cash or cash equivalents, after giving effect to any concurrent payment, distribution or provision therefor to or for the holders of such senior debt.
As a result of these subordination provisions, in the event of the our liquidation, bankruptcy, reorganization, insolvency, receivership or similar proceeding or an assignment for the benefit of our creditors or a marshalling of our assets or liabilities, holders of subordinated debt securities may receive ratably less than other creditors.
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Payment and Transfer
Principal, interest and any premium on fully registered debt securities will be paid at designated places. Payment will be made by check mailed to the persons in whose names the debt securities are registered on days specified in the indentures or any prospectus supplement. Debt securities payments in other forms will be paid at a place designated by us and specified in a prospectus supplement.
Fully registered debt securities may be transferred or exchanged at the office of the trustee or at any other office or agency maintained by us for such purposes, without the payment of any service charge except for any tax or governmental charge.
Global Securities
The debt securities of a series may be issued in whole or in part in the form of one or more global certificates that we will deposit with a depositary identified in the applicable prospectus supplement. Unless and until it is exchanged in whole or in part for the individual debt securities that it represents, a global security may not be transferred except as a whole:
| • | by the applicable depositary to a nominee of the depositary; |
| • | by any nominee to the depositary itself or another nominee; or |
| • | by the depositary or any nominee to a successor depositary or any nominee of the successor. |
We will describe the specific terms of the depositary arrangement with respect to a series of debt securities in the applicable prospectus supplement. We anticipate that the following provisions will generally apply to depositary arrangements.
When we issue a global security in registered form, the depositary for the global security or its nominee will credit, on its book-entry registration and transfer system, the respective principal amounts of the individual debt securities represented by that global security to the accounts of persons that have accounts with the depositary (“participants”). Those accounts will be designated by the dealers, underwriters or agents with respect to the underlying debt securities or by us if those debt securities are offered and sold directly by us. Ownership of beneficial interests in a global security will be limited to participants or persons that may hold interests through participants. For interests of participants, ownership of beneficial interests in the global security will be shown on records maintained by the applicable depositary or its nominee. For interests of persons other than participants, that ownership information will be shown on the records of participants. Transfer of that ownership will be effected only through those records. The laws of some states require that certain purchasers of securities take physical delivery of securities in definitive form. These limits and laws may impair our ability to transfer beneficial interests in a global security.
As long as the depositary for a global security, or its nominee, is the registered owner of that global security, the depositary or nominee will be considered the sole owner or holder of the debt securities represented by the global security for all purposes under the applicable indenture. Except as provided below, owners of beneficial interests in a global security:
| • | will not be entitled to have any of the underlying debt securities registered in their names; |
| • | will not receive or be entitled to receive physical delivery of any of the underlying debt securities in definitive form; and |
| • | will not be considered the owners or holders under the indenture relating to those debt securities. |
Payments of the principal of, any premium on and any interest on individual debt securities represented by a global security registered in the name of a depositary or its nominee will be made to the depositary or its nominee as the registered owner of the global security representing such debt securities. Neither we, the trustee for the debt securities, any paying agent nor the registrar for the debt securities will be responsible for any aspect of the records relating to or payments made by the depositary or any participants on account of beneficial interests in the global security.
We expect that the depositary or its nominee, upon receipt of any payment of principal, any premium or interest relating to a global security representing any series of debt securities, immediately will credit
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participants’ accounts with the payments. Those payments will be credited in amounts proportional to the respective beneficial interests of the participants in the principal amount of the global security as shown on the records of the depositary or its nominee. We also expect that payments by participants to owners of beneficial interests in the global security held through those participants will be governed by standing instructions and customary practices. This is now the case with securities held for the accounts of customers registered in “street name.” Those payments will be the sole responsibility of those participants.
If the depositary for a series of debt securities is at any time unwilling, unable or ineligible to continue as depositary and we do not appoint a successor depositary within 90 days, we will issue individual debt securities of that series in exchange for the global security or securities representing that series. In addition, we may at any time in our sole discretion determine not to have any debt securities of a series represented by one or more global securities. In that event, we will issue individual debt securities of that series in exchange for the global security or securities. Furthermore, if we specify, an owner of a beneficial interest in a global security may, on terms acceptable to us, the trustee and the applicable depositary, receive individual debt securities of that series in exchange for those beneficial interests. The foregoing is subject to any limitations described in the applicable prospectus supplement. In any such instance, the owner of the beneficial interest will be entitled to physical delivery of individual debt securities equal in principal amount to the beneficial interest and to have the debt securities registered in its name. Those individual debt securities will be issued in any authorized denominations.
Governing Law
Each indenture and the debt securities will be governed by and construed in accordance with the laws of the State of New York.
Information Concerning the Trustee
The indentures and the provisions of the Trust Indenture Act incorporated by reference therein will contain certain limitations on the rights of the trustee, should it become a creditor of us, to obtain payment of claims in certain cases, or to realize on certain property received in respect of any such claim as security or otherwise. The trustee will be permitted to engage in other transactions; however, if it acquires any conflicting interest (within the meaning of the Trust Indenture Act), it must eliminate such conflicting interest or resign.
A single banking or financial institution may act as trustee with respect to both the subordinated indenture and the senior indenture. If this occurs, and should a default occur with respect to either the subordinated debt securities or the senior debt securities, such banking or financial institution would be required to resign as trustee under one of the indentures within 90 days of such default, pursuant to the Trust Indenture Act, unless such default were cured, duly waived or otherwise eliminated.
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DESCRIPTION OF WARRANTS
The following description, together with the additional information we may include in any applicable prospectus or prospectus supplement, summarizes the material terms and provisions of the warrants that we may offer under this prospectus and the related warrant agreements and warrant certificates. While the terms summarized below will apply generally to any warrants that we may offer, we will describe the particular terms of any series of warrants in more detail in the applicable prospectus or prospectus supplement. If we indicate in the prospectus or prospectus supplement, the terms of any warrants offered under that prospectus or prospectus supplement may differ from the terms described below. Specific warrant agreements will contain additional important terms and provisions and will be incorporated by reference as an exhibit to the registration statement that includes this prospectus.
As of September 30, 2013, we had issued warrants to purchase 6,230,783 shares of our common stock, consisting of (i) 5,114,633 warrants with an initial exercise price of $5.77 per share exercisable until December 31, 2013 issued to affiliates of White Deer Energy L.P. in connection with the issuance of our Series B Preferred Stock on February 19, 2013; (ii) 223,293 warrants with an exercise price of $6.86 per share and (iii) 892,857 warrants with an exercise price of $49.70.
General
We may issue warrants for the purchase of debt securities, common stock or preferred stock in one or more series. We may issue warrants independently or together with debt securities, common stock and preferred stock, and the warrants may be attached to or separate from these securities.
We will evidence each series of warrants by warrant certificates that we will issue under a separate agreement. We may enter into the warrant agreement with a warrant agent. We will indicate the name and address and other information regarding the warrant agent in the applicable prospectus or prospectus supplement relating to a particular series of warrants.
Before exercising their warrants, holders of warrants will not have any of the rights of holders of the securities purchasable upon such exercise, including in the case of warrants to purchase common stock or preferred stock, the right to receive dividends, if any, or, payments upon our liquidation, dissolution or winding up or to exercise voting rights, if any.
Additional Information
We will describe in an applicable prospectus or prospectus supplement the terms of the series of warrants, including:
| • | the offering price and aggregate number of warrants offered; |
| • | the currency for which the warrants may be purchased; |
| • | if applicable, the designation and terms of the securities with which the warrants are issued and the number of warrants issued with each such security or each principal amount of such security; |
| • | if applicable, the date on and after which the warrants and the related securities will be separately transferable; |
| • | in the case of warrants to purchase debt securities, the number of debt securities purchasable upon exercise of one warrant and the price at which such securities may be purchased upon exercise; |
| • | in the case of warrants to purchase common stock or preferred stock, the number of shares of common stock or preferred stock, as the case may be, purchasable upon the exercise of one warrant and the price at which these shares may be purchased upon such exercise; |
| • | the effect of any merger, consolidation, sale or other disposition of our business on the warrant agreement and the warrants; |
| • | the terms of any rights to redeem or call the warrants; |
| • | any provisions for changes to or adjustments in the exercise price or number of securities issuable upon exercise of the warrants; |
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| • | the dates on which the right to exercise the warrants will commence and expire; |
| • | the manner in which the warrant agreement and warrants may be modified; |
| • | a discussion on any material or special United States federal income tax consequences of holding or exercising the warrants; |
| • | the terms of the securities issuable upon exercise of the warrants; and |
| • | any other specific terms, preferences, rights or limitations of or restrictions on the warrants. |
Exercise of Warrants
Each warrant will entitle the holder to purchase the securities that we specify in the applicable prospectus or prospectus supplement at the exercise price that we describe in the applicable prospectus or prospectus supplement. Unless we otherwise specify in the applicable prospectus or prospectus supplement, holders of the warrants may exercise the warrants at any time up to 5 p.m., Eastern time, on the expiration date that we set forth in the applicable prospectus or prospectus supplement. After the close of business on the expiration date, unexercised warrants will become void.
Holders of the warrants may exercise the warrants by delivering the warrant certificate representing the warrants to be exercised together with specified information, and paying the required amount to the warrant agent in immediately available funds, as provided in the applicable prospectus or prospectus supplement. We will set forth on the reverse side of the warrant certificate and in the applicable prospectus or prospectus supplement the information that the holder of the warrant will be required to deliver to the warrant agent.
Upon receipt of the required payment and the warrant certificate properly completed and duly executed at the corporate trust office of the warrant agent or any other office indicated in the applicable prospectus or prospectus supplement, we will issue and deliver the securities purchasable upon such exercise. If fewer than all of the warrants represented by the warrant certificate are exercised, then we will issue a new warrant certificate for the remaining amount of warrants. If we so indicate in the applicable prospectus or prospectus supplement, holders of the warrants may surrender securities as all or part of the exercise price for warrants.
Enforceability of Rights by Holders of Warrants
Each warrant agent will act solely as our agent under the applicable warrant agreement and will not assume any obligation or relationship of agency or trust with any holder of any warrant. A single bank or trust company may act as warrant agent for more than one issue of warrants. A warrant agent will have no duty or responsibility in case of any default by us under the applicable warrant agreement or warrant, including any duty or responsibility to initiate any proceedings at law or otherwise, or to make any demand upon us. Any holder of a warrant may, without the consent of the related warrant agent or the holder of any other warrant, enforce by appropriate legal action its right to exercise, and receive the securities purchasable upon exercise of, its warrants.
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DESCRIPTION OF UNITS
General
We may issue units comprised of one or more debt securities, shares of common stock, shares of preferred stock and warrants in any combination. Each unit will be issued so that the holder of the unit is also the holder of each security included in the unit. Thus, the holder of a unit will have the rights and obligations of a holder of each included security. The unit agreement under which a unit is issued may provide that the securities included in the unit may not be held or transferred separately, at any time or at any time before a specified date.
We will describe in the applicable prospectus supplement the terms of the series of units, including, but not limited to:
| • | the designation and terms of the units and of the securities comprising the units, including whether and under what circumstances those securities may be held or transferred separately; |
| • | any provisions of the governing unit agreement that differ from those described below; and |
| • | any provisions for the issuance, payment, settlement, transfer or exchange of the units or of the securities comprising the units. |
The provisions described in this section, as well as those described under “Description of Debt Securities,” “Description of Capital Stock,” and “Description of Warrants” will apply to each unit and to any common stock, preferred stock, debt security or warrant included in each unit, respectively.
Issuance in Series
We may issue units in such amounts and in numerous distinct series as we determine.
Enforceability of Rights by Holders of Units
Each unit agent will act solely as our agent under the applicable unit agreement and will not assume any obligation or relationship of agency or trust with any holder of any unit. A single bank or trust company may act as unit agent for more than one series of units. A unit agent will have no duty or responsibility in case of any default by us under the applicable unit agreement or unit, including any duty or responsibility to initiate any proceedings at law or otherwise, or to make any demand upon us. Any holder of a unit may, without the consent of the related unit agent or the holder of any other unit, enforce by appropriate legal action its rights as holder under any security included in the unit.
We, the unit agents and any of their agents may treat the registered holder of any unit certificate as an absolute owner of the units evidenced by that certificate for any purpose and as the person entitled to exercise the rights attaching to the units so requested, despite any notice to the contrary.
LEGAL MATTERS
The validity of the securities offered hereby has been passed upon for us by Mayer Brown LLP, Houston, Texas, and Dorsey & Whitney LLP, Missoula, Montana. We filed these opinions as exhibits to the registration statement of which this prospectus is a part. In connection with particular offerings of securities in the future, and if stated in the applicable prospectus supplement, the validity of the securities will be passed on for any underwriters or agents by such counsel named in the prospectus supplement.
EXPERTS
The consolidated financial statements of Emerald Oil, Inc. as of December 31, 2012 and 2011 and for each of the two years in the period ended December 31, 2013 and management’s assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2012 incorporated by reference in this prospectus have been so incorporated in reliance on the reports of BDO USA, LLP, an independent registered public accounting firm, incorporated herein by reference, given on the authority of said firm as experts in auditing and accounting.
The consolidated statements of operations, shareholders’ equity, and cash flows for the year ended December 31, 2010, which appear in the Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31,
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2012, have been so incorporated in reliance on reliance on the report of Mantyla McReynolds LLC, an independent registered public accounting firm, given on the authority of said firm as experts in auditing and accounting.
The information relating to our oil and natural gas reserves, as of December 31, 2012, incorporated into this prospectus by reference, including all statistics and data, was derived from an audit letter dated March 12, 2013 evaluating our oil and natural gas properties, prepared by Netherland, Sewell & Associates, Inc., our independent petroleum engineer, in reliance on the authority of such firm as experts in the oil and gas industry.
WHERE YOU CAN FIND MORE INFORMATION
We are subject to the information requirements of the Exchange Act, which means that we are required to file reports, proxy statements, and other information, all of which are available for review and copying at the Public Reference Room of the Securities and Exchange Commission, 100 F. Street, NE, Washington, D.C. 20549. You may obtain information on the operation of the Public Reference Room, by calling the SEC at 1-800-SEC-0330. The SEC maintains an Internet website athttp://www.sec.gov where you can access reports, proxy information and registration statements, and other information regarding registrants that file electronically with the SEC through the EDGAR system.
We also maintain an Internet website athttp://www.emeraldoil.com, which provides additional information about our company through which you can also access our SEC filings. The information set forth on our website is not part of this prospectus.
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INCORPORATION BY REFERENCE
This prospectus incorporates important business and financial information about us that is not included in or delivered with this prospectus. The information in the documents incorporated by reference is considered to be part of this prospectus. Statements contained in documents that we file with the SEC and that are incorporated by reference in this prospectus automatically update and supersede information contained in this prospectus, including information in previously filed documents or reports that have been incorporated by reference in this prospectus, to the extent the new information differs from or is inconsistent with the old information. The following documents filed by us under the Exchange Act are incorporated by reference into this prospectus as of their respective dates of filing:
| • | our annual report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2012, as filed with the SEC on March 18, 2013, and Amendment No. 1 to our Annual Report on Form 10-K/A for the year ended December 31, 2012, filed with the SEC on April 30, 2013; |
| • | our quarterly reports on Form 10-Q for the quarterly period ended March 31, 2013, as filed with the SEC on May 9, 2013, the quarterly period ended June 30, 2013, as filed with the SEC on August 6, 2013 and the quarterly period ended September 30, 2013, as filed with the SEC on November 5, 2013; |
| • | our current reports on Form 8-K and 8-K/A, as filed with the SEC on January 8, 2013, January 10, 2013, February 1, 2013, February 6, 2013, February 19, 2013, March 14, 2013, April 3, 2013, May 8, 2013, May 15, 2013, May 17, 2013, June 4, 2013, July 12, 2013, August 13, 2013, September 12, 2013, September 18, 2013, September 23, 2013, September 27, 2013 and October 17, 2013; and |
| • | the description of our common stock in our registration statement on Form 8-A as filed with the SEC on February 28, 2011 (File No. 001-35097) as that description may be updated from time to time. |
We are also incorporating by reference all documents filed with the SEC by us pursuant to Sections 13(a), 13(c), 14, and 15(d) of the Exchange Act, after the date of this prospectus (except information “furnished” on a current report on Form 8-K). All filings filed by us pursuant to the Exchange Act after the date of the initial registration statement and prior to the effectiveness of the registration statement shall be deemed to be incorporated by reference into the prospectus. Any statement contained in a document incorporated or deemed to be incorporated by reference herein shall be deemed to be modified or superseded for the purposes of this prospectus to the extent that a statement contained herein or in any other subsequently filed document, which also is or is deemed to be incorporated by reference herein, modifies or supersedes such statement.
Documents incorporated by reference are available from us without charge, excluding all exhibits, unless an exhibit has been specifically incorporated by reference in this prospectus. You may obtain documents incorporated by reference in this prospectus by requesting them in writing or by telephone, Emerald Oil, Inc., Attn.: Secretary, 1600 Broadway, Suite 1360, Denver, Colorado 80202; telephone number (303) 323-0008.
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