UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549
FORM 10-Q
x QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF
THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
For the quarterly period ended September 30, 2006
o TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF
THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
For the transition period from to .
Commission File Number: 001-32248
GRAMERCY CAPITAL CORP.
(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)
Maryland | | 06-1722127 |
(State or other jurisdiction of | | (I.R.S. Employer |
incorporation or organization) | | Identification No.) |
420 Lexington Avenue, New York, New York 10170
(Address of principal executive offices) (Zip Code)
(212) 297-1000
(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code)
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. YES x NO o
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, or a non-accelerated filer. See definition of “accelerated filer” and “non-accelerated filer” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.
Large accelerated filer o | | Accelerated filer x | | Non-accelerated filer o |
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act).
YES o NO x
The number of shares outstanding of the registrant’s common stock, $0.001 par value, was 25,878,391 as of November 9, 2006.
GRAMERCY CAPITAL CORP.
INDEX
PART I. FINANCIAL INFORMATION
ITEM 1. Financial Statements
Gramercy Capital Corp.
Consolidated Balance Sheets
(Amounts in thousands, except share and per share data)
| | September 30, | | December 31, | |
| | 2006 | | 2005 | |
| | (Unaudited) | | | |
Assets: | | | | | |
Cash and cash equivalents | | $ | 39,842 | | $ | 70,576 | |
Restricted cash | | 238,450 | | 53,833 | |
Loans and other lending investments, net | | 2,064,058 | | 1,163,745 | |
Investment in unconsolidated joint ventures | | 58,512 | | 58,040 | |
Loans held for sale, net | | — | | 42,000 | |
Commercial real estate, net | | 94,298 | | 51,173 | |
Accrued interest | | 11,477 | | 7,187 | |
Deferred financing costs | | 27,582 | | 17,488 | |
Deferred costs | | 1,236 | | 1,894 | |
Derivative instruments, at fair value | | 613 | | 2,271 | |
Other assets | | 3,886 | | 1,603 | |
Total assets | | $ | 2,539,954 | | $ | 1,469,810 | |
| | | | | |
Liabilities and Stockholders’ Equity: | | | | | |
Repurchase agreements | | $ | 58,739 | | $ | 117,366 | |
Collateralized debt obligations | | 1,714,250 | | 810,500 | |
Mortgage note payable | | 94,525 | | 41,000 | |
Management fees payable | | 3,031 | | 1,329 | |
Incentive fee payable | | 1,822 | | 1,237 | |
Dividends payable | | 13,109 | | 10,726 | |
Accounts payable and accrued expenses | | 18,398 | | 11,561 | |
Other liabilities | | 32,289 | | 3,687 | |
Junior subordinated deferrable interest debentures held by trusts that issued trust preferred securities | | 150,000 | | 100,000 | |
Total liabilities | | 2,086,163 | | 1,097,406 | |
| | | | | |
Commitments and contingencies | | — | | — | |
| | | | | |
Stockholders’ Equity: | | | | | |
Preferred stock, par value $0.001, 25,000,000 shares authorized, no shares issued or outstanding | | — | | — | |
Common stock, par value $0.001, 100,000,000 shares authorized, 25,834,642 and 22,802,642 shares issued and outstanding at September 30, 2006 and December 31, 2005, respectively | | 25 | | 22 | |
Additional paid-in-capital | | 451,923 | | 369,529 | |
Accumulated other comprehensive income | | 1,439 | | 2,851 | |
Retained earnings | | 404 | | 2 | |
Total stockholders’ equity | | 453,791 | | 372,404 | |
Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity | | $ | 2,539,954 | | $ | 1,469,810 | |
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these financial statements.
1
Gramercy Capital Corp.
Consolidated Statements of Income
(Unaudited, amounts in thousands, except per share data)
| | Three Months Ended September 30, | | Nine Months Ended September 30, | |
| | 2006 | | 2005 | | 2006 | | 2005 | |
Revenues | | | | | | | | | |
Investment income | | $ | 45,299 | | $ | 21,060 | | $ | 116,313 | | $ | 46,999 | |
Rental revenue, net | | — | | 314 | | 914 | | 314 | |
Gain on sales and other income | | 5,156 | | 5,218 | | 13,724 | | 8,727 | |
Total revenues | | 50,455 | | 26,592 | | 130,951 | | 56,040 | |
| | | | | | | | | |
Expenses | | | | | | | | | |
Interest expense | | 25,782 | | 11,250 | | 64,280 | | 20,316 | |
Management fees | | 4,409 | | 2,726 | | 11,793 | | 6,264 | |
Incentive fee | | 1,822 | | 1,038 | | 4,592 | | 1,038 | |
Depreciation and amortization | | 278 | | 105 | | 962 | | 232 | |
Marketing, general and administrative | | 2,169 | | 1,456 | | 7,719 | | 4,722 | |
Provision for loan loss/(recovery) | | (70 | ) | 430 | | 430 | | 955 | |
Total expenses | | 34,390 | | 17,005 | | 89,776 | | 33,527 | |
Income from continuing operations before equity in net loss of unconsolidated joint ventures and provision for taxes | | 16,065 | | 9,587 | | 41,175 | | 22,513 | |
Equity in net loss of unconsolidated joint ventures | | (734 | ) | (510 | ) | (2,090 | ) | (914 | ) |
Income from continuing operations before provision for taxes | | 15,331 | | 9,077 | | 39,085 | | 21,599 | |
Provision for taxes | | (795 | ) | (500 | ) | (1,178 | ) | (1,000 | ) |
Net income available to common stockholders | | $ | 14,536 | | $ | 8,577 | | $ | 37,907 | | $ | 20,599 | |
| | | | | | | | | |
Basic earnings per share: | | | | | | | | | |
Net income available to common stockholders | | $ | 0.56 | | $ | 0.44 | | $ | 1.56 | | $ | 1.08 | |
Diluted earnings per share: | | | | | | | | | |
Net income available to common stockholders | | $ | 0.54 | | $ | 0.41 | | $ | 1.48 | | $ | 1.05 | |
Dividends per common share | | $ | 0.51 | | $ | 0.45 | | $ | 1.52 | | $ | 1.02 | |
Basic weighted average common shares outstanding | | 25,832 | | 19,603 | | 24,336 | | 19,093 | |
Diluted weighted average common shares and common share equivalents outstanding | | 27,034 | | 20,788 | | 25,533 | | 19,618 | |
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these financial statements.
2
Gramercy Capital Corp.
Consolidated Statement of Stockholders’ Equity
(Unaudited, amounts in thousands, except share data)
| | Common Stock | | Additional Paid- | | Accumulated Other Comprehensive | | Retained | | | | Comprehensive | |
| | Shares | | Par Value | | In-Capital | | Income | | Earnings | | Total | | Income | |
Balance at December 31, 2005 | | 22,803 | | $ | 22 | | $ | 369,529 | | $ | 2,851 | | $ | 2 | | $ | 372,404 | | | |
Net income | | | | | | | | | | 37,907 | | 37,907 | | $ | 37,907 | |
Net unrealized loss on derivative instruments | | | | | | | | (1,412 | ) | | | (1,412 | ) | (1,412 | ) |
Proceeds from common stock offerings | | 3,000 | | 3 | | 79,787 | | | | | | 79,790 | | | |
Stock-based compensation – fair value | | | | | | 1,426 | | | | | | 1,426 | | | |
Proceeds from stock option exercises | | 20 | | — | | 300 | | | | | | 300 | | | |
Deferred compensation plan, net | | 12 | | — | | 881 | | | | | | 881 | | | |
Cash distributions declared ($1.52 per common share) | | | | | | | | | | (37,505 | ) | (37,505 | ) | | |
Balance at September 30, 2006 | | 25,835 | | $ | 25 | | $ | 451,923 | | $ | 1,439 | | $ | 404 | | $ | 453,791 | | $ | 36,495 | |
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these financial statements
3
Gramercy Capital Corp.
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows
(Unaudited, amounts in thousands)
| | Nine Months ended September 30, | |
| | 2006 | | 2005 | |
Operating Activities | | | | | |
Net income available to common stockholders | | $ | 37,907 | | $ | 20,599 | |
Adjustments to reconcile net income available to common stockholders to net cash used / provided by operating activities: | | | | | |
Depreciation and amortization | | 4,064 | | 1,966 | |
Amortization of discount, premium and other fees on investments | | (7,984 | ) | (772 | ) |
Equity in net loss of unconsolidated joint ventures | | 2,091 | | 914 | |
Gain on sale of securities | | (6,362 | ) | — | |
Amortization of stock compensation | | 2,307 | | 2,775 | |
Provision for loan loss | | 430 | | 955 | |
Net realized gain on loan held for sale | | (1,173 | ) | — | |
Changes in operating assets and liabilities: | | | | | |
New investments in loans held for sale | | (62,213 | ) | — | |
Proceeds from sale of loans held for sale | | 102,392 | | — | |
Accrued interest | | (4,290 | ) | (3,426 | ) |
Other assets | | 12,634 | | (924 | ) |
Management fees payable | | 1,702 | | 873 | |
Incentive fee payable | | 585 | | 1,038 | |
Settlement of derivative instruments | | 2,723 | | — | |
Accounts payable, accrued expenses and other liabilities | | 30,674 | | 11,303 | |
Net cash used / provided by operating activities | | 115,487 | | 35,301 | |
Investing Activities | | | | | |
New investment originations | | (1,326,623 | ) | (733,902 | ) |
Principal collections on investments | | 432,424 | | 203,701 | |
Investment in commercial real estate and securities | | (109,235 | ) | (50,496 | ) |
Net proceeds from the sale of securities | | 14,812 | | — | |
Investment in joint venture | | — | | (57,844 | ) |
Change in restricted cash from investing activities | | (19,014 | ) | — | |
Deferred investment costs | | (1,320 | ) | (759 | ) |
Net cash used in investing activities | | (1,008,956 | ) | (639,300 | ) |
Financing Activities | | | | | |
Proceeds from repurchase facilities | | 1,002,844 | | 676,290 | |
Repayments of repurchase facilities | | (1,061,472 | ) | (915,175 | ) |
Proceeds from issuance of collateralized debt obligation | | 903,750 | | 810,500 | |
Proceeds from mortgage note payable | | 94,525 | | 41,000 | |
Change in restricted cash from financing activities | | (165,822 | ) | (250,663 | ) |
Settlement of derivative instruments | | 730 | | 320 | |
Proceeds from stock options exercised | | 300 | | 1,920 | |
Net proceeds from sale of common stock | | 79,790 | | 156,137 | |
Issuance of trust preferred securities | | 50,000 | | 100,000 | |
Deferred financing costs and other liabilities | | (6,781 | ) | (17,575 | ) |
Dividends paid | | (35,129 | ) | (12,538 | ) |
Net cash provided by financing activities | | 862,735 | | 590,216 | |
Net decrease in cash and cash equivalents | | (30,734 | ) | (13,783 | ) |
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of period | | 70,576 | | 39,094 | |
Cash and cash equivalents at end of period | | $ | 39,842 | | $ | 25,311 | |
| | | | | |
Non-cash activity | | | | | |
Change in investment in unconsolidated joint ventures | | 1,814 | | 57,190 | |
Deferred gains on derivative instruments | | 390 | | 2,224 | |
| | | | | |
Supplemental cash flow disclosures | | | | | |
Interest paid | | 53,880 | | 9,518 | |
Income taxes paid | | 1,223 | | 323 | |
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these financial statements.
4
1. Organization
Gramercy Capital Corp. (the “Company” or “Gramercy”) is a national commercial real estate specialty finance company that focuses on the direct origination and acquisition of whole loans, subordinate interests in whole loans, mezzanine loans, preferred equity, and net lease investments involving commercial properties throughout the United States. When evaluating transactions, we assess our risk-adjusted return and target transactions with yields that ensure an equitable balance between risks and return.
Substantially all of our operations are conducted through GKK Capital LP, a Delaware limited partnership, or the Operating Partnership. We, as the sole general partner of, and holder of 100% of the common units of, the Operating Partnership, have responsibility and discretion in the management and control of the Operating Partnership, and the limited partners of the Operating Partnership, in such capacity, have no authority to transact business for, or participate in the management activities of, the Operating Partnership. Accordingly, we consolidate the accounts of the Operating Partnership.
We are externally managed and advised by GKK Manager LLC, or the Manager, a majority-owned subsidiary of SL Green Realty Corp., or SL Green. At September 30, 2006, SL Green owned approximately 25% of the outstanding shares of our common stock. We qualified as a real estate investment trust, or REIT, under the Internal Revenue Code commencing with our taxable year ending December 31, 2004 and expect to qualify for the current fiscal year. To maintain our tax status as a REIT, we plan to distribute at least 90% of our taxable income. Unless the context requires otherwise, all references to “we,” “our,” and “us” means Gramercy Capital Corp.
As of September 30, 2006, we held loans and other lending investments of $2,064,058 net of fees, discounts, and unfunded commitments with an average spread to LIBOR of 357 basis points for our floating rate investments, and an average yield of 10.27% for our fixed rate investments. As of September 30, 2006, we also held interests in four credit tenant lease, or CTL, investments comprised of a 49.75% tenancy-in-common, or TIC, interest in 55 Corporate Drive in Bridgewater, New Jersey, and three joint venture investments.
Basis of Quarterly Presentation
The accompanying financial statements have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States for interim financial information and with the instructions to Form 10-Q and Article 10 of Regulation S-X. Accordingly, it does not include all of the information and footnotes required by accounting principles generally accepted in the United States, or GAAP, for complete financial statements. In management’s opinion, all adjustments (consisting of normal recurring accruals) considered necessary for fair presentation have been included. The 2006 operating results for the period presented are not necessarily indicative of the results that may be expected for the year ending December 31, 2006. These financial statements should be read in conjunction with the financial statements and accompanying notes included in the Company’s annual report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2005.
The balance sheet at December 31, 2005 has been derived from the audited financial statement at that date, but does not include all the information and footnotes required by GAAP for complete financial statements.
2. Significant Accounting Policies
Principles of Consolidation
The consolidated financial statements include our accounts and those of our subsidiaries which are wholly-owned or controlled by us, or entities which are variable interest entities in which we are the primary beneficiaries under FASB Interpretation No. 46, FIN 46, “Consolidation of Variable Interest Entities.” FIN 46 requires a variable interest entity, or VIE, to be consolidated by its primary beneficiary. The primary beneficiary is the party that absorbs a majority of the VIE’s anticipated losses and/or a majority of the expected returns. We have evaluated our investments for potential classification as variable interests by evaluating the sufficiency of the entities’ equity investment at risk to absorb losses, and determined that we are not the primary beneficiary for any of our investments. Entities which we do not control and entities which are VIE’s, but where we are not the primary beneficiary, are accounted for under the equity method. When investments are made through a TIC structure, we report our pro rata share of the assets, liabilities, revenues, and expenses of the investment in our financial statements. All significant intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated.
Cash and Cash Equivalents
We consider all highly liquid investments with maturities of three months or less when purchased to be cash equivalents.
5
Restricted Cash
Restricted cash at September 30, 2006 consists primarily of $182,967 on deposit with the trustee of our collateralized debt obligations, or CDOs, representing proceeds from our second CDO issuance that will be used to fund future investments that will be acquired by the CDO trust. Also included are the proceeds of repayments from loans serving as collateral in our CDOs, which will be used to fund investments to replace those trust assets which are repaid or sold by the trust, interest payments received by the trustee on investments that serve as collateral for our CDOs, which are remitted to us on a quarterly basis in the month following the end of our fiscal quarter, and future funding obligations on certain investments. The remaining balance consists of interest reserves held on behalf of borrowers and $23,601 representing our share of the reserves of 55 Corporate Drive.
Loans and Investments and Loans Held for Sale
Loans held for investment are intended to be held to maturity and, accordingly, are carried at cost, net of unamortized loan origination fees, discounts, repayments, sales of partial interests in loans, and unfunded commitments unless such loan or investment is deemed to be impaired. Loans held for sale are carried at the lower of cost or market value using available market information obtained through consultation with dealers or other originators of such investments. We may originate or acquire preferred equity interests that allow us to participate in a percentage of the underlying property’s cash flows from operations and proceeds from a sale or refinancing. Should we make such a preferred equity investment, we must determine whether that investment should be accounted for as a loan, joint venture or as an interest in real estate.
Specific valuation allowances are established for impaired loans based on the fair value of collateral on an individual loan basis. The fair value of the collateral is determined by selecting the most appropriate valuation methodology, or methodologies, among several generally available and accepted in the commercial real estate industry. The determination of the most appropriate valuation methodology is based on the key characteristics of the collateral type. These methodologies include the evaluation of operating cash flow from the property during the projected holding period, and the estimated sales value of the collateral computed by applying an expected capitalization rate to the stabilized net operating income of the specific property, less selling costs, all of which are discounted at market discount rates.
If upon completion of the valuation, the fair value of the underlying collateral securing the impaired loan is less than the net carrying value of the loan, an allowance is created with a corresponding charge to the provision for loan losses. The allowance for each loan is maintained at a level we believe is adequate to absorb probable losses. We maintained a reserve of $1,460 and $1,030 at September 30, 2006 and December 31, 2005, respectively.
Our Manager evaluates our assets on a regular basis to determine if they continue to satisfy our investment criteria. Subject to certain restrictions, our Manager may cause us to sell our investments opportunistically and use the proceeds of any such sale for debt reduction, additional acquisitions or working capital purposes.
Classifications of Mortgage-Backed Securities
Mortgage-backed securities, or MBS, are classified as available-for-sale securities. As a result, changes in fair value will be recorded as a balance sheet adjustment to accumulated other comprehensive income, which is a component of stockholders equity, rather than through our statement of operations. If available-for-sale securities were classified as trading securities, there could be substantially greater volatility in earnings from period-to-period as these investments would be marked to market and any reduction in the value of the securities versus the previous carrying value would be considered an expense on our statement of operations. We had no investments as of September 30, 2006 that were accounted for as trading securities.
Valuations of Mortgage-Backed Securities
All MBS are carried on the balance sheet at fair value. We determine the fair value of MBS based on the types of securities in which we have invested. For liquid, investment-grade securities, we consult with dealers of such securities to periodically obtain updated market pricing for the same or similar instruments. For non-investment grade securities, we actively monitor the performance of the underlying properties and loans and update our pricing model to reflect changes in projected cash flows. The value of the securities is derived by applying discount rates to such cash flows based on current market yields. The yields employed are obtained from our own experience in the market, advice from dealers and/or information obtained in consultation with other investors in similar instruments. Because fair value estimates may vary to some degree, we must make certain judgments and assumptions about the appropriate price to use to calculate the fair values for financial reporting purposes. Different judgments and assumptions could result in different presentations of value.
When the fair value of an available-for-sale security is less than the amortized cost, we consider whether there is an other-than-
6
temporary impairment in the value of the security (for example, whether the security will be sold prior to the recovery of fair value). If, in our judgment, an other-than-temporary impairment exists, the cost basis of the security is written down to the then-current fair value, and this loss is realized and charged against earnings. The determination of other-than-temporary impairment is a subjective process, and different judgments and assumptions could affect the timing of loss realization.
Credit Tenant Lease Investments
Consolidated CTL investments are recorded at cost less accumulated depreciation. Costs directly related to the acquisition of such investments are capitalized. Certain improvements are capitalized when they are determined to increase the useful life of the building. Capitalized items are depreciated using the straight-line method over the shorter of the useful lives of the capitalized item or 40 years for buildings or facilities, the remaining life of the facility for facility improvements, four to seven years for personal property and equipment, and the shorter of the remaining lease term or the expected life for tenant improvements.
Results of operations of properties acquired are included in the Statement of Income from the date of acquisition.
In accordance with FASB No. 144, or SFAS 144, “Accounting for the Impairment of Disposal of Long-Lived Assets,” a property to be disposed of is reported at the lower of its carrying amount or its estimated fair value, less its cost to sell. Once an asset is held for sale, depreciation expense and straight-line rent adjustments are no longer recorded and historic results are reclassified as Discontinued Operations.
In accordance with FASB No. 141, or SFAS 141, “Business Combinations,” we allocate the purchase price of real estate to land and building and, if determined to be material, intangibles, such as the value of above, below and at-market leases and origination costs associated with the in-place leases. We depreciate the amount allocated to building and other intangible assets over their estimated useful lives, which generally range from three to 40 years. The values of the above and below market leases are amortized and recorded as either an increase (in the case of below market leases) or a decrease (in the case of above market leases) to rental income over the remaining term of the associated lease. The value associated with in-place leases and tenant relationships are amortized over the expected term of the relationship, which includes an estimated probability of the lease renewal, and its estimated term. If a tenant vacates its space prior to the contractual termination of the lease and no rental payments are being made on the lease, any unamortized balance of the related intangible will be written off. The tenant improvements and origination costs are amortized as an expense over the remaining life of the lease (or charged against earnings if the lease is terminated prior to its contractual expiration date). We assess fair value of the leases based on estimated cash flow projections that utilize appropriate discount and capitalization rates and available market information. Estimates of future cash flows are based on a number of factors including the historical operating results, known trends, and market/economic conditions that may affect the property.
As of September 30, 2006, we had one proportionately consolidated CTL investment representing a 49.75% TIC interest in 55 Corporate Drive in Bridgewater, New Jersey. All income and expenses at this property are being capitalized and are not recognized in our results from operations as of and for the period ended September 30, 2006, as the property is currently being redeveloped.
Investments in Unconsolidated Joint Ventures
We account for our investments in unconsolidated joint ventures under the equity method of accounting since we exercise significant influence, but do not unilaterally control, the entities and are not considered to be the primary beneficiary under FIN 46. In the joint ventures, the rights of the other investor are protective and participating. Unless we are determined to be the primary beneficiary, these rights preclude us from consolidating the investments. The investments are recorded initially at cost as an investment in unconsolidated joint ventures, and subsequently are adjusted for equity in net income (loss) and cash contributions and distributions. Any difference between the carrying amount of the investments on our balance sheet and the underlying equity in net assets is amortized as an adjustment to equity in net income (loss) of unconsolidated joint ventures over the lesser of the joint venture term or 40 years. None of the joint venture debt is recourse to us. As of September 30, 2006 we had investments of $58,512 in three unconsolidated joint ventures.
Revenue Recognition
Interest income on debt investments is recognized over the life of the investment using the effective interest method and recognized on the accrual basis. Fees received in connection with loan commitments are deferred until the loan is funded and are then recognized over the term of the loan using the effective interest method. Anticipated exit fees, whose collection is expected, are also recognized over the term of the loan as an adjustment to yield. Fees on commitments that expire unused are recognized at expiration. Fees received in exchange for the credit enhancement of another lender, either subordinate or senior to us, in the form of a guarantee are recognized over the term of that guarantee using the straight-line method.
Income recognition is generally suspended for debt investments at the earlier of the date at which payments become 90 days past due
7
or when, in our opinion, a full recovery of income and principal becomes doubtful. Income recognition is resumed when the loan becomes contractually current and performance is demonstrated to be resumed.
In some instances we may sell all or a portion of our investments to a third party. To the extent the fair value received for an investment exceeds the amortized cost of that investment and FASB Statement No. 140, or SFAS 140, “Accounting for Transfers and Servicing of Financial Assets and Extinguishments of Liabilities,” criteria is met, under which control of the asset that is sold is surrendered making it a “true sale,” a gain on the sale will be recorded through earnings as other income. To the extent an investment that is sold has a discount or fees, which were deferred at the time the investment was made and were being recognized over the term of the investment, the unamortized portion of the discount or fees are recognized at the time of sale and recorded as a gain on the sale of the investment through other income. We recognized $400 in gains from the syndication of one fixed rate debt investment during the three months ended September 30, 2006. For the nine months ended September 30, 2006 we recognized $1,828 in net gains from the sale of three fixed rate debt investments, one fixed rate debt commitment and the syndication of portions of two floating rate debt investments.
Rental revenue is recognized on a straight-line basis over the term of the lease. The excess of rents recognized over amounts contractually due pursuant to the underlying leases is included in other assets on the accompanying balance sheets. We may establish, on a current basis, an allowance against this account for future potential tenant credit losses, which may occur. The balance reflected on the balance sheet will be net of such allowance.
In addition to base rent, the tenants in our CTL investments also pay all operating costs of owned property including real estate taxes.
Reserve for Possible Loan Losses
The expense for possible loan losses in connection with debt investments is the charge to earnings to increase the allowance for possible loan losses to the level that management estimates to be adequate considering delinquencies, loss experience and collateral quality. Other factors considered relate to geographic trends and project diversification, the size of the portfolio and current economic conditions. Based upon these factors, we may establish the provision for possible loan losses by individual asset or category of asset. When it is probable that we will be unable to collect all amounts contractually due, the account is considered impaired.
Where impairment is indicated, a valuation write-down or write-off is measured based upon the excess of the recorded investment amount over the net fair value of the collateral, as reduced by selling costs. Any deficiency between the carrying amount of an asset and the net sales price of foreclosed collateral is charged to the allowance for loan losses. We maintained a reserve for possible loan losses of $1,460 against investments with a carrying value of $82,336 as of September 30, 2006, and a reserve for possible loan losses of $1,030 against investments with a carrying value of $68,293 as of December 31, 2005, respectively.
Deferred Costs
Deferred costs consist of fees and direct costs incurred to originate new investments and are amortized using the effective yield method over the related term of the investment.
In March 2006, we recorded a nonrecurring charge of $525 for third-party professional expenses in connection with a possible business combination involving the acquisition of a publicly-traded commercial real estate finance company with business lines considered by management to be highly complementary to ours. The decision to expense these costs was made once management concluded the proposed transaction was unlikely to occur on terms advantageous to us.
Deferred Financing Costs
Deferred financing costs represent commitment fees, legal and other third party costs associated with obtaining commitments for financing which result in a closing of such financing. These costs are amortized over the terms of the respective agreements and the amortization is reflected in interest expense. Unamortized deferred financing costs are expensed when the associated debt is refinanced or repaid before maturity. Costs incurred in seeking financing transactions, which do not close, are expensed in the period in which it is determined that the financing will not close.
Stock Based Compensation Plans
We have a stock-based compensation plan, described more fully in Note 14. We account for this plan using the fair value recognition provisions of FASB Statement 123(R), “Share-Based Payment, a revision of FASB Statement No. 123, Accounting for Stock-Based Compensation.”
The Black-Scholes option-pricing model was developed for use in estimating the fair value of traded options, which have no vesting
8
restrictions and are fully transferable. In addition, option valuation models require the input of highly subjective assumptions including the expected stock price volatility. Because our plan has characteristics significantly different from those of traded options and because changes in the subjective input assumptions can materially affect the fair value estimate, in our opinion, the existing models do not necessarily provide a reliable single measure of the fair value of our stock options.
Compensation cost for stock options, if any, is recognized ratably over the vesting period of the award. Our policy is to grant options with an exercise price equal to the quoted closing market price of our stock on the business day preceding the grant date. Awards of stock or restricted stock are expensed as compensation on a current basis over the benefit period.
The fair value of each stock option granted is estimated on the date of grant for awards to co-leased employees, and quarterly for options issued to non-employees, using the Black-Scholes option pricing model with the following weighted average assumptions for grants in 2006 and 2005.
| | 2006 | | 2005 | |
Dividend yield | | 8.1 | % | 8.4 | % |
Expected life of option | | 6.7 years | | 6.9 years | |
Risk-free interest rate | | 4.12 | % | 4.16 | % |
Expected stock price volatility | | 21.0 | % | 19.1 | % |
Incentive Distribution (Class B Limited Partner Interest)
The Class B limited partner interests are entitled to receive an incentive return equal to 25% of the amount by which funds from operations, or FFO, (as defined in the partnership agreement of the Operating Partnership which was amended and restated in April 2006) plus certain accounting gains exceed the product of our weighted average stockholders equity (as defined in the amended and restated partnership agreement of the Operating Partnership) multiplied by 9.5% (divided by 4 to adjust for quarterly calculations). We will record any distributions on the Class B limited partner interests as an incentive distribution expense in the period when earned and when payment of such amounts has become probable and reasonably estimable in accordance with the partnership agreement. These cash distributions will reduce the amount of cash available for distribution to our common unitholders in our Operating Partnership and to common stockholders. We incurred approximately $1,822 and $4,592 with respect to such Class B limited partner interests for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2006, respectively, and $1,038 for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2005.
Derivative Instruments
In the normal course of business, we use a variety of derivative instruments to manage, or hedge, interest rate risk. We require that hedging derivative instruments be effective in reducing the interest rate risk exposure that they are designated to hedge. This effectiveness is essential for qualifying for hedge accounting. Some derivative instruments are associated with an anticipated transaction. In those cases, hedge effectiveness criteria also require that it be probable that the underlying transaction occurs. Instruments that meet these hedging criteria are formally designated as hedges at the inception of the derivative contract.
To determine the fair value of derivative instruments, we use a variety of methods and assumptions that are based on market conditions and risks existing at each balance sheet date. For the majority of financial instruments including most derivatives, long-term investments and long-term debt, standard market conventions and techniques such as discounted cash flow analysis, option-pricing models, replacement cost, and termination cost are used to determine fair value. All methods of assessing fair value result in a general approximation of value, and such value may never actually be realized.
In the normal course of business, we are exposed to the effect of interest rate changes and limit these risks by following established risk management policies and procedures including the use of derivatives. To address exposure to interest rates, we use derivatives primarily to hedge the mark-to-market risk of our liabilities with respect to certain of our assets. We may also use derivatives to hedge variability in sales proceeds to be received upon the sale of loans held for sale.
We use a variety of commonly used derivative products that are considered plain vanilla derivatives. These derivatives typically include interest rate swaps, caps, collars and floors. We also use total rate of return swaps, or TROR swaps, which are tied to the Lehman Brothers CMBS index. We expressly prohibit the use of unconventional derivative instruments and using derivative instruments for trading or speculative purposes. Further, we have a policy of only entering into contracts with major financial institutions based upon their credit ratings and other factors.
FASB No. 133, or SFAS 133, “Accounting for Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities,” as amended by FASB No. 149, requires us
9
to recognize all derivatives on the balance sheet at fair value. Derivatives that are not hedges must be adjusted to fair value through income. If a derivative is a hedge, depending on the nature of the hedge, changes in the fair value of the derivative will either be offset against the change in fair value of the hedged asset, liability, or firm commitment through earnings, or recognized in other comprehensive income until the hedged item is recognized in earnings. The ineffective portion of a derivative’s change in fair value will be immediately recognized in earnings. SFAS 133 may increase or decrease reported net income and stockholders’ equity prospectively, depending on future levels of LIBOR, swap spreads and other variables affecting the fair values of derivative instruments and hedged items, but will have no effect on cash flows, provided the contract is carried through to full term.
We may employ swaps, forwards or purchased options to hedge qualifying forecasted transactions. Gains and losses related to these transactions are deferred and recognized in net income as interest expense or other income in the same period or periods that the underlying transaction occurs, expires or is otherwise terminated.
All hedges held by us are deemed to be effective in meeting the hedging objectives established by our corporate policy governing interest rate risk management. The effect of our derivative instruments on our financial statements is discussed more fully in Note 17.
Income Taxes
We elected to be taxed as a REIT, under Sections 856 through 860 of the Internal Revenue Code, beginning with our taxable year ended December 31, 2004. To qualify as a REIT, we must meet certain organizational and operational requirements, including a requirement to distribute at least 90% of our ordinary taxable income to stockholders. As a REIT, we generally will not be subject to federal income tax on taxable income that we distribute to our stockholders. If we fail to qualify as a REIT in any taxable year, we will then be subject to federal income taxes on our taxable income at regular corporate rates and we will not be permitted to qualify for treatment as a REIT for federal income tax purposes for four years following the year during which qualification is lost unless the Internal Revenue Service grants us relief under certain statutory provisions. Such an event could materially adversely affect our net income and net cash available for distributions to stockholders. However, we believe that we will be organized and operate in such a manner as to qualify for treatment as a REIT and we intend to operate in the foreseeable future in such a manner so that we will qualify as a REIT for federal income tax purposes. We may, however, be subject to certain state and local taxes.
Our taxable REIT subsidiaries, individually referred to as a TRS, are subject to federal, state and local taxes.
Underwriting Commissions and Costs
Underwriting commissions and costs incurred in connection with our stock offerings are reflected as a reduction of additional paid-in-capital.
Earnings Per Share
We present both basic and diluted earnings per share, or EPS. Basic EPS excludes dilution and is computed by dividing net income available to common stockholders by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding during the period. Diluted EPS reflects the potential dilution that could occur if securities or other contracts to issue common stock were exercised or converted into common stock, where such exercise or conversion would result in a lower EPS amount.
Use of Estimates
The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts reported in the financial statements and accompanying notes. Actual results could differ from those estimates.
Concentrations of Credit Risk
Financial instruments that potentially subject us to concentrations of credit risk consist primarily of cash investments, debt investments and accounts receivable. Gramercy places its cash investments in excess of insured amounts with high quality financial institutions. Our Manager performs ongoing analysis of credit risk concentrations in our debt investment portfolio by evaluating exposure to various markets, underlying property types, investment structure, term, sponsors, tenants and other credit metrics. Four investments accounted for more than 20% of the total carrying value of our debt investments as of September 30, 2006 and December 31, 2005. Six investments accounted for approximately 26% and 21% of the revenue earned on our debt investments for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2006, compared to three investments which accounted for approximately 25% and 29% of the revenue earned on our debt investments for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2005.
Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements
Statement of Financial Accounting Standard No. 123(R), or SFAS No. 123(R) “Share-Based Payment, a revision of FASB Statement No. 123, Accounting for Stock-Based Compensation,” requires all share-based payments to employees, including grants of employee stock
10
options, to be recognized in the income statement based on their fair value. The new standard is effective for interim or annual reporting periods beginning after January 1, 2006. The implementation of SFAS No. 123(R) did not have a material effect on our financial position or results of operations for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2006.
In June 2005, the FASB ratified the consensus in EITF Issue No. 04-5, or Issue 04-5, Determining Whether a General Partner, or the General Partners as a Group, Controls a Limited Partnership or Similar Entity When the Limited Partners Have Certain Rights, which provides guidance in determining whether a general partner controls a limited partnership. Issue 04-5 states that the general partner in a limited partnership is presumed to control that limited partnership. The presumption may be overcome if the limited partners have either (1) the substantive ability to dissolve the limited partnership or otherwise remove the general partner without cause or (2) substantive participating rights, which provide the limited partners with the ability to effectively participate in significant decisions that would be expected to be made in the ordinary course of the limited partnership’s business and thereby preclude the general partner from exercising unilateral control over the partnership. If the criteria in Issue 04-5 are met, a company could be required to consolidate certain of its existing unconsolidated joint ventures. Our adoption of Issue 04-5 for new or modified limited partnership arrangements effective June 30, 2005 and existing limited partnership arrangements effective January 1, 2006 did not have a material effect on our financial position or results of operations for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2006.
In February 2006, the FASB issued Statement of Financial Accounting Standard No. 155, or SFAS No. 155, “Accounting for Certain Hybrid Financial Instruments — an amendment of FASB Statements No. 133 and 140”. SFAS No. 155 (1) permits fair value re-measurement for any hybrid financial instrument that contains an embedded derivative that would otherwise require bifurcation, (2) clarifies which interest-only strips and principal-only strips are not subject to the requirements of FASB Statement No. 133, (3) establishes a requirement to evaluate interests in securitized financial assets to identify interests that are freestanding derivatives or that are hybrid financial instruments that contain an imbedded derivative requiring bifurcation, (4) clarifies that concentrations of credit risk in the form of subordination are not embedded derivatives, and (5) amends FASB Statement No. 140 to eliminate the prohibition on a qualifying special-purpose entity from holding a derivative financial instrument that pertains to a beneficial interest in other than another derivative financial instrument. SFAS No. 155 is effective January 1, 2007 and we are currently evaluating the effect, if any, that this pronouncement will have on our future financial results.
In July 2006, the FASB issued Interpretation No. 48, or FIN 48, “Accounting for Uncertainty in Income Taxes”. This interpretation, among other things, creates a two-step approach for evaluating uncertain tax positions. Recognition (step one) occurs when an enterprise concludes that a tax position, based solely on its technical merits, is more-likely-than-not to be sustained upon examination. Measurement (step two) determines the amount of benefit that more-likely-than-not will be realized upon settlement. Derecognition of a tax position that was previously recognized would occur when a company subsequently determines that a tax position no longer meets the more-likely-than-not threshold of being sustained. FIN 48 specifically prohibits the use of a valuation allowance as a substitute for derecognition of tax positions, and it has expanded disclosure requirements. FIN 48 is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2006, in which the impact of adoption should be accounted for as a cumulative-effect adjustment to the beginning balance of retained earnings. We are currently evaluating the effect, if any, that this pronouncement will have on our future financial results.
In September 2006, the FASB issued Statement No. 157, Fair Value Measurements (“SFAS No. 157”). SFAS No. 157 provides guidance for using fair value to measure assets and liabilities. This statement clarifies the principle that fair value should be based on the assumptions that market participants would use when pricing the asset or liability. SFAS No. 157 establishes a fair value hierarchy, giving the highest priority to quoted prices in active markets and the lowest priority to unobservable data. SFAS No. 157 applies whenever other standards require assets or liabilities to be measured at fair value. This statement is effective in fiscal years beginning after November 15, 2007. We believe that the adoption of this standard on January 1, 2008 will not have a material effect on our consolidated financial statements.
In September 2006, the Securities and Exchange Commission issued Staff Accounting Bulletin No. 108 (“SAB 108”), which becomes effective beginning on January 1, 2007. SAB 108 provides guidance on the consideration of the effects of prior period misstatements in quantifying current year misstatements for the purpose of a materiality assessment. SAB 108 provides for the quantification of the impact of correcting all misstatements, including both the carryover and reversing effects of prior year misstatements, on the current year financial statements. If a misstatement is material to the current year financial statements, the prior year financial statements should also be corrected, even though such revision was, and continues to be, immaterial to the prior year financial statements. Correcting prior year financial statements for immaterial errors would not require previously filed reports to be amended. Such correction should be made in the current period filings. We are currently evaluating the effect, if any, that this pronouncement will have on our future financial results.
11
3. Loans and Other Lending Investments
The aggregate carrying values, allocated by product type and weighted average coupons of our loans and other lending investments as of September 30, 2006 and December 31, 2005 were as follows:
| | Carrying Value (1) ($ in thousands) | | Allocation by Investment Type | | Fixed Rate: Average Yield | | Floating Rate: Average Spread over LIBOR (2) | |
| | 2006 | | 2005 | | 2006 | | 2005 | | 2006 | | 2005 | | 2006 | | 2005 | |
Whole loans, floating rate | | $ | 1,284,562 | | $ | 561,388 | | 62 | % | 46 | % | — | | — | | 314 bps | | 325 bps | |
Whole loans, fixed rate | | 80,700 | | 94,448 | | 4 | % | 8 | % | 11.94 | % | 10.67 | % | — | | — | |
Subordinate interests in whole loans, floating rate | | 337,813 | | 362,983 | | 17 | % | 30 | % | — | | — | | 397 bps | | 443 bps | |
Subordinate interests in whole loans, fixed rate | | 48,513 | | 37,104 | | 2 | % | 3 | % | 8.72 | % | 8.80 | % | — | | — | |
Mezzanine loans, floating rate | | 187,727 | | 82,793 | | 9 | % | 7 | % | — | | — | | 548 bps | | 858 bps | |
Mezzanine loans, fixed rate | | 68,590 | | 43,352 | | 3 | % | 4 | % | 9.08 | % | 8.51 | % | — | | — | |
Preferred equity, floating rate | | 11,879 | | 11,795 | | 1 | % | 1 | % | — | | — | | 900 bps | | 900 bps | |
Preferred equity, fixed rate | | 44,274 | | 11,882 | | 2 | % | 1 | % | 10.79 | % | 10.27 | % | — | | — | |
Total / Average | | $ | 2,064,058 | | $ | 1,205,745 | | 100 | % | 100 | % | 10.27 | % | 9.78 | % | 357 bps | | 417 bps | |
(1) Debt investments are presented after scheduled amortization payments and prepayments, and are net of unamortized fees, discounts, asset sales and unfunded commitments.
(2) Spreads over an index other than LIBOR have been adjusted to a LIBOR based equivalent.
As of September 30, 2006, our investment portfolio had the following maturity characteristics:
Year of Maturity | | Number of Investments Maturing | | Current Carrying Value | | % of Total | |
| | | | (In thousands) | | | |
2006 | | 4 | | $ | 51,397 | | 2 | % |
2007 | | 28 | | 715,942 | | 35 | % |
2008 | | 20 | | 842,458 | | 41 | % |
2009 | | 14 | | 283,309 | | 14 | % |
2010 | | 2 | | 6,625 | | — | |
2011 | | 2 | | 56,910 | | 3 | % |
Thereafter | | 7 | | 107,417 | | 5 | % |
Total | | 77 | | $ | 2,064,058 | | 100 | % |
| | | | | | | |
Weighted average maturity (1) | | | | 1.9 years | | | |
(1) The calculation of weighted average maturity is based upon the initial term of the investment and does not include option or extension periods or the ability to prepay the investment after a negotiated lock-out period, which may be available to the borrower.
12
For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2006 and 2005 the Company’s investment income from debt investments was generated by the following investment types:
| | Three months ended September 30, 2006 | | Three months ended September 30, 2005 | |
Investment Type | | Investment Income | | % of Total | | Investment Income | | % of Total | |
Whole loans | | $ | 28,236 | | 62 | % | $ | 9,410 | | 44 | % |
Subordinate interests in whole loans | | 10,479 | | 23 | % | 7,529 | | 36 | % |
Mezzanine loans | | 5,195 | | 12 | % | 3,313 | | 16 | % |
Preferred equity | | 1,389 | | 3 | % | 421 | | 2 | % |
CMBS | | — | | — | | 387 | | 2 | % |
Total | | $ | 45,299 | | 100 | % | $ | 21,060 | | 100 | % |
| | Nine months ended September 30, 2006 | | Nine months ended September 30, 2005 | |
Investment Type | | Investment Income | | % of Total | | Investment Income | | % of Total | |
Whole loans | | $ | 67,913 | | 58 | % | $ | 18,394 | | 39 | % |
Subordinate interests in whole loans | | 32,570 | | 28 | % | 19,689 | | 42 | % |
Mezzanine loans | | 12,932 | | 11 | % | 6,682 | | 14 | % |
Preferred equity | | 2,898 | | 3 | % | 1,112 | | 2 | % |
CMBS | | — | | — | | 1,122 | | 3 | % |
Total | | $ | 116,313 | | 100 | % | $ | 46,999 | | 100 | % |
At September 30, 2006 and December 31, 2005, our debt investment portfolio had the following geographic diversification:
| | 2006 | | 2005 | |
Region | | Carrying Value | | % of Total | | Carrying Value | | % of Total | |
Northeast | | $ | 939,384 | | 46 | % | $ | 429,012 | | 46 | % |
West | | 825,723 | | 40 | % | 251,853 | | 27 | % |
South | | 205,084 | | 10 | % | 127,973 | | 14 | % |
Midwest | | 93,867 | | 4 | % | 107,563 | | 11 | % |
Various | | — | | — | | 20,000 | | 2 | % |
Total | | $ | 2,064,058 | | 100 | % | $ | 936,401 | | 100 | % |
In connection with a preferred equity investment we held at September 30, 2006, which was subsequently repaid in October 2006, we have guaranteed a portion of the outstanding principal balance of the first mortgage loan that is a financial obligation of the entity in which we have invested in the event of a borrower default under such loan. The loan matures in 2032. This guarantee is considered to be an off-balance-sheet arrangement and will survive until the repayment of the first mortgage loan. As compensation, we received a credit enhancement fee of $125 from the borrower, which is recognized as the fair value of the guarantee and has been recorded on our balance sheet as a liability. The liability will be amortized over the life of the guarantee using the straight-line method and corresponding fee income will be recorded. Our maximum exposure under this guarantee is approximately $1,443 as of September 30, 2006. Under the terms of the guarantee, the investment sponsor is required to reimburse us for the entire amount paid under the guarantee until the guarantee expires.
4. Property Acquisitions
55 Corporate Drive
On June 7, 2006 we closed on the acquisition of a 49.75% TIC interest in 55 Corporate Drive, located in Bridgewater, New Jersey, with a 0.25% interest to be acquired in the future. The property is comprised of three buildings totaling 670,000 square feet which is 100% net leased to an entity whose obligations are guaranteed by Sanofi-Aventis Group through April 2023. The transaction was valued at $236,000 and was financed with a $190,000, 10-year, fixed-rate first mortgage loan. The remaining 50% of the property is owned as a TIC interest by SL Green. Upon closing the acquisition of the property, the $90,000 whole loan previously held by us was repaid in full using
13
proceeds from the new mortgage financing. All income and expenses at this property are being capitalized and are not recognized in our results from operations as of and for the period ended September 30, 2006, as the property is currently being redeveloped.
5. Disposition of Security Interests in Property
200 Franklin Square Drive
On September 6, 2005, we closed on the acquisition of a 100% fee interest in 200 Franklin Square Drive, located in Somerset, New Jersey. The property is a 200,000 square foot building which is 100% net leased to Philips Holding USA Inc., a wholly-owned subsidiary of Royal Philips Electronics, through December 2021. The property was acquired for a purchase price of $50,250, excluding closing costs, and financed with a $41,000, 10-year, fixed-rate first mortgage loan.
On March 31, 2006, following the conversion of the entity that owns 200 Franklin Square Drive into a Delaware statutory trust, or DST, we sold approximately 29.3% of our security interests in the DST to a third party. Subsequently, we sold an additional 45.7% of our security interests in the DST to the same party, reducing our final ownership interest to 25.0%. We received total cash consideration of $12,800 for these interests and the buyer assumed 75% of the DST’s underlying mortgage debt. The disposition resulted in a net gain of $4,530, after transaction costs. As a result of the disposition, this investment is now classified as an investment in joint venture and accounted for using the equity method. As of September 30, 2006 the investment has a carrying value of $2,572. We recorded our pro rata share of net income of the joint venture of $25 and $81 for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2006, respectively.
6. Investments in Unconsolidated Joint Ventures
South Building at One Madison Avenue, New York, New York
On April 29, 2005, we closed on a $57,503 initial investment in a joint venture with SL Green to acquire, own and operate the South Building located at One Madison Avenue, New York, New York, or the South Building. The joint venture is owned 45% by a wholly-owned subsidiary and 55% by a wholly-owned subsidiary of SL Green. The joint venture interests are pari passu. Also on April 29, 2005, the joint venture completed the acquisition of the South Building from Metropolitan Life Insurance Company for the purchase price of approximately $802,800 plus closing costs, financed in part through a $690,000 first mortgage loan on the South Building. The first mortgage is non-recourse to us. The South Building comprises approximately 1.2 million square feet and is almost entirely net leased to Credit Suisse Securities (USA) LLC, or CS, pursuant to a lease with a 15-year remaining term. As of September 30, 2006 the investment has a carrying value of $55,723. We recorded our pro rata share of net losses of the joint venture of $415 and $1,168 for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2006, respectively, and $510 and $914 for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2005.
101 S. Marengo Avenue, Pasadena, California
On November 29, 2005, we closed on the purchase of a 50% interest in an office building in Pasadena, CA. We also acquired an interest in certain related assets as part of the transaction. The 345,000 square foot office property, which is net leased to Bank of America through September 2015, assuming the exercise of options, and related collateral were acquired for $52,000 plus closing costs, using a non-recourse, $50,000, 10-year fixed-rate first mortgage loan. As of September 30, 2006 the investment has a carrying value of $217. For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2006, we recorded our pro rata share of net losses of the joint ventures of $344 and $1,005, respectively.
7. Junior Subordinated Debentures
On January 27, 2006, we completed a third issuance of $50,000 in unsecured trust preferred securities through a separate newly formed DST, Gramercy Capital Trust III, or GCTIII, that is a wholly-owned subsidiary of the Operating Partnership. The securities bear interest at a fixed rate of 7.65% for the first ten years ending January 2016, with an effective rate of 7.43% when giving effect to the swap arrangement previously entered into in contemplation of this financing. Thereafter the rate will float based on the three-month LIBOR plus 270 basis points.
In May and August 2005, we completed issuances of $50,000 each in unsecured trust preferred securities through two DST’s, Gramercy Capital Trust I, or GCTI, and Gramercy Capital Trust II, or GCTII, that are also wholly-owned subsidiaries of the Operating Partnership. The securities issued in May 2005 bear interest at a fixed rate of 7.57% for the first ten years ending June 2015 and the securities issued in August 2005 bear interest at a fixed rate of 7.75% for the first ten years ending October 2015. Thereafter the rates will float based on the three-month LIBOR plus 300 basis points.
All issuances of trust preferred securities require quarterly interest distributions; however, payments may be deferred while the interest
14
expense is accrued for a period of up to four consecutive quarters if the Operating Partnership exercises its right to defer such payments. The trust preferred securities are redeemable, at the option of the Operating Partnership, in whole or in part, with no prepayment premium any time after June 30, 2010, October 30, 2010 or January 30, 2011 for the securities issued by GCTI, GCTII and GCTIII, respectively.
GCTI, GCTII and GCTIII each issued $1,550 aggregate liquidation amount of common securities, representing 100% of the voting common stock of those entities to the Operating Partnership for a total purchase price of $4,650. GCTI, GCTII and GCTIII used the proceeds from the sale of the trust preferred securities and the common securities to purchase the Operating Partnership’s junior subordinated notes. The terms of the junior subordinated notes match the terms of the trust preferred securities. The notes are subordinate and junior in right of payment to all present and future senior indebtedness and certain other of our financial obligations. We realized net proceeds from each offering of approximately $48,956.
Our interests in GCTI, GCTII and GCTIII are accounted for using the equity method and the assets and liabilities of those entities are not consolidated into our financial statements. Interest on the junior subordinated notes is included in interest expense on our consolidated income statements while the value of the junior subordinated notes, net of our investment in the trusts that issued the securities, are presented as a separate item in our consolidated balance sheet.
8. Collateralized Debt Obligations
During 2005 we issued approximately $1,000,000 of CDOs through two indirect subsidiaries, Gramercy Real Estate CDO 2005-1 Ltd., or the 2005 Issuer, and Gramercy Real Estate CDO 2005-1 LLC, or the 2005 Co-Issuer. The CDO consists of $810,500 of investment grade notes, $84,500 of non-investment grade notes, which were co-issued by the 2005 Issuer and the 2005 Co-Issuer, and $105,000 of preferred shares, which were issued by the 2005 Issuer. The investment grade notes were issued with floating rate coupons with a combined weighted average rate of three-month LIBOR plus 0.49%. We incurred approximately $11,957 of costs related to Gramercy Real Estate CDO 2005-1, which are amortized on a level-yield basis over the average life of the CDO.
On August 24, 2006 we issued an additional approximately $1,000,000 of CDOs through two newly-formed indirect subsidiaries, Gramercy Real Estate CDO 2006-1 Ltd., or the 2006 Issuer, and Gramercy Real Estate CDO 2006-1 LLC, or the 2006 Co-Issuer. The CDO consists of $903,750 of investment grade notes, $38,750 of non-investment grade notes, which were co-issued by the 2006 Issuer and the 2006 Co-Issuer, and $57,500 of preferred shares, which were issued by the 2006 Issuer. The investment grade notes were issued with floating rate coupons with a combined weighted average rate of three-month LIBOR plus 0.37%. We incurred approximately $11,356 of costs related to Gramercy Real Estate CDO 2006-1, which are amortized on a level-yield basis over the average life of the CDO.
We retained all non-investment grade securities, the preferred shares and the common shares in the Issuer of each CDO. The Issuer in each CDO holds assets, consisting primarily of whole loans, subordinate interests in whole loans, mezzanine loans and preferred equity investments, which serve as collateral for the CDO. Each CDO may be replenished, pursuant to certain rating agency guidelines relating to credit quality and diversification, with substitute collateral for loans that are repaid during the first five years of the CDO. Thereafter, the CDO securities will be retired in sequential order from senior-most to junior-most as loans are repaid. The financial statements of the Issuer of each CDO are consolidated in our financial statements. The investment grade notes are treated as a secured financing, and are non-recourse to us. Proceeds from the sale of the investment grade notes issued in each CDO were used to repay substantially all outstanding debt under our repurchase agreements and to fund additional investments.
9. Debt Obligations
Repurchase Facilities
We have two repurchase facilities, one with Wachovia Capital Markets, LLC or one or more of its affiliates, or Wachovia, and one with Goldman Sachs Mortgage Company, or Goldman.
The repurchase facility with Wachovia is a $500,000 facility. This facility was initially established as a $250,000 facility, was increased to $350,000 from $250,000 effective January 3, 2005, and was subsequently increased to $500,000 effective April 22, 2005. On March 21, 2006 we further modified the facility by reducing the interest spreads. As a result of the modifications, the $500,000 facility bears interest at spreads of 1.00% to 2.50% over three month LIBOR and, based on our expected investment activities, provides for advance rates that vary from 60% to 100% based upon the collateral provided under a borrowing base calculation. On October 13, 2006 we extended the facility’s maturity date until October 2009. The lender has a consent right to the inclusion of investments in this facility, determines periodically the market value of the investments, and has the right to require additional collateral if the estimated market value of the included investments declines. We had no accrued interest and borrowings of $58,739 at a weighted average spread to LIBOR of 1.35%, and $67,717 at a weighted average spread to LIBOR of 1.50%, under this facility at September 30, 2006 and December 31, 2005, respectively.
15
Borrowings under the Wachovia facility at September 30, 2006 and December 31, 2005 were secured by the following investments:
| | Carrying Value (1) | |
Investment Type | | 2006 | | 2005 | |
Whole loans | | $ | 69,852 | | $ | 33,223 | |
Subordinate interests in whole loans | | — | | 74,689 | |
CDO securities (2) | | — | | 49,500 | |
Total | | $ | 69,852 | | $ | 157,412 | |
(1) Approximates fair value.
(2) Represents the BB rated securities in our CDO that were retained by us.
We also have a repurchase facility with Goldman. On October 13, 2006 we increased this facility from $200,000 to $400,000 and extended its maturity date until September 2009. On March 21, 2006, we modified the pricing on this facility by reducing the interest spreads. As a result of the modifications, the facility bears interest at spreads of 1.00% to 2.25% over three month LIBOR and, based on our expected investment activities, provides for advance rates that vary from 40% to 85% based upon the collateral provided under a borrowing base calculation. As with the Wachovia facility, the lender has a consent right to the inclusion of investments in this facility, determines periodically the market value of the investments, and has the right to require additional collateral if the estimated market value of the included investments declines. We had no accrued interest and no outstanding borrowings as of September 30, 2006, and accrued interest of $163 and borrowings of $49,649 at a weighted average spread to LIBOR of 1.71% under this facility at December 31, 2005.
Borrowings under the Goldman facility at December 31, 2005 were secured by the following investments:
| | Carrying Value | |
Investment Type | | 2005 | |
Whole loans | | $ | 59,457 | |
Total | | $ | 59,457 | |
(1) Approximates fair value.
The terms of our repurchase facilities (together with any related guarantees) include covenants that (a) limit our maximum total indebtedness to no more than 85% of total assets under the Wachovia facility or a debt to equity ratio less than or equal to 5:1 under the Goldman facility, (b) require us to maintain minimum liquidity of at least $10,000 for the first two years and $15,000 thereafter under the Goldman facility, and at least $15,000 under the Wachovia facility, (c) require our fixed charge coverage ratio to be at no time less than 1.50 to 1.00, (d) require our minimum interest coverage ratio to be at no time less than 1.75 to 1.00 under the Wachovia facility, (e) require us to maintain minimum tangible net worth of not less than (i) $129,750, plus (ii) 75% of the proceeds of our subsequent equity issuances following our initial public offering under the Goldman facility and not less than (i) $400,000, plus (ii) 75% of the net proceeds of our subsequent equity issuances following the date of the October 2006 amendment under the Wachovia facility and (f) restrict the maximum amount of our total indebtedness. The covenants also restrict us from making distributions in excess of a maximum of 100% of our FFO (as defined therein) under the Wachovia facility, except that we may in any case pay distributions necessary to maintain our REIT status. An event of default can be triggered if, among other things, GKK Manager LLC is terminated as our Manager. As of September 30, 2006 and December 31, 2005, we were in compliance with all such covenants.
The repurchase facilities require that we pay down borrowings under these facilities as principal payments on the loans and investments pledged to these facilities are received. Assets pledged as collateral under these facilities may include stabilized and transitional whole loans, subordinate interests in whole loans, mezzanine loans, and rated CMBS or commercial real estate CDO securities originated or acquired by us.
In certain circumstances, we have purchased debt investments from a counterparty and subsequently financed the acquisition of those debt investments through repurchase agreements with the same counterparty. We currently record the acquisition of the debt investments as assets and the related repurchase agreements as financing liabilities gross on the consolidated balance sheets. Interest income earned on the debt investments and interest expense incurred on the repurchase obligations are reported gross on the consolidated income statements. However, under a certain technical interpretation of FAS 140, such transactions may not qualify as a
16
purchase by us. We believe, and it is industry practice, that we are accounting for these transactions in an appropriate manner. However, the result of this technical interpretation would prevent us from presenting the debt investments and repurchase agreements and the related interest income and interest expense on a gross basis on our financial statements. Instead, we would present the net investment in these transactions with the counterparty and a derivative with the corresponding change in fair value of the derivative being recorded through earnings. The value of the derivative would reflect changes in the value of the underlying debt investments and changes in the value of the underlying credit provided by the counterparty.
Unsecured Revolving Credit Facility
In May 2006, we closed on a $100,000 senior unsecured revolving credit facility with KeyBank with an initial term of three years and a one-year extension option. The facility is supported by a negative pledge of an identified asset base with advance rates that vary from 30% to 90% of the asset value provided under a borrowing base calculation. The lender also has consent rights to the inclusion of assets in the borrowing base calculation. The facility bears interest at 1.90% over three month LIBOR to the extent our leverage ratio, defined as total liabilities to total assets, including our proportionate share of the liabilities and assets of our unconsolidated subsidiaries, is less than 80% and 2.10% over three month LIBOR to the extent out leverage ratio is equal to or greater than 80%. We had no outstanding borrowings against this facility as of September 30, 2006.
The terms of the unsecured revolving credit facility include covenants that (a) limit our maximum total indebtedness to no more than 85% of total assets, (b) require our fixed charge coverage ratio to be at no time less than 1.50, (c) require our minimum interest coverage ratio to be at no time less than 1.70, (d) require us to maintain minimum tangible net worth of not less than $370,000 plus 75% of the net proceeds from equity offerings completed after the closing of the facility and (e) restrict the maximum amount of our total indebtedness. The covenants also restrict us from making distributions in excess of a maximum of 100% of our FFO (as defined by the National Association of Real Estate Investment Trusts, or NAREIT), except that we may in any case pay distributions necessary to maintain our REIT status. An event of default can be triggered on our unsecured revolving credit facility if, among other things, GKK Manager LLC is terminated as our Manager. As of September 30, 2006, we were in compliance with all such covenants.
In conjunction with the closing of the unsecured revolving credit facility with KeyBank, our $25,000 revolving credit facility with Wachovia was terminated.
Mortgage Loan
We have one consolidated interest-only mortgage loan in an amount equal to our ownership percentage in the entity multiplied by the outstanding principal balance of the mortgage loan, which loan financed the acquisition of 55 Corporate Drive in June 2006. The mortgage has an outstanding principal balance of $190,000, of which we have consolidated 49.75% or $94,525, with an effective interest rate of 5.75% and a term of ten years. Interest on this mortgage is being capitalized as of September 30, 3006 as the property is being redeveloped. Capitalized interest was $1,766 for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2006.
Combined aggregate principal maturities of our consolidated CDOs, repurchase facilities, trust preferred securities, mortgage note payable and unsecured revolving credit facility as of September 30, 2006 are as follows:
| | Collateralized Debt Obligations | | Repurchase Facilities | | Trust Preferred Securities | | Mortgage Note Payable | | Unsecured Revolving Credit Facility | | Total | |
2006 | | $ | — | | $ | — | | $ | — | | $ | — | | $ | — | | $ | — | |
2007 | | — | | — | | — | | — | | — | | — | |
2008 | | — | | — | | — | | — | | — | | — | |
2009 | | — | | 58,739 | | — | | — | | — | | 58,739 | |
2010 | | — | | — | | — | | — | | — | | — | |
2011 | | — | | — | | — | | — | | — | | — | |
Thereafter | | 1,714,250 | | — | | 150,000 | | 94,525 | (1) | — | | 1,958,775 | |
Total | | $ | 1,714,250 | | $ | 58,739 | | $ | 150,000 | | $ | 94,525 | | — | | $ | 2,017,514 | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
(1) We have a 49.75% interest in the entity that is the obligor under the mortgage note.
10. Operating Partnership Agreement / Manager
At September 30, 2006, we owned all of the Class A limited partnership interests in our Operating Partnership. At September 30, 2006, the majority of the Class B limited partnership interests were owned by our Manager and SL Green Operating Partnership, L.P.
17
Interests were also held by certain officers and employees of SL Green Realty Corp., including some of whom are among our executive officers, certain of which interests are subject to performance thresholds.
At September 30, 2006, the majority of the interests in our Manager were held by SL Green Operating Partnership, L.P. Interests were also held by certain officers and employees of SL Green Realty Corp., including some of whom are among our executive officers, certain of which interests are subject to performance thresholds.
11. Related Party Transactions
In connection with our initial public offering, we entered into a management agreement with our Manager, which was subsequently amended and restated in April 2006. The amended and restated agreement provides for a term through December 2009 with automatic one-year extension options and is subject to certain termination rights. We pay our Manager an annual management fee equal to 1.75% of our gross stockholders equity (as defined in the amended and restated management agreement) inclusive of our trust preferred securities. We incurred expense to our Manager under this agreement of an aggregate of approximately $2,704 and $7,443 for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2006, respectively, and approximately $1,678 and $4,208 for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2005, respectively.
To provide an incentive for our Manager to enhance the value of our common stock, the holders of the Class B limited partner interests of the Operating Partnership are entitled to an incentive return equal to 25% of the amount by which FFO plus certain accounting gains and losses (as defined in the partnership agreement of the Operating Partnership which was amended and restated in April 2006) exceed the product of our weighted average stockholders equity (as defined in the amended and restated partnership agreement of the Operating Partnership) multiplied by 9.5% (divided by 4 to adjust for quarterly calculations). We will record any distributions on the Class B limited partner interests as an incentive distribution expense in the period when earned and when payments of such amounts have become probable and reasonably estimable in accordance with the partnership agreement. We incurred approximately $1,822 and $4,592 with respect to such Class B limited partner interests for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2006, respectively and $1,038 for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2005.
We are obligated to reimburse our Manager for its costs incurred under an asset servicing agreement between our Manager and an affiliate of SL Green Operating Partnership, L.P. and a separate outsourcing agreement between our Manager and SL Green Operating Partnership, L.P. The asset servicing agreement, which was amended and restated in April 2006, provides for an annual fee payable to SL Green Operating Partnership, L.P. by us of 0.05% of the book value of all credit tenant lease assets and non-investment grade bonds and 0.15% of the book value of all other assets. The asset servicing fee may be reduced by SL Green Operating Partnership, L.P. for fees paid directly to outside servicers by us. The outsourcing agreement currently provides for a fee payable by us of $1,326 per year, increasing 3% annually over the prior year on the anniversary date of the outsourcing agreement in August of each year. For the three months ended September 30, 2006 and 2005, we realized expense of $328 and $319, respectively, and for the nine months ended September 30, 2006 and 2005, we realized expense of $973 and $944, respectively, to our Manager under the outsourcing agreement. For the three months ended September 30, 2006 and 2005, we realized expense of $621 and $291, respectively, and for the nine months ended September 30, 2006 and 2005, we realized expense of $1,621 and $674, respectively, to our Manager under the asset servicing agreement.
In connection with the closing of our first CDO in July 2005, the Issuer, Gramercy Real Estate CDO 2005-1 Ltd., entered into a collateral management agreement with our Manager. Pursuant to the collateral management agreement, our Manager has agreed to provide certain advisory and administrative services in relation to the collateral debt securities and other eligible investments securing the CDO notes. The collateral management agreement provides for a senior collateral management fee, payable quarterly in accordance with the priority of payments as set forth in the indenture, equal to 0.15% per annum of the net outstanding portfolio balance, and an additional subordinate collateral management fee, payable quarterly in accordance with the priority of payments as set forth in the indenture, equal to 0.25% per annum of the net outstanding portfolio balance. Net outstanding portfolio balance is the sum of the (i) aggregate principal balance of the collateral debt securities, excluding defaulted securities, (ii) aggregate principal balance of all principal proceeds held as cash and eligible investments in certain accounts, and (iii) with respect to the defaulted securities, the calculation amount of such defaulted securities. As compensation for the performance of its obligations as collateral manager under the first CDO, our Board of Directors has allocated to our Manager the subordinate collateral management fee paid on securities not held by us. The senior collateral management fee and balance of the subordinate collateral management fee is allocated to us. For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2006 we realized expense of $518 and $1,518, respectively, to our Manager under such collateral management agreement.
The amended and restated management agreement provides that in connection with formations of future collateralized debt obligations
18
or other securitization vehicles, if a collateral manager is retained, our Manager or an affiliate will be the collateral manager and will receive the following fees: (i) 0.25% per annum of the book value of the assets owned for transitional “managed” CDOs, (ii) 0.15% per annum of the book value of the assets owned for non-transitional “managed” CDOs, (iii) 0.10% per annum of the book value of the assets owned for static CDOs that own primarily non-investment grade bonds, and (iv) 0.05% per annum of the book value of the assets owned for static CDOs that own primarily investment grade bonds; limited in each instance by the fees that are paid to the collateral manager. The balance of the fees paid by the CDOs for collateral management services are paid to us. Collateral manager fees paid on our CDO that closed in August 2006 are governed by the amended and restated management agreement as a transitional managed CDO. For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2006 we realized expense of $238 to our Manager under this agreement.
In connection with the 5,500,000 shares of common stock that were sold on December 3, 2004 and settled on December 31, 2004 and January 3, 2005 in a private placement, we agreed to pay our Manager a fee of $1,000 as compensation for financial advisory, structuring and costs incurred on our behalf. This fee was recorded as a reduction in the proceeds of the private placement. Apart from legal fees and stock clearing charges totaling $245, no other fees were paid by us to an investment bank, broker/dealer or other financial advisor in connection with the private placement, resulting in total costs of 1.3% of total gross proceeds.
On April 29, 2005, we closed on a $57,503 initial investment in a joint venture with SL Green to acquire, own and operate the South Building located at One Madison Avenue, New York, New York, or the South Building. The joint venture, which was created to acquire, own and operate the South Building, is owned 45% by a wholly-owned subsidiary of us and 55% by a wholly-owned subsidiary of SL Green. The joint venture interests are pari passu. Also on April 29, 2005, the joint venture completed the acquisition of the South Building from Metropolitan Life Insurance Company for the purchase price of approximately $802,800 plus closing costs, financed in part through a $690,000 first mortgage loan on the South Building. The South Building comprises approximately 1.2 million square feet and is almost entirely net leased to CS pursuant to a lease with a 15-year remaining term.
On June 7, 2006 we closed on the acquisition of a 49.75% TIC interest in 55 Corporate Drive, located in Bridgewater, New Jersey with a 0.25% interest to be acquired in the future. The remaining 50% of the property is owned as a TIC interest by an affiliate of SL Green Operating Partnership, L.P.. The property is comprised of three buildings totaling approximately six hundred and seventy thousand square feet which is 100% net leased to an entity whose obligations are guaranteed by Sanofi-Aventis Group through April 2023. The transaction was valued at $236,000 and was financed with a $190,000, 10-year, fixed-rate first mortgage loan.
Commencing May 1, 2005 we are party to a lease agreement with SLG Graybar Sublease LLC, an affiliate of SL Green, for our corporate offices at 420 Lexington Avenue, New York, New York. The lease is for approximately five thousand square feet with an option to lease an additional approximately two thousand square feet and carries a term of ten years with rents on the entire seven thousand square feet of approximately $249 per annum for year one rising to $315 per annum in year ten. For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2006, we paid $63 and $188 under this lease.
Bright Star Couriers LLC, or Bright Star, provides messenger services to us. Bright Star is owned by Gary Green, a son of Stephen L. Green, our Chairman. The aggregate amount of fees paid by us for such services for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2006 was $3 and $6, respectively, and less than $1 for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2005.
SL Green Operating Partnership, L.P. is an equity holder in the joint venture that is the borrower on an investment with a book value of $29,026 as of December 31, 2005.
On July 14, 2005, we closed on the purchase from an SL Green affiliate of a $40,000 mezzanine loan which bears interest at 11.20%. As part of that sale, the seller retained an interest-only participation. We have determined that the yield on our mezzanine loan after giving effect to the interest-only participation retained by the seller is at market. The mezzanine loan is secured by the equity interests in an office property in New York, New York.
On February 27, 2006, we closed on the purchase of a $90,000 whole loan, which bears interest at three month LIBOR plus 2.15%, to a joint venture in which SL Green is an equity holder. The loan is secured by 55 Corporate Drive in Bridgewater, New Jersey. The loan was repaid in full in June 2006 with the proceeds from new mortgage financing obtained in connection with the sale of the property, 49.75% of which is now owned by us through a TIC structure.
On March 17, 2006, we closed on the purchase of a $25,000 mezzanine loan, which bears interest at three month LIBOR plus 8.00%, to a joint venture in which SL Green is an equity holder. The loan is secured by office and industrial properties in northern New Jersey. The loan was repaid in full in May 2006.
19
On May 9, 2006 we originated a $90,287 whole loan, which bears interest at three month LIBOR plus 2.75%, to a joint venture in which SL Green is an equity holder. The loan is secured by office and industrial properties in northern New Jersey and has a book value of $89,966 as of September 30, 2006.
On August 1, 2006 we acquired from a financial institution a 50% pari passu interest in a $65,000 preferred equity investment secured by an office property in New York, New York. An affiliate of SL Green simultaneously acquired and owns the other 50% pari passu interest. The investment bears interest at a blended fixed rate of 10.52%.
During the nine months ended September 30, 2006, we earned fees of $162,500 from SL Green representing SL Green’s proportionate share of fees for financing and structural advisory services related to a specific potential transaction.
12. Deferred Costs
Deferred costs at September 30, 2006 and December 31, 2005 consisted of the following:
| | September 30, 2006 | | December 31, 2005 | |
Deferred financing | | $ | 33,862 | | $ | 20,553 | |
Deferred acquisition | | 2,377 | | 2,210 | |
| | 36,239 | | 22,763 | |
Less accumulated amortization | | (7,421 | ) | (3,381 | ) |
| | $ | 28,818 | | $ | 19,382 | |
Deferred financing costs relate to our existing repurchase facilities with Wachovia and Goldman, our unsecured revolving credit facility with KeyBank, our CDOs and the trust preferred securities. These costs are amortized on a straight-line basis to interest expense based on the remaining term of the related financing.
Deferred acquisition costs consist of fees and direct costs incurred to originate our investments and are amortized using the effective yield method over the related term of the investment.
13. Fair Value of Financial Instruments
The following discussion of fair value was determined by our Manager, using available market information and appropriate valuation methodologies. Considerable judgment is necessary to interpret market data and develop estimated fair value. Accordingly, fair values are not necessarily indicative of the amounts we could realize on disposition of the financial instruments. The use of different market assumptions and/or estimation methodologies may have a material effect on estimated fair value amounts.
Cash equivalents, accrued interest, and accounts payable balances reasonably approximate their fair values due to the short maturities of these items. The carrying value of our CDOs, repurchase and revolving credit facilities approximate fair value because they bear interest at floating rates, which we believe, for facilities with a similar risk profile, reasonably approximate market rates. Our junior subordinated debentures reasonably approximate fair value based upon the amount at which similarly issued instruments would be issued in the current market. Our fixed rate mortgage payable is carried at its unpaid principal balance, which approximates fair value due to the short period of time the note has been outstanding. Loans and commercial mortgage backed securities are carried at amounts, which reasonably approximate their fair value as determined by our Manager.
The fair value of our fixed-rate debt investments as determined by our Manager in consultation with market dealers of such instruments as of September 30, 2006 are as follows:
| | Carrying Value | | Fair Value | |
Fixed-rate debt investments | | $ | 242,077 | | $ | 242,077 | |
| | | | | | | |
Disclosure about fair value of financial instruments is based on pertinent information available to us at September 30, 2006. Although we are not aware of any factors that would significantly affect the reasonable fair value amounts, such amounts have not been comprehensively revalued for purposes of these financial statements since that date and current estimates of fair value may differ significantly from the amounts presented herein.
20
14. Stockholders’ Equity
Common Stock
Our authorized capital stock consists of 125,000,000 shares, $0.001 par value, of which we have authorized the issuance of up to 100,000,000 shares of common stock, $0.001 par value per share, and 25,000,000 shares of preferred stock, par value $0.001 per share.
As of the date of our formation, April 12, 2004, we had 500,000 shares of common stock outstanding valued at approximately $200. On August 2, 2004 we completed our initial public offering of 12,500,000 shares of common stock resulting in net proceeds of approximately $172,900, which was used to fund investments and commence our operations. As of September 30, 2006, 350,000 restricted shares had also been issued under our 2004 Equity Incentive Plan, or the Equity Incentive Plan. These shares have a vesting period of three to four years and are not entitled to receive distributions declared by us on our common stock until such time as the shares have vested, or the shares have been designated to receive dividends by the Compensation Committee of our Board of Directors.
On December 3, 2004, we sold 5,500,000 shares of common stock, at a price of $17.27 per share, resulting in net proceeds of approximately $93,740 under a private placement exemption from the registration requirements of Section 5 of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended. A total of 4,225,000 shares were sold to various institutional investors and an additional 1,275,000 shares were sold to SL Green Operating Partnership, L.P. pursuant to its contractual right to choose to maintain a 25% ownership interest in the outstanding shares of our common stock. Of the 5,500,000 shares sold, 2,000,000 shares were settled on December 31, 2004 and the remaining 3,500,000 shares were settled on January 3, 2005.
On September 14, 2005, we sold 3,833,333 shares of common stock, at a price of $25.80 per share, resulting in net proceeds of approximately $97,830. A total of 2,875,000 shares were sold through public offering and an additional 958,333 shares were sold to SL Green Operating Partnership, L.P. pursuant to its contractual right to choose to maintain a 25% ownership interest in our outstanding shares of common stock. Net proceeds were used for loan acquisitions and originations, repayment of outstanding principal under one of our repurchase facilities and general corporate purposes.
On May 16, 2006, we sold 3,000,000 shares of common stock, at a price of $26.75 per share, resulting in net proceeds of approximately $79,787. A total of 2,250,000 shares were sold through a public offering and an additional 750,000 shares were sold to SL Green Operating Partnership, L.P. pursuant to its contractual right to choose to maintain a 25% ownership interest in our outstanding shares of common stock. After this offering, SL Green Operating Partnership, L.P. owned 6,418,333 shares of our common stock. Net proceeds were used for loan acquisitions and originations, repayment of outstanding principal under our repurchase facilities and general corporate purposes.
In August 2005 our $350,000 shelf registration statement was declared effective by the Securities and Exchange Commission, or SEC. This registration statement provides us with the ability to issue common and preferred stock, depository shares and warrants. We currently have $170,850 available under the shelf.
As of September 30, 2006, 25,834,642 shares of common stock and no shares of preferred stock were issued and outstanding.
Equity Incentive Plan
As part of our initial public offering, we instituted our Equity Incentive Plan. The Equity Incentive Plan, as amended, authorizes (i) the grant of stock options that qualify as incentive stock options under Section 422 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, or ISOs, (ii) the grant of stock options that do not qualify, or NQSOs, (iii) the grant of stock options in lieu of cash directors’ fees and (iv) grants of shares of restricted and unrestricted common stock. The exercise price of stock options will be determined by the compensation committee, but may not be less than 100% of the fair market value of the shares of common stock on the date of grant. At September 30, 2006, approximately 1,206,799 shares of common stock were available for issuance under the Equity Incentive Plan.
Management and outsourcing fees paid to our Manager and SL Green Operating Partnership, L.P. are sufficient to reimburse our Manager and SL Green Operating Partnership, L.P. for the applicable compensation, including payroll taxes, of the employees who provide services to Gramercy pursuant to the confirmatory addendum to the Management Agreement between Gramercy, our Manager and the Operating Partnership. These awardees are considered co-leased employees. Options granted under the Equity Incentive Plan to recipients who are co-leased employees of Gramercy are exercisable at the fair market value on the date of grant and, subject to termination of employment, expire ten years from the date of grant, are not transferable other than on death, and are exercisable in
21
three to four annual installments commencing one year from the date of grant. In some instances, options may be granted under the Equity Incentive Plan to persons who provide significant services to us or our affiliates, but are not considered co-leased employees because compensation for their services is not covered by our management agreement or outsourcing agreement. Options granted to recipients that are not co-leased employees have the same terms as those issued to co-leased employees except as it relates to any performance-based provisions within the grant. To the extent there are performance provisions associated with a grant to a recipient who is not a co-leased employee, an estimated expense related to these options is recognized over the vesting period and the final expense is reconciled at the point performance has been met, or the measurement date. If no performance based provision exists, the fair value of the options is calculated on a quarterly basis and the related expense is recognized over the vesting period.
A summary of the status of our stock options as of September 30, 2006 and December 31, 2005 are presented below:
| | September 30, 2006 | | December 31, 2005 | |
| | Options Outstanding | | Weighted Average Exercise Price | | Options Outstanding | | Weighted Average Exercise Price | |
Balance at beginning of year | | 733,584 | | $ | 16.47 | | 640,500 | | $ | 15.05 | |
Granted | | 197,500 | | $ | 23.49 | | 236,000 | | $ | 19.62 | |
Exercised | | (20,000 | ) | $ | 15.00 | | (131,249 | ) | $ | 15.01 | |
Lapsed or cancelled | | (35,668 | ) | $ | 20.25 | | (11,667 | ) | $ | 18.20 | |
Balance at end of period | | 875,416 | | $ | 17.94 | | 733,584 | | $ | 16.47 | |
All options were granted within a price range of $15.00 to $26.79. The remaining weighted average contractual life of the options was 8.3 years. Compensation expense of $406 will be recorded over the course of the next 18 months, representing the remaining weighted average vesting period of the option awards as of September 30, 2006. Compensation expense of $63 and $210 was recorded for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2006, respectively, related to the issuance of stock options, compared to $46 and $105 for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2005, respectively.
Through September 30, 2006, 350,000 restricted shares had been issued under the Equity Incentive Plan, of which 62% have vested. The unvested shares are not currently entitled to receive distributions declared by us on our common stock until such time as the shares have vested. Unvested shares may be entitled to receive dividends at the discretion of the Compensation Committee of our Board of Directors. Holders of restricted shares are prohibited from selling such shares until they vest but are provided the ability to vote such shares beginning on the date of grant. Compensation expense of $755 will be recorded over the course of the next 12 months, representing the remaining weighted average vesting period of the restricted stock awards as of September 30, 2006. Compensation expense of $299 and $951 was recorded for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2006, respectively, related to the issuance of restricted shares, compared to $274 and $926 for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2005, respectively.
Outperformance Plan
In June 2005, the compensation committee of our board of directors approved a long-term incentive compensation program, the 2005 Outperformance Plan. Participants in the 2005 Outperformance Plan, all of whom are co-leased employees, will share in a “performance pool” if our total return to stockholders for the period from June 1, 2005 through May 31, 2008 exceeds a cumulative total return to stockholders of 30% during the measurement period over a base share price of $20.21 per share. The size of the pool will be 10% of the outperformance amount in excess of the 30% benchmark, subject to a maximum limit equal to the lesser of 4% of our outstanding shares and units of limited partnership interest as of the end of the performance period, or 1,200,000 shares. If our total return to stockholders from June 1, 2005 to any subsequent date exceeds 80% and remains at that level or higher for 30 consecutive days, then a minimum performance pool will be established. In the event the potential performance pool reaches the maximum dilution cap before May 31, 2008 and remains at that level or higher for 30 consecutive days, the performance period will end early and the pool will be formed on the last day of such three month period. Each participant’s award under the 2005 Outperformance Plan is designated as a specified percentage of the aggregate performance pool to be allocated to such participant assuming the 30% benchmark is achieved. Individual awards under the 2005 Outperformance Plan will be made in the form of partnership units, or LTIP Units, that may ultimately become exchangeable for shares of our common stock or cash, at our election. Under the 2005 Outperformance Plan, LTIP Units have been granted and additional LTIP Units may be granted in the future prior to the determination of the performance pool; however, these LTIP Units will only vest upon satisfaction of performance and other thresholds, and will not be entitled to distributions until after the performance pool, or minimum performance pool, is established. The 2005 Outperformance Plan provides that if a pool is established, each participant will also be entitled to the distributions that would have been paid on the number of LTIP Units earned, had they been issued at the beginning of the performance period. Those
22
distributions will be paid in the form of additional LTIP Units. Once a performance pool has been established, the earned LTIP Units will receive regular quarterly distributions on a per unit basis equal to the dividends per share paid on our common stock, whether or not they are vested. Any LTIP Units that are not earned upon the establishment of the performance pool will be automatically forfeited, and the LTIP Units that are earned will be subject to time-based vesting, with 50% of the LTIP Units earned vesting in May 2009 and the balance vesting one year later based on continued employment with our Manager or SL Green. We will record the expense of the restricted stock award in accordance with FASB Statement No. 123(R). Compensation expense of $293 and $881 was recorded for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2006, respectively, related to the 2005 Outperformance Plan.
Deferred Stock Compensation Plan for Directors
Under our Independent Director’s Deferral Program, which commenced April 2005, our independent directors may elect to defer up to 100% of their annual retainer fee, chairman fees and meeting fees. Unless otherwise elected by a participant, fees deferred under the program shall be credited in the form of phantom stock units. The phantom stock units are convertible into an equal number of shares of common stock upon such directors’ termination of service from the Board of Directors or a change in control by us, as defined by the program. Phantom stock units are credited to each independent director quarterly using the closing price of our common stock on the applicable dividend record date for the respective quarter. Each participating independent director who elects to receive fees in the form of phantom stock units has the option to have their account credited for an equivalent amount of phantom stock units based on the dividend rate for each quarter or have dividends paid in cash.
As of September 30, 2006 there were approximately 13,030 phantom stock units outstanding, of which 9,301 units are vested.
Earnings per Share
Earnings per share for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2006 and 2005 is computed as follows:
| | Three Months Ended September 30, | | Nine Months Ended September 30, | |
Numerator (Income) | | 2006 | | 2005 | | 2006 | | 2005 | |
Basic Earnings: | | | | | | | | | |
Net income available to common stockholders | | $ | 14,536 | | $ | 8,577 | | $ | 37,907 | | $ | 20,599 | |
Effect of dilutive securities | | — | | — | | — | | — | |
Diluted Earnings: | | | | | | | | | |
Net income available to common stockholders | | $ | 14,536 | | $ | 8,577 | | $ | 37,907 | | $ | 20,599 | |
| | | | | | | | | |
Denominator (Weighted Average Shares) | | | | | | | | | |
Basic | | | | | | | | | |
Shares available to common stockholders | | 25,832 | | 19,603 | | 24,336 | | 19,093 | |
Effect of Diluted Securities: | | | | | | | | | |
Stock-based compensation plans | | 1,189 | | 1,184 | | 1,184 | | 524 | |
Phantom stock units | | 13 | | 1 | | 13 | | 1 | |
Diluted Shares | | 27,034 | | 20,788 | | 25,533 | | 19,618 | |
15. Benefit Plans
We do not maintain a defined benefit pension plan, post-retirement health and welfare plan, 401(k) plan or other benefits plans as we do not have any employees. These benefits are provided to its employees by our Manager, a majority-owned subsidiary of SL Green.
16. Commitments and Contingencies
We and our Operating Partnership are not presently involved in any material litigation nor, to our knowledge, is any material litigation threatened against us or our investments, other than routine litigation arising in the ordinary course of business. Management believes the costs, if any, incurred by our Operating Partnership and us related to litigation will not materially affect our financial position, operating results or liquidity.
Our corporate offices at 420 Lexington Avenue, New York, New York are subject to an operating lease agreement with SLG Graybar Sublease LLC, an affiliate of SL Green, effective May 1, 2005. The lease is for approximately five thousand square feet with an option to lease an additional approximately two thousand square feet and carries a term of ten years with rents on the entire seven thousand
23
square feet of approximately $249 per annum for year one rising to $315 per annum in year ten.
The following is a schedule of future minimum lease payments under our operating lease as of September 30, 2006.
| | Operating Lease | |
2006 | | $ | 64 | |
2007 | | 256 | |
2008 | | 261 | |
2009 | | 265 | |
2010 | | 283 | |
Thereafter | | 1,351 | |
Total minimum lease payments | | $ | 2,480 | |
17. Financial Instruments: Derivatives and Hedging
FASB No. 133, or SFAS 133, “Accounting for Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities,” which became effective January 1, 2001, requires Gramercy to recognize all derivatives on the balance sheet at fair value. Derivatives that are not hedges must be adjusted to fair value through income. If a derivative is a hedge, depending on the nature of the hedge, changes in the fair value of the derivative will either be offset against the change in fair value of the hedged asset, liability, or firm commitment through earnings, or recognized in other comprehensive income until the hedged item is recognized in earnings. The ineffective portion of a derivative’s change in fair value will be immediately recognized in earnings. SFAS 133 may increase or decrease reported net income and stockholders’ equity prospectively, depending on future levels of LIBOR interest rates and other variables affecting the fair values of derivative instruments and hedged items, but will have no effect on cash flows, provided the contract is carried through to full term.
The following table summarizes the notional and fair value of our derivative financial instrument at September 30, 2006. The notional value is an indication of the extent of our involvement in this instrument at that time, but does not represent exposure to credit, interest rate or market risks:
| | Benchmark Rate | | Notional Value | | Strike Rate | | Effective Date | | Expiration Date | | Fair Value | |
Interest Rate Swap | | 3 month LIBOR | | $ | 40,000 | | 4.420 | % | 7/2005 | | 2/2014 | | $ | 1,325 | |
Interest Rate Swap | | 1 month LIBOR | | 31,686 | | 3.855 | % | 7/2005 | | 11/2009 | | 979 | |
Interest Rate Swap | | 1 month LIBOR | | 27,500 | | 5.500 | % | 8/2006 | | 9/2016 | | (989 | ) |
Interest Rate Swap | | 3 month LIBOR | | 24,979 | | 5.445 | % | 8/2006 | | 7/2016 | | (752 | ) |
Interest Rate Cap | | 3 month LIBOR | | 23,713 | | 5.700 | % | 11/2005 | | 12/2007 | | 5 | |
Interest Rate Cap | | 1 month LIBOR | | 20,000 | | 6.000 | % | 4/2006 | | 4/2007 | | — | |
Interest Rate Cap | | 1 month LIBOR | | 14,120 | | 5.500 | % | 12/2005 | | 1/2007 | | — | |
Interest Rate Swap | | 3 month LIBOR | | 12,000 | | 9.850 | % | 8/2006 | | 8/2011 | | (108 | ) |
Basis Swap | | 1 month PRIME | | 9,363 | | 722 bps | | 8/2006 | | 12/2007 | | (1 | ) |
Interest Rate Swap | | 1 month LIBOR | | 6,402 | | 4.760 | % | 1/2006 | | 3/2015 | | 99 | |
Interest Rate Swap | | 1 month LIBOR | | 3,960 | | 4.959 | % | 12/2005 | | 12/2015 | | 16 | |
Interest Rate Swap | | 1 month LIBOR | | 3,465 | | 4.280 | % | 7/2005 | | 12/2009 | | 65 | |
Interest Rate Swap | | 3 month LIBOR | | 3,465 | | 5.178 | % | 4/2006 | | 3/2010 | | (26 | ) |
Total | | | | $ | 220,653 | | | | | | | | $ | 613 | |
At September 30, 2006, the derivative instruments were reported as an asset at their fair value of $613. Offsetting adjustments are represented as deferred gains or losses in Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income. During the nine months ended September 30, 2005 we reclassified through earnings $2,745 representing the gains and losses previously reported in Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income, which were reclassified into earnings at the same time that the forecasted transaction associated with derivative instrument affected earnings. Over time, the realized and unrealized gains and losses held in Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income will be reclassified into earnings in the same periods in which the hedged interest payments affect earnings.
We are hedging exposure to variability in future interest payments on our debt facilities and cash flows for future transactions except in the case of swaps we may enter into from time to time, including TROR swaps, which are intended to hedge proceeds from the sale of fixed rate mortgage loan assets held as available for sale.
24
18. Income Taxes
We have elected to be taxed as a REIT, under Sections 856 through 860 of the Internal Revenue Code beginning with our taxable year ending December 31, 2004. To qualify as a REIT, we must meet certain organizational and operational requirements, including a requirement to distribute at least 90% of our ordinary taxable income to stockholders. As a REIT, we generally will not be subject to federal income tax on taxable income that we distribute to our stockholders. If we fail to qualify as a REIT in any taxable year, we will then be subject to federal income taxes on our taxable income at regular corporate rates and we will not be permitted to qualify for treatment as a REIT for federal income tax purposes for four years following the year during which qualification is lost unless the Internal Revenue Service grants us relief under certain statutory provisions. Such an event could materially adversely affect our net income and net cash available for distributions to stockholders. However, we believe that we are organized and will operate in such a manner as to qualify for treatment as a REIT and we intend to operate in the foreseeable future in such a manner so that we will qualify as a REIT for federal income tax purposes. We may, however, be subject to certain state and local taxes.
For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2006, we recorded $795 and $1,178 of income tax expense, respectively, in income from continuing operations for income attributable to our wholly-owned taxable REIT subsidiaries as compared to $500 and $1,000 recorded in the three and nine months ended September 30, 2005, respectively. We have assumed an effective tax rate for the periods ended September 30, 2006 of 46% taking into consideration the anticipated applicable U.S. federal statutory tax rate at September 30, 2006 of 34% and state and local taxes.
19. Environmental Matters
Our management believes we are in compliance in all material respects with applicable Federal, state and local ordinances and regulations regarding environmental issues. Our management is not aware of any environmental liability that it believes would have a materially adverse impact on our financial position, results of operations or cash flows.
20. Segment Reporting
Statement of Financial Accounting Standard No. 131, or “SFAS No. 131,” establishes standards for the way that public entities report information about operating segments in their annual financial statements. We are a REIT focused primarily on originating and acquiring loans and securities related to real estate and under the provisions of SFAS No. 131 currently operate in only one segment.
21. Supplemental Disclosure of Non-Cash Investing and Financing Activities
Following the conversion of the entity that owns 200 Franklin Square Drive into a DST, we sold approximately 75% of our security interests in the DST to a third party, reducing our final ownership interest to 25.0%. We received total cash consideration of $12,800 for these interests and the buyer assumed 75% of the DST’s underlying mortgage debt. As a result of the transaction, the property is no longer consolidated onto our balance sheet, but instead is accounted for as an equity method investment.
The following table represents non-cash activities recognized in other comprehensive income:
| | 2006 | | 2005 | |
Deferred gains on derivative instruments | | $ | 390 | | $ | 2,224 | |
| | | | | | | |
25
ITEM 2: Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations
Overview
We are a national commercial real estate specialty finance company that focuses on the direct origination and acquisition of whole loans, subordinate interests in whole loans, mezzanine loans, preferred equity, and net lease investments involving commercial properties throughout the United States. When evaluating transactions, we assess our risk-adjusted return and target transactions with yields that ensure an equitable balance between risks and return. We conduct substantially all of our operations through our operating partnership, GKK Capital LP. We are externally managed and advised by GKK Manager LLC, or the Manager, a majority-owned subsidiary of SL Green Realty Corp., or SL Green. We have elected to be taxed as a REIT under the Internal Revenue Code and generally will not be subject to federal income taxes to the extent we distribute our income to our stockholders. However, we may establish TRSs to effect various taxable transactions. Those TRSs would incur federal, state and local taxes on the taxable income from their activities. Unless the context requires otherwise, all references to “we,” “our” and “us” mean Gramercy Capital Corp.
In each financing transaction we undertake, we seek to control as much of the capital structure as possible in order to be able to identify and retain that portion that provides the best risk adjusted returns. This is generally achieved through the direct origination of whole loans, the ownership of which permits a wide variety of financing, syndication, and securitization executions to achieve excess returns. By providing a single source of financing for developers and sponsors, we streamline the lending process, provide greater certainty for borrowers, and retain the high yield debt instruments that we manufacture. By originating, rather than buying, whole loans, subordinate interests in whole loans, mezzanine debt and preferred equity, we strive to deliver superior returns to our stockholders.
Since our inception, we have completed transactions in a variety of markets and secured by a variety of property types, and the market for commercial real estate debt has continued to demonstrate low rates of default, high relative returns and inflows of capital. Consequently, the market for debt instruments has evidenced moderately declining yields and more flexible credit standards and loan structures. In particular, “conduit” originators who package whole loans for resale to investors have driven debt yields lower while maintaining substantial liquidity because of the strong demand for the resulting securities. Because of reduced profits in the most liquid sectors of the mortgage finance business, several large institutions have begun originating large bridge loans for the purpose of generating interest income, rather than the typical focus on trading profits. In this environment we have focused on areas where we have comparative advantages rather than competing for product merely on the basis of yield or structure. This has particularly included whole loan origination in markets and transactions where we have an advantage due to (i) knowledge or relationships we have, (ii) knowledge or relationships of our largest stockholder, SL Green, and (iii) where we have an ability to better assess and manage risks over time. When considering investment opportunities in secondary market transactions in tranched debt, we generally avoid first loss risk in larger transactions due to the high current valuation of the underlying real estate relative to historic valuation levels. Because of the significant increase in the value of institutional quality assets relative to historic norms, we typically focus on positions in which a conventional refinancing at loan maturity would provide for a complete return of our investment.
Because of the high relative valuation of debt instruments in the current market and a generally increasing rate environment, we have carefully managed our exposure to interest rate changes that could affect our liquidity. We generally match our assets and liabilities in terms of base interest rate (generally three month LIBOR) and expected duration. We raised $95,000 of additional equity in December 2004 and January 2005 to reduce our outstanding indebtedness and maintain sufficient liquidity for our investment portfolio. We have sold a total of $150,000 of trust preferred securities in three $50,000 issuances in May and August 2005 and January 2006 through wholly-owned subsidiaries of the Operating Partnership with 30 year terms. The securities issued in May bear interest at a fixed rate of 7.57% for the first ten years ending, the securities issued in August bear interest at a fixed rate of 7.75% for the first ten years and the securities issued in January 2006 bear interest at a fixed rate of 7.65% for the first ten years. After the first ten years, the 2005 issuances bear interest at three-month LIBOR plus 300 basis points while the 2006 issuance bears interest at three-month LIBOR plus 270 basis points. The proceeds from the issuances of the trust preferred securities were used to fund existing and future investment opportunities. In July 2005 we closed on $1,000,000 of CDOs which extended the term of our liabilities and reduced our overall cost of funds with respect to debt investments financed by the CDO and previously financed by our repurchase agreements, to approximately 49 basis points over LIBOR, excluding transaction costs. Our second $1,000,000 CDO was closed in August 2006 at a weighted average interest spread of approximately 37 basis points, excluding transaction costs. The proceeds of the CDOs were used to refinance our repurchase facilities and to fund additional investment activities. In September 2005 we sold 3,833,333 shares of common stock resulting in net proceeds of approximately $97,800 and in May 2006 we sold 3,000,000 shares of common stock resulting in net proceeds of approximately $80,000. The proceeds of these offerings were used to fund loan acquisitions and originations, repay outstanding principal amounts under our repurchase facilities and for general corporate purposes. In May 2006 we also closed on a $100,000 unsecured credit facility with an initial term of three years and interest spreads between 1.90% and 2.10%.
26
As of September 30, 2006, we held loans and other lending investments of $2,064,058 net of fees, discounts, and unfunded commitments with an average spread to LIBOR of 357 basis points for our floating rate investments, and an average yield of 10.27% for our fixed rate investments. As of September 30, 2006, we also held interests in four credit tenant lease, or CTL, investments comprised of a 49.75% tenancy-in-common, or TIC, interest in 55 Corporate Drive in Bridgewater, New Jersey, and three joint venture investments.
The aggregate carrying values, allocated by product type and weighted average coupons of our loans and other lending investments as of September 30, 2006 and December 31, 2005 were as follows:
| | Carrying Value (1) ($ in thousands) | | Allocation by Investment Type | | Fixed Rate: Average Yield | | Floating Rate: Average Spread over LIBOR (2) | |
| | 2006 | | 2005 | | 2006 | | 2005 | | 2006 | | 2005 | | 2006 | | 2005 | |
Whole loans, floating rate | | $ | 1,284,562 | | $ | 561,388 | | 62 | % | 46 | % | — | | — | | 314 bps | | 325 bps | |
Whole loans, fixed rate | | 80,700 | | 94,448 | | 4 | % | 8 | % | 11.94 | % | 10.67 | % | — | | — | |
Subordinate interests in whole loans, floating rate | | 337,813 | | 362,983 | | 17 | % | 30 | % | — | | — | | 397 bps | | 443 bps | |
Subordinate interests in whole loans, fixed rate | | 48,513 | | 37,104 | | 2 | % | 3 | % | 8.72 | % | 8.80 | % | — | | — | |
Mezzanine loans, floating rate | | 187,727 | | 82,793 | | 9 | % | 7 | % | — | | — | | 548 bps | | 858 bps | |
Mezzanine loans, fixed rate | | 68,590 | | 43,352 | | 3 | % | 4 | % | 9.08 | % | 8.51 | % | — | | — | |
Preferred equity, floating rate | | 11,879 | | 11,795 | | 1 | % | 1 | % | — | | — | | 900 bps | | 900 bps | |
Preferred equity, fixed rate | | 44,274 | | 11,882 | | 2 | % | 1 | % | 10.79 | % | 10.27 | % | — | | — | |
Total / Average | | $ | 2,064,058 | | $ | 1,205,745 | | 100 | % | 100 | % | 10.27 | % | 9.78 | % | 357 bps | | 417 bps | |
(1) Debt investments are presented after scheduled amortization payments and prepayments, and are net of unamortized fees, discounts, asset sales and unfunded commitments.
(2) Spreads over an index other than LIBOR have been adjusted to a LIBOR based equivalent.
Critical Accounting Policies
Our discussion and analysis of financial condition and results of operations is based on our financial statements, which have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States, known as GAAP. These accounting principles require us to make some complex and subjective decisions and assessments. Our most critical accounting policies involve decisions and assessments, which could significantly affect our reported assets, liabilities and contingencies, as well as our reported revenues and expenses. We believe that all of the decisions and assessments upon which our financial statements are based were reasonable at the time made based upon information available to us at that time. We evaluate these decisions and assessments on an ongoing basis. Actual results may differ from these estimates under different assumptions or conditions. We have identified our most critical accounting policies to be the following:
Loans and Investments and Loans Held for Sale
Loans held for investment are intended to be held to maturity and, accordingly, are carried at cost, net of unamortized loan origination fees, discounts, repayments, sales of partial interests in loans, and unfunded commitments unless such loan or investment is deemed to be impaired. Loans held for sale are carried at the lower of cost or market value using available market information obtained through consultation with dealers or other originators of such investments. We may originate or acquire preferred equity interests that allow us to participate in a percentage of the underlying property’s cash flows from operations and proceeds from a sale or refinancing. Should we make such a preferred equity investment, we must determine whether that investment should be accounted for as a loan, joint venture or as an interest in real estate.
Specific valuation allowances are established for impaired loans based on the fair value of collateral on an individual loan basis. The fair value of the collateral is determined by selecting the most appropriate valuation methodology, or methodologies, among several generally available and accepted in the commercial real estate industry. The determination of the most appropriate valuation methodology is based on the key characteristics of the collateral type. These methodologies include the evaluation of operating cash flow from the property during the projected holding period, and the estimated sales value of the collateral computed by applying an expected capitalization rate to the stabilized net operating income of the specific property, less selling costs, all of which are discounted at market discount rates.
27
If upon completion of the valuation, the fair value of the underlying collateral securing the impaired loan is less than the net carrying value of the loan, an allowance is created with a corresponding charge to the provision for loan losses. The allowance for each loan is maintained at a level we believe is adequate to absorb probable losses. We maintained a reserve of $1,460 and $1,030 at September 30, 2006 and December 31, 2005, respectively.
Our Manager evaluates our assets on a regular basis to determine if they continue to satisfy our investment criteria. Subject to certain restrictions, our Manager may cause us to sell our investments opportunistically and use the proceeds of any such sale for debt reduction, additional acquisitions or working capital purposes.
Classifications of Mortgage-Backed Securities
Mortgage-backed securities, or MBS, are classified as available-for-sale securities. As a result, changes in fair value will be recorded as a balance sheet adjustment to accumulated other comprehensive income, which is a component of stockholders equity, rather than through our statement of operations. If available-for-sale securities were classified as trading securities, there could be substantially greater volatility in earnings from period-to-period as these investments would be marked to market and any reduction in the value of the securities versus the previous carrying value would be considered an expense on our statement of operations. We had no investments as of September 30, 2006 that were accounted for as trading securities.
Valuations of Mortgage-Backed Securities
All MBS are carried on the balance sheet at fair value. We determine the fair value of MBS based on the types of securities in which we have invested. For liquid, investment-grade securities, we consult with dealers of such securities to periodically obtain updated market pricing for the same or similar instruments. For non-investment grade securities, we actively monitor the performance of the underlying properties and loans and update our pricing model to reflect changes in projected cash flows. The value of the securities is derived by applying discount rates to such cash flows based on current market yields. The yields employed are obtained from our own experience in the market, advice from dealers and/or information obtained in consultation with other investors in similar instruments. Because fair value estimates may vary to some degree, we must make certain judgments and assumptions about the appropriate price to use to calculate the fair values for financial reporting purposes. Different judgments and assumptions could result in different presentations of value.
When the fair value of an available-for-sale security is less than the amortized cost, we consider whether there is an other-than-temporary impairment in the value of the security (for example, whether the security will be sold prior to the recovery of fair value). If, in our judgment, an other-than-temporary impairment exists, the cost basis of the security is written down to the then-current fair value, and this loss is realized and charged against earnings. The determination of other-than-temporary impairment is a subjective process, and different judgments and assumptions could affect the timing of loss realization.
Credit Tenant Lease Investments
Consolidated CTL investments are recorded at cost less accumulated depreciation. Costs directly related to the acquisition of such investments are capitalized. Certain improvements are capitalized when they are determined to increase the useful life of the building. Capitalized items are depreciated using the straight-line method over the shorter of the useful lives of the capitalized item or 40 years for buildings or facilities, the remaining life of the facility for facility improvements, four to seven years for personal property and equipment, and the shorter of the remaining lease term or the expected life for tenant improvements.
Results of operations of properties acquired are included in the Statement of Income from the date of acquisition.
In accordance with FASB No. 144, or SFAS 144, “Accounting for the Impairment of Disposal of Long-Lived Assets,” a property to be disposed of is reported at the lower of its carrying amount or its estimated fair value, less its cost to sell. Once an asset is held for sale, depreciation expense and straight-line rent adjustments are no longer recorded and historic results are reclassified as Discontinued Operations.
In accordance with FASB No. 141, or SFAS 141, “Business Combinations,” we allocate the purchase price of real estate to land and building and, if determined to be material, intangibles, such as the value of above, below and at-market leases and origination costs associated with the in-place leases. We depreciate the amount allocated to building and other intangible assets over their estimated useful lives, which generally range from three to 40 years. The values of the above and below market leases are amortized and recorded as either an increase (in the case of below market leases) or a decrease (in the case of above market leases) to rental income over the remaining term of the associated lease. The value associated with in-place leases and tenant relationships are amortized over the expected term of the relationship, which includes an estimated probability of the lease renewal, and its estimated term. If a tenant vacates its space prior to the contractual termination of the lease and no rental payments are being made on the lease, any unamortized
28
balance of the related intangible will be written off. The tenant improvements and origination costs are amortized as an expense over the remaining life of the lease (or charged against earnings if the lease is terminated prior to its contractual expiration date). We assess fair value of the leases based on estimated cash flow projections that utilize appropriate discount and capitalization rates and available market information. Estimates of future cash flows are based on a number of factors including the historical operating results, known trends, and market/economic conditions that may affect the property.
As of September 30, 2006, we had one proportionately consolidated CTL investment representing a 49.75% TIC interest in 55 Corporate Drive in Bridgewater, New Jersey. All income and expenses at this property are being capitalized and are not recognized in our results from operations as of and for the period ended September 30, 2006, as the property is currently being redeveloped.
Investments in Unconsolidated Joint Ventures
We account for our investments in unconsolidated joint ventures under the equity method of accounting since we exercise significant influence, but do not unilaterally control, the entities and are not considered to be the primary beneficiary under FIN 46. In the joint ventures, the rights of the other investor are protective and participating. Unless we are determined to be the primary beneficiary, these rights preclude us from consolidating the investments. The investments are recorded initially at cost as an investment in unconsolidated joint ventures, and subsequently are adjusted for equity in net income (loss) and cash contributions and distributions. Any difference between the carrying amount of the investments on our balance sheet and the underlying equity in net assets is amortized as an adjustment to equity in net income (loss) of unconsolidated joint ventures over the lesser of the joint venture term or 40 years. None of the joint venture debt is recourse to us. As of September 30, 2006 we had investments of $58,512 in three unconsolidated joint ventures.
Revenue Recognition
Interest income on debt investments is recognized over the life of the investment using the effective interest method and recognized on the accrual basis. Fees received in connection with loan commitments are deferred until the loan is funded and are then recognized over the term of the loan using the effective interest method. Anticipated exit fees, whose collection is expected, are also recognized over the term of the loan as an adjustment to yield. Fees on commitments that expire unused are recognized at expiration. Fees received in exchange for the credit enhancement of another lender, either subordinate or senior to us, in the form of a guarantee are recognized over the term of that guarantee using the straight-line method.
Income recognition is generally suspended for debt investments at the earlier of the date at which payments become 90 days past due or when, in our opinion, a full recovery of income and principal becomes doubtful. Income recognition is resumed when the loan becomes contractually current and performance is demonstrated to be resumed.
In some instances we may sell all or a portion of our investments to a third party. To the extent the fair value received for an investment exceeds the amortized cost of that investment and FASB Statement No. 140, or SFAS 140, “Accounting for Transfers and Servicing of Financial Assets and Extinguishments of Liabilities,” criteria is met, under which control of the asset that is sold is surrendered making it a “true sale,” a gain on the sale will be recorded through earnings as other income. To the extent an investment that is sold has a discount or fees, which were deferred at the time the investment was made and were being recognized over the term of the investment, the unamortized portion of the discount or fees are recognized at the time of sale and recorded as a gain on the sale of the investment through other income. We recognized $400 in gains from the syndication of one fixed rate debt investment during the three months ended September 30, 2006. For the nine months ended September 30, 2006 we recognized $1,828 in net gains from the sale of three fixed rate debt investments, one fixed rate debt commitment and the syndication of portions of two floating rate debt investments.
Rental revenue is recognized on a straight-line basis over the term of the lease. The excess of rents recognized over amounts contractually due pursuant to the underlying leases is included in other assets on the accompanying balance sheets. We may establish, on a current basis, an allowance against this account for future potential tenant credit losses, which may occur. The balance reflected on the balance sheet will be net of such allowance.
In addition to base rent, the tenants in our CTL investments also pay all operating costs of owned property including real estate taxes.
Reserve for Possible Loan Losses
The expense for possible loan losses in connection with debt investments is the charge to earnings to increase the allowance for possible loan losses to the level that management estimates to be adequate considering delinquencies, loss experience and collateral quality. Other factors considered relate to geographic trends and project diversification, the size of the portfolio and current economic conditions. Based upon these factors, we may establish the provision for possible loan losses by individual asset or category of asset.
29
When it is probable that we will be unable to collect all amounts contractually due, the account is considered impaired.
Where impairment is indicated, a valuation write-down or write-off is measured based upon the excess of the recorded investment amount over the net fair value of the collateral, as reduced by selling costs. Any deficiency between the carrying amount of an asset and the net sales price of foreclosed collateral is charged to the allowance for loan losses. We maintained a reserve for possible loan losses of $1,460 against investments with a carrying value of $82,336 as of September 30, 2006, and a reserve for possible loan losses of $1,030 against investments with a carrying value of $68,293 as of December 31, 2005, respectively.
Stock Based Compensation Plans
We have a stock-based compensation plan, described more fully in Note 14 to our Consolidated Financial Statements. We account for this plan using the fair value recognition provisions of FASB Statement 123(R), “Share-Based Payment, a revision of FASB Statement No. 123, Accounting for Stock-Based Compensation.”
The Black-Scholes option-pricing model was developed for use in estimating the fair value of traded options, which have no vesting restrictions and are fully transferable. In addition, option valuation models require the input of highly subjective assumptions including the expected stock price volatility. Because our plan has characteristics significantly different from those of traded options and because changes in the subjective input assumptions can materially affect the fair value estimate, in our opinion, the existing models do not necessarily provide a reliable single measure of the fair value of our stock options.
Compensation cost for stock options, if any, is recognized ratably over the vesting period of the award. Our policy is to grant options with an exercise price equal to the quoted closing market price of our stock on the business day preceding the grant date. Awards of stock or restricted stock are expensed as compensation on a current basis over the benefit period.
The fair value of each stock option granted is estimated on the date of grant for awards to co-leased employees, and quarterly for options issued to non-employees, using the Black-Scholes option pricing model with the following weighted average assumptions for grants in 2006 and 2005.
| | 2006 | | 2005 | |
Dividend yield | | 8.1 | % | 8.4 | % |
Expected life of option | | 6.7 years | | 6.9 years | |
Risk-free interest rate | | 4.12 | % | 4.16 | % |
Expected stock price volatility | | 21.0 | % | 19.1 | % |
Incentive Distribution (Class B Limited Partner Interest)
The Class B limited partner interests are entitled to receive an incentive return equal to 25% of the amount by which funds from operations, or FFO, (as defined in the partnership agreement of the Operating Partnership which was amended and restated in April 2006) plus certain accounting gains exceed the product of our weighted average stockholders equity (as defined in the amended and restated partnership agreement of the Operating Partnership) multiplied by 9.5% (divided by 4 to adjust for quarterly calculations). We will record any distributions on the Class B limited partner interests as an incentive distribution expense in the period when earned and when payment of such amounts has become probable and reasonably estimable in accordance with the partnership agreement. These cash distributions will reduce the amount of cash available for distribution to our common unitholders in our Operating Partnership and to common stockholders. We incurred approximately $1,822 and $4,592 with respect to such Class B limited partner interests for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2006, respectively, and $1,038 for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2005.
Derivative Instruments
In the normal course of business, we use a variety of derivative instruments to manage, or hedge, interest rate risk. We require that hedging derivative instruments be effective in reducing the interest rate risk exposure that they are designated to hedge. This effectiveness is essential for qualifying for hedge accounting. Some derivative instruments are associated with an anticipated transaction. In those cases, hedge effectiveness criteria also require that it be probable that the underlying transaction occurs. Instruments that meet these hedging criteria are formally designated as hedges at the inception of the derivative contract.
To determine the fair value of derivative instruments, we use a variety of methods and assumptions that are based on market conditions and risks existing at each balance sheet date. For the majority of financial instruments including most derivatives, long-term investments and long-term debt, standard market conventions and techniques such as discounted cash flow analysis, option-pricing models, replacement cost, and termination cost are used to determine fair value. All methods of assessing fair value result in a general
30
approximation of value, and such value may never actually be realized.
In the normal course of business, we are exposed to the effect of interest rate changes and limit these risks by following established risk management policies and procedures including the use of derivatives. To address exposure to interest rates, we use derivatives primarily to hedge the mark-to-market risk of our liabilities with respect to certain of our assets. We may also use derivatives to hedge variability in sales proceeds to be received upon the sale of loans held for sale.
We use a variety of commonly used derivative products that are considered plain vanilla derivatives. These derivatives typically include interest rate swaps, caps, collars and floors. We also use total rate of return swaps, or TROR swaps, which are tied to the Lehman Brothers CMBS index. We expressly prohibit the use of unconventional derivative instruments and using derivative instruments for trading or speculative purposes. Further, we have a policy of only entering into contracts with major financial institutions based upon their credit ratings and other factors.
FASB No. 133, or SFAS 133, “Accounting for Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities,” as amended by FASB No. 149, requires us to recognize all derivatives on the balance sheet at fair value. Derivatives that are not hedges must be adjusted to fair value through income. If a derivative is a hedge, depending on the nature of the hedge, changes in the fair value of the derivative will either be offset against the change in fair value of the hedged asset, liability, or firm commitment through earnings, or recognized in other comprehensive income until the hedged item is recognized in earnings. The ineffective portion of a derivative’s change in fair value will be immediately recognized in earnings. SFAS 133 may increase or decrease reported net income and stockholders’ equity prospectively, depending on future levels of LIBOR, swap spreads and other variables affecting the fair values of derivative instruments and hedged items, but will have no effect on cash flows, provided the contract is carried through to full term.
We may employ swaps, forwards or purchased options to hedge qualifying forecasted transactions. Gains and losses related to these transactions are deferred and recognized in net income as interest expense or other income in the same period or periods that the underlying transaction occurs, expires or is otherwise terminated.
All hedges held by us are deemed to be effective in meeting the hedging objectives established by our corporate policy governing interest rate risk management. The effect of our derivative instruments on our financial statements is discussed more fully in Note 17 to our Consolidated Financial Statements.
Income Taxes
We elected to be taxed as a REIT, under Sections 856 through 860 of the Internal Revenue Code, beginning with our taxable year ending December 31, 2004. To qualify as a REIT, we must meet certain organizational and operational requirements, including a requirement to distribute at least 90% of our ordinary taxable income to stockholders. As a REIT, we generally will not be subject to federal income tax on taxable income that we distribute to our stockholders. If we fail to qualify as a REIT in any taxable year, we will then be subject to federal income taxes on our taxable income at regular corporate rates and we will not be permitted to qualify for treatment as a REIT for federal income tax purposes for four years following the year during which qualification is lost unless the Internal Revenue Service grants us relief under certain statutory provisions. Such an event could materially adversely affect our net income and net cash available for distributions to stockholders. However, we believe that we will be organized and operate in such a manner as to qualify for treatment as a REIT and we intend to operate in the foreseeable future in such a manner so that we will qualify as a REIT for federal income tax purposes. We may, however, be subject to certain state and local taxes.
Our TRSs are subject to federal, state and local taxes.
31
Results of Operations (Amounts in thousands)
Comparison of the three months ended September 30, 2006 to the three months ended September 30, 2005
Revenues
| | 2006 | | 2005 | | $ Change | |
Investment income | | $ | 45,299 | | $ | 21,060 | | $ | 24,239 | |
Rental revenue, net | | — | | 314 | | (314 | ) |
Gain on sales and other income | | 5,156 | | 5,218 | | (62 | ) |
Total revenues | | $ | 50,455 | | $ | 26,592 | | $ | 23,863 | |
| | | | | | | |
Equity in net loss of unconsolidated joint ventures | | $ | (734 | ) | $ | (510 | ) | $ | (224 | ) |
Investment income is generated on our whole and bridge loans, subordinate interests in whole loans, mezzanine loans, preferred equity interests and CMBS investments. For the three months ended September 30, 2006, $6,282 was earned on fixed rate investments while the remaining $39,017 was earned on floating rate investments. The increase over the prior year is due primarily to a significantly higher number of investments in 2006 versus 2005.
Rental revenue of $314 in 2005 was earned on 200 Franklin Square Drive, which was acquired in September 2005. This amount includes the effect of adjustments for straight-line rent and FASB 141 adjustments for below market leases. We did not hold any operating, consolidated real estate investments during the same period in 2006 as we now account for our investment in 200 Franklin Square Drive as an investment in joint venture following the sale of 75% of the security interests in the entity that owns the property.
Other income of $5,156 for the three months ended September 30, 2006 is comprised primarily of $2,412 in gains recorded on the sale of loans and securities. The remaining increase over the prior year is primarily attributable to $2,100 in interest earned on restricted cash balances in our two CDOs (only one of which was in place in the same period in 2005) and other cash balances held by us. For the three months ended September 30, 2005, other income of $5,218 was comprised primarily of income recorded on the sale of loans of $3,184, interest on restricted cash balances in our first CDO of $1,212, and a one-time break-up fee paid by a potential borrower of $604.
The loss on investments in unconsolidated joint ventures of $734 for the three months ended September 30, 2006 represents our proportionate share of the losses generated by our joint venture interests including $1,948 of real estate-related depreciation and amortization, which when added back to our proportionate share of the losses, results in a contribution to FFO of $1,214. The loss on investments in unconsolidated joint ventures of $510 for the three months ended September 30, 2005 was generated on only our investment in One Madison Avenue in New York, New York. Our use of FFO as an important financial measure is discussed in more detail below.
Expenses
| | 2006 | | 2005 | | $ Change | |
Interest expense | | $ | 25,782 | | $ | 11,250 | | $ | 14,532 | |
Management fees | | 4,409 | | 2,726 | | 1,683 | |
Incentive fee | | 1,822 | | 1,038 | | 784 | |
Depreciation and amortization | | 278 | | 105 | | 173 | |
Marketing, general and administrative | | 2,169 | | 1,456 | | 713 | |
Provision for loan loss/(recovery) | | (70 | ) | 430 | | (500 | ) |
Provision for taxes | | 795 | | 500 | | 295 | |
Total expenses | | $ | 35,185 | | $ | 17,505 | | $ | 17,680 | |
Interest expense was $25,782 for the three months ended September 30, 2006 compared to $11,250 for the three months ended September 30, 2005. Interest expense for the three months ended September 30, 2006 consisted primarily of $17,642 of interest on the investment grade tranches of our two CDOs (only one of which was in place during the same period in 2005), $4,279 of interest on borrowings on our master repurchase facilities with Wachovia and Goldman, and $2,871 of expense accrued against our three $50,000 issuances of trust preferred securities. The $11,250 of interest expense during the same period in 2005 was comprised primarily of $7,659 of interest on the investment grade tranches of our first CDO, $1,824 of interest on borrowings on our master repurchase facilities with Wachovia and Goldman, and $1,527 of interest expense accrued against only two $50,000 issuances of trust preferred securities.
32
Management fees increased $1,683 for the three months ended September 30, 2006 to $4,409 versus $2,726 for the same period in 2005 due primarily to an increase in our stockholder’s equity as a result of additional issuances of common equity and the issuance of an additional $50,000 of trust preferred securities in 2006, on which base management fees are calculated. The remaining increase is comprised of $756 paid or payable to our Manager on investments in our two CDOs (only one of which was in place during the same period in 2005) in accordance with the CDO collateral management agreements in lieu of the 0.15% fee otherwise payable to SL Green Operating Partnership, L.P. on those investments under the asset servicing agreement, higher fees paid or payable to SL Green Operating Partnership, L.P. under our outsourcing and servicing agreements due to the increase in our investment balances and the scheduled 3% annual increase in the fee payable under our outsourcing agreement.
We recorded an incentive fee expense of $1,822 during the three months ended September 30, 2006 in accordance with requirements of the partnership agreement of the Operating Partnership which entitles owners of Class B limited partner interests in the Operating Partnership to an incentive return equal to 25% of the amount by which FFO (as defined in the partnership agreement of the Operating Partnership) plus certain accounting gains exceed the product of our weighted average stockholders equity (as defined in the partnership agreement of the Operating Partnership) multiplied by 9.5% (divided by 4 to adjust for quarterly calculations). This threshold was exceeded by a lesser amount during the same period in 2005 resulting in a lower recorded expense.
The increase in marketing, general and administrative expenses of $713 for the three months ended September 30, 2006 versus the same period in 2005 was due primarily to higher professional fees, stock-based compensation, insurance and general overhead costs.
Comparison of the nine months ended September 30, 2006 to the nine months ended September 30, 2005
Revenues
| | 2006 | | 2005 | | $ Change | |
Investment income | | $ | 116,313 | | $ | 46,999 | | $ | 69,314 | |
Rental revenue, net | | 914 | | 314 | | 600 | |
Gain on sales and other income | | 13,724 | | 8,727 | | 4,997 | |
Total revenues | | $ | 130,951 | | $ | 56,040 | | $ | 74,911 | |
| | | | | | | |
Equity in net loss of unconsolidated joint ventures | | $ | (2,090 | ) | $ | (914 | ) | $ | (1,176 | ) |
Investment income is generated on our whole and bridge loans, subordinate interests in whole loans, mezzanine loans, preferred equity interests and CMBS investments. For the nine months ended September 30, 2006, $16,782 was earned on fixed rate investments while the remaining $99,531 was earned on floating rate investments. The increase over the prior year is due primarily to a significantly higher number of investments in 2006 versus 2005.
Rental revenue of $914 in 2006 and $314 in 2005 was earned on 200 Franklin Square Drive, which was acquired in September 2005. This amount includes the effect of adjustments for straight-line rent and FASB 141 adjustments for below-market leases.
Other income of $13,724 for the nine months ended September 30, 2006 is comprised primarily of gains recorded on the sale of loans and securities of $3,840, and the gain on the sale of 75% of the security interests in the entity that owns 200 Franklin Square Drive of $4,530. The remaining increase over the prior year is primarily attributable to interest on restricted cash balances in our two CDOs (only one of which was in place in the same period of 2005) and other cash balances held by us. For the nine months ended September 30, 2005, other income of $8,727 was comprised primarily of income recorded on the sale of loans of $6,565, interest on restricted cash balances in our first CDO of approximately $1,212 and a one-time break-up fee paid by a potential borrower of $604.
The loss on investments in unconsolidated joint ventures of $2,090 for the nine months ended September 30, 2006 represents our proportionate share of the losses generated by our joint venture interests including $5,805 of real estate-related depreciation and amortization, which when added back, results in a contribution to FFO of $3,715. The loss on investments in unconsolidated joint venture of $914 for the nine months ended September 30, 2005 was generated on only our investment in One Madison Avenue in New York, New York. Our use of FFO as an important financial measure is discussed in more detail below.
33
Expenses
| | 2006 | | 2005 | | $ Change | |
Interest expense | | $ | 64,280 | | $ | 20,316 | | $ | 43,964 | |
Management fees | | 11,793 | | 6,264 | | 5,529 | |
Incentive fee | | 4,592 | | 1,038 | | 3,554 | |
Depreciation and amortization | | 962 | | 232 | | 730 | |
Marketing, general and administrative | | 7,719 | | 4,722 | | 2,997 | |
Provision for loan loss | | 430 | | 955 | | (525 | ) |
Provision for taxes | | 1,178 | | 1,000 | | 178 | |
Total expenses | | $ | 90,954 | | $ | 34,527 | | $ | 56,427 | |
Interest expense was $64,280 for the nine months ended September 30, 2006 compared to $20,316 for the nine months ended September 30, 2005. Interest expense for the nine months ended September 30, 2006 consisted primarily of $38,964 of interest on the investment grade tranches of our two CDOs (only one of which was in place during the same period in 2005), $13,586 of interest on borrowings on our master repurchase facilities with Wachovia and Goldman, $8,303 of expense accrued against our three $50,000 issuances of trust preferred securities, and the amortization of deferred financing costs related to our CDOs, repurchase facilities and unsecured facility. The $20,316 of interest expense during the same period in 2005 was comprised primarily of $7,659 of interest on the investment grade tranches of our first CDO, $10,480 of interest on borrowings on our master repurchase facilities with Wachovia and Goldman and $1,937 of interest expense accrued against only two $50,000 issuances of trust preferred securities.
Management fees increased $5,529 for the nine months ended September 30, 2006 to $11,793 versus $6,264 for the same period in 2005 due primarily to an increase in our stockholder’s equity as a result of additional issuances of common equity and the issuance of $150,000 of trust preferred securities, on which base management fees are calculated. The remaining increase is comprised of $1,756 paid or payable to our Manager on investments in our two CDOs (only one of which was in place during the same period in 2005) in accordance with the CDO collateral management agreements in lieu of the 0.15% fee otherwise payable to SL Green Operating Partnership, L.P. on those investments under the asset servicing agreement, higher fees paid or payable to SL Green Operating Partnership, L.P. under our outsourcing and servicing agreements due to the increase in our investment balances and the scheduled 3% annual increase in the fee payable under our outsourcing agreement.
We recorded an incentive fee expense of $4,592 during the nine months ended September 30, 2006 in accordance with requirements of the partnership agreement of the Operating Partnership which entitles owners of Class B limited partner interests in the Operating Partnership to an incentive return equal to 25% of the amount by which FFO (as defined in the partnership agreement of the Operating Partnership) plus certain accounting gains exceed the product of our weighted average stockholders equity (as defined in the partnership agreement of the Operating Partnership) multiplied by 9.5% (divided by 4 to adjust for quarterly calculations). This threshold was reached for the first time during the three months ended September 30, 2005 resulting in a lower total expense for 2005.
The increase in marketing, general and administrative expenses to $7,719 for the nine months ended September 30, 2006 versus the same period in 2005 was due primarily to higher stock-based compensation, professional fees, insurance and general overhead costs and a nonrecurring charge of $525 for third-party professional expenses in connection with a possible business combination involving the acquisition of a publicly-traded commercial real estate finance company with business lines considered by management to be highly complementary to ours. The decision to expense these costs was made once management concluded the proposed transaction was unlikely to occur on terms advantageous to us.
Liquidity and Capital Resources
Liquidity is a measurement of the ability to meet cash requirements, including ongoing commitments to repay borrowings, fund and maintain loans and investments, pay dividends and other general business needs. Our principal sources of working capital and funds for additional investments primarily include: 1) cash flow from operations; 2) borrowings under our repurchase and credit facilities; 3) our CDOs; 4) other forms of financing or additional securitizations including CMBS or subsequent CDO offerings; 5) proceeds from common or preferred equity offerings, 6) issuances of trust preferred securities and, to a lesser extent, 7) the proceeds from principal payments on our investments, and 8) the sale or syndication of certain of our debt investments. We believe these sources of financing will be sufficient to meet our short-term liquidity needs.
34
Our ability to fund our short-term liquidity needs, including distributions to stockholders, through cash flow from operations can be evaluated via the consolidated statement of cash flows provided in our financial statements. However, the net cash from operations or net cash used in operations disclosed on the statement of cash flows should be adjusted to exclude the effect of loans originated for sale and the proceeds of loans sold during any respective reporting period. These activities are included in cash flow from operations in accordance with GAAP, but constitute an integral part of our investment activity. Consequently, net cash flow from operations is not necessarily reflective of our true recurring operating activities on a quarterly basis and our ability to fund our required distributions to stockholders through our operating activities.
Our ability to meet our long-term liquidity and capital resource requirements will be subject to obtaining additional debt financing and equity capital. Our inability to renew, replace or expand our sources of financing on substantially similar terms, may have an adverse effect on our business and results of operations. In addition, an event of default can be triggered under our repurchase facilities and our unsecured revolving credit facility if, among other things, the management agreement with our Manager is terminated. Depending on market conditions, our debt financing will generally be in the range of 70% to 80% of the carrying value of our total assets. Any indebtedness we incur will likely be subject to continuing covenants and we will likely be required to make continuing representations and warranties in connection with such debt. Our debt financing terms may require us to keep uninvested cash on hand, or to maintain a certain portion of our assets free of liens, each of which could serve to limit our borrowing ability. Moreover, our debt may be secured by our assets. If we default in the payment of interest or principal on any such debt, breach any representation or warranty in connection with any borrowing or violate any covenant in any loan document, our lender may accelerate the maturity of such debt requiring us to immediately repay all outstanding principal. If we are unable to make such payment, our lender could foreclose on our assets that are pledged as collateral to such lender. The lender could also sue us or force us into bankruptcy. Any such event would have a material adverse effect on our liquidity and the value of our common stock. In addition, posting additional collateral to support our credit and repurchase facilities will reduce our liquidity and limit our ability to leverage our assets.
To maintain our status as a REIT under the Internal Revenue Code, we must distribute annually at least 90% of our taxable income. These distribution requirements limit our ability to retain earnings and thereby replenish or increase capital for operations. However, we believe that our significant capital resources and access to financing, as noted above, will provide us with financial flexibility at levels sufficient to meet current and anticipated capital requirements, including funding new lending and investment opportunities.
Cash Flows (Amounts in thousands)
Net cash from operating activities increased $80,186 to $115,487 for the nine months ended September 30, 2006 compared to cash provided of $35,301 for the nine months ended September 30, 2005. Operating cash flow was generated primarily by interest income on our whole and bridge loans, subordinate interests in whole loans, mezzanine loans and preferred equity interests and gains on loan sales. Increased cash flow from a larger number of investments in 2006 versus 2005 and $102,392 of proceeds from the sales of loans was offset primarily by a $62,213 use of cash related to the origination and subsequent sale of an investment during the nine months ended September 30, 2006 whereas we did not originate any loans that were held for sale during the nine months ended September 30, 2005.
Net cash used in investing activities increased $369,656 to $1,008,956 for the nine months ended September 30, 2006 compared to $639,300 used during the nine months ended September 30, 2005. The primary reason for the additional use of cash is related to increased debt investment originations of $592,721, offset by higher principal collections on our debt investments of $228,723.
Net cash provided by financing activities increased $272,519 to $862,735 for the nine months ended September 30, 2006 compared to $590,216 provided during the same period in 2005. This increase was due primarily to the issuance of $903,750 of collateralized debt obligations during the nine months ended September 30, 2006 versus only $810,500 during the same period in 2005, net proceeds from consolidated mortgages payable of $94,525 and increased net proceeds from our repurchase facilities of $180,257, offset by lower proceeds from the sale of common stock during the nine months ended September 30, 2006 versus the same period in 2005 of $76,347 and an increase in the dividend paid to our common stockholders.
Capitalization
Our authorized capital stock consists of 125,000,000 shares, $0.001 par value, of which we have authorized the issuance of up to 100,000,000 shares of common stock, $0.001 par value per share, and 25,000,000 shares of preferred stock, par value $0.001 per share.
As of the date of our formation, April 12, 2004, we had 500,000 shares of common stock outstanding valued at approximately $200. On August 2, 2004 we completed our initial public offering of 12,500,000 shares of common stock resulting in net proceeds of approximately $172.9 million, which was used to fund investments and commence our operations. As of September 30,
35
2006, 350,000 restricted shares had also been issued under our 2004 Equity Incentive Plan, or the Equity Incentive Plan. These shares have a vesting period of three to four years and are not entitled to receive distributions declared by us on our common stock until such time as the shares have vested, or the shares have been designated to receive dividends by the Compensation Committee of our Board of Directors.
On December 3, 2004, we sold 5,500,000 shares of common stock resulting in net proceeds of approximately $93.7 million under a private placement exemption from the registration requirements of Section 5 of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended. A total of 4,225,000 shares were sold to various institutional investors and an additional 1,275,000 shares were sold to SL Green Operating Partnership, L.P. pursuant to its contractual right to choose to maintain a 25% ownership interest in the outstanding shares of our common stock. Of the 5,500,000 shares sold, 2,000,000 shares were settled on December 31, 2004 and the remaining 3,500,000 shares were settled on January 3, 2005.
On September 14, 2005, we sold 3,833,333 shares of common stock, at a price of $25.80 per share, resulting in net proceeds of approximately $97.8 million. A total of 2,875,000 shares were sold through public offering and an additional 958,333 shares were sold to SL Green Operating Partnership, L.P. pursuant to its contractual right to choose to maintain a 25% ownership interest in our outstanding shares of common stock. Net proceeds were used for loan acquisitions and originations, repayment of outstanding principal under one of our repurchase facilities and general corporate purposes.
On May 16, 2006, we sold 3,000,000 shares of common stock, at a price of $26.75 per share, resulting in net proceeds of approximately $80.0 million. A total of 2,250,000 shares were sold through public offering and an additional 750,000 shares were sold to SL Green Operating Partnership, L.P. pursuant to its contractual right to choose to maintain a 25% ownership interest in our outstanding shares of common stock. After this offering, SL Green Operating Partnership, L.P. owned 6,418,333 shares of our common stock. Net proceeds were used for loan acquisitions and originations, repayment of outstanding principal under our repurchase facilities and general corporate purposes.
In August 2005 our $350 million shelf registration statement was declared effective by the Securities and Exchange Commission, or SEC. This registration statement provides us with the ability to issue common and preferred stock, depository shares and warrants. We currently have $170.9 million available under the shelf.
On May 10, 2006, we entered into a sales agreement with Cantor Fitzgerald & Co., as sales agent, to offer and sell up to 1,000,000 shares of our common stock from time to time through the sales agent. On May 10, 2006, we also entered into a separate sales agreement with Merrill Lynch & Co., Merrill Lynch, Pierce, Fenner & Smith Incorporated, as sales agent, to offer and sell up to 1,000,000 shares of our common stock from time to time through the sales agent. To date we have not issued any shares under either agreement.
As of September 30, 2006, 25,834,642 shares of common stock and no shares of preferred stock were issued and outstanding.
Outperformance Plan (Amounts in thousands except per share data)
In June 2005, the compensation committee of our board of directors approved a long-term incentive compensation program, the 2005 Outperformance Plan. Participants in the 2005 Outperformance Plan, all of whom are co-leased employees, will share in a “performance pool” if our total return to stockholders for the period from June 1, 2005 through May 31, 2008 exceeds a cumulative total return to stockholders of 30% during the measurement period over a base share price of $20.21 per share. The size of the pool will be 10% of the outperformance amount in excess of the 30% benchmark, subject to a maximum limit equal to the lesser of 4% of our outstanding shares and units of limited partnership interest as of the end of the performance period, or 1,200,000 shares. If our total return to stockholders from June 1, 2005 to any subsequent date exceeds 80% and remains at that level or higher for 30 consecutive days, then a minimum performance pool will be established. In the event the potential performance pool reaches the maximum dilution cap before May 31, 2008 and remains at that level or higher for 30 consecutive days, the performance period will end early and the pool will be formed on the last day of such 30-day period. Each participant’s award under the 2005 Outperformance Plan is designated as a specified percentage of the aggregate performance pool to be allocated to such participant assuming the 30% benchmark is achieved. Individual awards under the 2005 Outperformance Plan will be made in the form of partnership units, or LTIP Units, that may ultimately become exchangeable for shares of our common stock or cash, at our election. Under the 2005 Outperformance Plan, LTIP Units have been granted and additional LTIP Units may be granted in the future prior to the determination of the performance pool; however, these LTIP Units will only vest upon satisfaction of performance and other thresholds, and will not be entitled to distributions until after the performance pool, or minimum performance pool, is established. The 2005 Outperformance Plan provides that if a pool is established, each participant will also be entitled to the distributions that would have been paid on the number of LTIP Units earned, had they been issued at the beginning of the performance period. Those distributions will be paid in the form of additional LTIP Units. Once a performance pool has been established, the earned LTIP Units will receive regular quarterly distributions on a per unit basis equal to the dividends per share paid on our common stock, whether or not they are vested. Any LTIP Units that are not earned upon the establishment of the performance pool will be automatically forfeited, and the LTIP Units that are earned will be subject to time-based vesting, with 50% of the LTIP Units earned vesting in May 2009 and the balance vesting one year later based on continued employment with our Manager or SL Green. We will record the expense of the restricted stock award in accordance with FASB Statement No. 123(R). Compensation expense of
36
$293 and $881 was recorded for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2006, respectively, related to the 2005 Outperformance Plan.
Deferred Stock Compensation Plan for Directors
Under our Independent Director’s Deferral Program, which commenced April 2005, our independent directors may elect to defer up to 100% of their annual retainer fee, chairman fees and meeting fees. Unless otherwise elected by a participant, fees deferred under the program shall be credited in the form of phantom stock units. The phantom stock units are convertible into an equal number of shares of common stock upon such directors’ termination of service from the Board of Directors or a change in control by us, as defined by the program. Phantom stock units are credited to each independent director quarterly using the closing price of our common stock on the applicable dividend record date for the respective quarter. Each participating independent director who elects to receive fees in the form of phantom stock units has the option to have their account credited for an equivalent amount of phantom stock units based on the dividend rate for each quarter or have dividends paid in cash.
As of September 30, 2006 there were approximately 13,030 phantom stock units outstanding, of which 9,301 units are vested.
Market Capitalization
At September 30, 2006, our CDOs and borrowings under our repurchase facilities, unsecured revolving credit facility and mortgage loans (excluding our share of joint venture debt of $343.6 million) represented 74% of our consolidated market capitalization of $2.5 billion (based on a common stock price of $25.21 per share, the closing price of our common stock on the New York Stock Exchange on September 30, 2006). Market capitalization includes our consolidated debt and common stock.
Indebtedness
The table below summarizes borrowings under our Wachovia and Goldman repurchase facilities and any consolidated mortgage debt or term loans at September 30, 2006 and 2005, respectively (amounts in thousands).
Debt Summary: | | September 30, 2006 | | December 31, 2005 | |
Balance: | | | | | |
Fixed rate | | $ | 94,525 | (1) | $ | 41,000 | |
Variable rate | | 58,739 | | 117,366 | |
Total | | $ | 153,264 | | $ | 158,366 | |
| | | | | |
Effective interest rate for the period: | | | | | |
Fixed rate | | 5.75 | % | 4.90 | % |
Variable rate | | LIBOR+1.35 | % | LIBOR+1.59 | % |
(1) We have a 49.75% interest in the entity that is the obligor under the mortgage note.
Repurchase Facilities
We have two repurchase facilities with an aggregate of $900,000 of total debt capacity. In August 2004 we closed on a $250,000 repurchase facility with Wachovia. This facility was then increased to $350,000 on January 3, 2005 and subsequently increased to $500,000 on April 22, 2005. On March 21, 2006 we further modified the facility by reducing the interest spreads. As a result of the modifications, the $500,000 facility bears interest at spreads of 1.00% to 2.50% over three month LIBOR and, based on our expected investment activities, provides for advance rates that vary from 60% to 100% based upon the collateral provided under a borrowing base calculation. On October 13, 2006 we extended the facility’s maturity date until October 2009. The lender has a consent right with respect to the inclusion of investments in this facility, determines periodically the market value of the investments, and has the right to require additional collateral if the estimated market value of the included investments declines. We had no accrued interest and borrowings of $58,739 at a weighted average spread to LIBOR of 1.35%, and $67,717 at a weighted average spread to LIBOR of 1.50%, under this facility at September 30, 2006 and December 31, 2005, respectively.
On January 3, 2005, we closed an additional repurchase facility with Goldman. On October 13, 2006 we increased this facility from $200,000 to $400,000 and extended its maturity date until September 2009. On March 21, 2006 we modified this facility by reducing the interest spreads. As a result of the modifications, the facility bears interest at spreads of 1.00% to 2.25% over three month LIBOR and, based on our expected investment activities, provides for advance rates that vary from 40% to 85% based upon the collateral
37
provided under a borrowing base calculation. As with the Wachovia repurchase facility, the lender has a consent right to the inclusion of investments in this facility, determines periodically the market value of the investments, and has the right to require additional collateral if the estimated market value of the included investments declines. We had no accrued interest and no outstanding borrowings as of September 30, 2006, and accrued interest of $163 and borrowings of $49,649 at a weighted average spread to LIBOR of 1.71% under this facility at December 31, 2005.
The repurchase facilities require that we pay down borrowings under these facilities as principal payments on the loans and investments pledged to these facilities are received. Assets pledged as collateral under these facilities may include stabilized and transitional whole loans, subordinate interests in whole loans, mezzanine loans, and rated CMBS or commercial real estate CDO securities originated or acquired by us.
In certain circumstances, we have purchased debt investments from a counterparty and subsequently financed the acquisition of those debt investments through repurchase agreements with the same counterparty. We currently record the acquisition of the debt investments as assets and the related repurchase agreements as financing liabilities gross on the consolidated balance sheets. Interest income earned on the debt investments and interest expense incurred on the repurchase obligations are reported gross on the consolidated income statements. However, under a certain technical interpretation of FAS 140, such transactions may not qualify as a purchase by us. We believe, and it is industry practice, that we are accounting for these transactions in an appropriate manner. However, the result of this technical interpretation would prevent us from presenting the debt investments and repurchase agreements and the related interest income and interest expense on a gross basis on our financial statements. Instead, we would present the net investment in these transactions with the counterparty and a derivative with the corresponding change in fair value of the derivative being recorded through earnings. The value of the derivative would reflect changes in the value of the underlying debt investments and changes in the value of the underlying credit provided by the counterparty.
Restrictive Covenants
The terms of our repurchase facilities (together with any related guarantees) include covenants that (a) limit our maximum total indebtedness to no more than 85% of total assets under the Wachovia facility or a debt to equity ratio less than or equal to 5:1 under the Goldman facility, (b) require us to maintain minimum liquidity of at least $10,000 for the first two years and $15,000 thereafter under the Goldman facility, and at least $15,000 under the Wachovia facility, (c) require our fixed charge coverage ratio to be at no time less than 1.50 to 1.00, (d) require our minimum interest coverage ratio to be at no time less than 1.75 to 1.00 under the Wachovia facility, (e) require us to maintain minimum tangible net worth of not less than (i) $129,750, plus (ii) 75% of the net proceeds of our subsequent equity issuances following our initial public offering under the Goldman facility and not less than (i) $400,000, plus (ii) 75% of the net proceeds of our subsequent equity issuances following the date of the October 2006 amendment under the Wachovia facility and (f) restrict the maximum amount of our total indebtedness. The covenants also restrict us from making distributions in excess of a maximum of 100% of our FFO (as defined therein) under the Wachovia facility, except that we may in any case pay distributions necessary to maintain our REIT status. An event of default can be triggered if, among other things, GKK Manager LLC is terminated as our Manager. As of September 30, 2006 and December 31, 2005, we were in compliance with all such covenants.
Unsecured Revolving Credit Facility
In May 2006 we closed on a $100,000 senior unsecured revolving credit facility with KeyBank with an initial term of three years and a one-year extension option. The facility is supported by a negative pledge of an identified asset base with advance rates that vary from 30% to 90% of the asset value provided under a borrowing base calculation. The lender also has consent rights to the inclusion of assets in the borrowing base calculation. The facility bears interest at 1.90% over three month LIBOR to the extent our leverage ratio, defined as total liabilities to total assets, including our proportionate share of the liabilities and assets of our unconsolidated subsidiaries, is less than 80% and 2.10% over three month LIBOR to the extent out leverage ratio is equal to or greater than 80%. We had no outstanding borrowings against this facility as of September 30, 2006.
The terms of the unsecured revolving credit facility include covenants that (a) limit our maximum total indebtedness to no more than 85% of total assets, (b) require our fixed charge coverage ratio to be at no time less than 1.50, (c) require our minimum interest coverage ratio to be at no time less than 1.70, (d) require us to maintain minimum tangible net worth of not less than $370,000 plus 75% of the net proceeds from equity offerings completed after the closing of the facility and (e) restrict the maximum amount of our total indebtedness. The covenants also restrict us from making distributions in excess of a maximum of 100% of our FFO (as defined by the National Association of Real Estate Investment Trusts, or NAREIT), except that we may in any case pay distributions necessary to maintain our REIT status. An event of default can be triggered on our unsecured revolving credit facility if, among other things, GKK Manager LLC is terminated as our Manager. As of September 30, 2006, we were in compliance with all such covenants.
In conjunction with the closing of the unsecured revolving credit facility with KeyBank, our $25,000 revolving credit facility with
38
Wachovia was terminated.
Mortgage Loan
We have one consolidated interest-only mortgage loan in an amount equal to our ownership percentage in the entity multiplied by the outstanding principal balance of the mortgage loan, which loan financed the acquisition of 55 Corporate Drive in June 2006. The mortgage has an outstanding principal balance of $190,000, of which we have consolidated 49.75% or $94,525, with an effective interest rate of 5.75% and a term of ten years. Interest on this mortgage is being capitalized as of September 30, 3006 as the property is being redeveloped. Capitalized interest was $1,766 for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2006.
Collateralized Debt Obligations
During 2005 we issued approximately $1,000,000 of CDOs through two indirect subsidiaries, Gramercy Real Estate CDO 2005-1 Ltd., or the 2005 Issuer, and Gramercy Real Estate CDO 2005-1 LLC, or the 2005 Co-Issuer. The CDO consists of $810,500 of investment grade notes, $84,500 of non-investment grade notes, which were co-issued by the 2005 Issuer and the 2005 Co-Issuer, and $105,000 of preferred shares, which were issued by the 2005 Issuer. The investment grade notes were issued with floating rate coupons with a combined weighted average rate of three-month LIBOR plus 0.49%. We incurred approximately $11,957 of costs related to Gramercy Real Estate CDO 2005-1, which are amortized on a level-yield basis over the average life of the CDO.
On August 24, 2006 we issued an additional approximately $1,000,000 of CDOs through two newly-formed indirect subsidiaries, Gramercy Real Estate CDO 2006-1 Ltd., or the 2006 Issuer, and Gramercy Real Estate CDO 2006-1 LLC, or the 2006 Co-Issuer. The CDO consists of $903,750 of investment grade notes, $38,750 of non-investment grade notes, which were co-issued by the 2006 Issuer and the 2006 Co-Issuer, and $57,500 of preferred shares, which were issued by the 2006 Issuer. The investment grade notes were issued with floating rate coupons with a combined weighted average rate of three-month LIBOR plus 0.37%. We incurred approximately $11,356 of costs related to Gramercy Real Estate CDO 2006-1, which are amortized on a level- yield basis over the average life of the CDO.
We retained all non-investment grade securities, the preferred shares and the common shares in the Issuer of each CDO. The Issuer in each CDO holds assets, consisting primarily of whole loans, subordinate interests in whole loans, mezzanine loans and preferred equity investments, which serve as collateral for the CDO. Each CDO may be replenished, pursuant to certain rating agency guidelines relating to credit quality and diversification, with substitute collateral for loans that are repaid during the first five years of the CDO. Thereafter, the CDO securities will be retired in sequential order from senior-most to junior-most as loans are repaid. The financial statements of the Issuer of each CDO are consolidated in our financial statements. The investment grade notes are treated as a secured financing, and are non-recourse to us. Proceeds from the sale of the investment grade notes issued in each CDO were used to repay substantially all outstanding debt under our repurchase agreements and to fund additional investments.
Junior Subordinated Debentures
On January 27, 2006, we completed a third issuance of $50,000 in unsecured trust preferred securities through a separate newly formed DST, Gramercy Capital Trust III, or GCTIII, that is a wholly-owned subsidiary of the Operating Partnership. The securities bear interest at a fixed rate of 7.65% for the first ten years ending January 2016, with an effective rate of 7.43% when giving effect to the swap arrangement previously entered into in contemplation of this financing. Thereafter the rate will float based on the three-month LIBOR plus 270 basis points.
In May and August 2005, we completed issuances of $50,000 each in unsecured trust preferred securities through two DST’s, Gramercy Capital Trust I, or GCTI, and Gramercy Capital Trust II, or GCTII, that are also wholly-owned subsidiaries of the Operating Partnership. The securities issued in May 2005 bear interest at a fixed rate of 7.57% for the first ten years ending June 2015 and the securities issued in August 2005 bear interest at a fixed rate of 7.75% for the first ten years ending October 2015. Thereafter the rates will float based on the three-month LIBOR plus 300 basis points.
All issuances of trust preferred securities require quarterly interest distributions; however, payments may be deferred while the interest expense is accrued for a period of up to four consecutive quarters if the Operating Partnership exercises its right to defer such payments. The trust preferred securities are redeemable, at the option of the Operating Partnership, in whole or in part, with no prepayment premium any time after June 30, 2010, October 30, 2010 or January 30, 2011 for the securities issued by GCTI, GCTII and GCTIII, respectively.
GCTI, GCTII and GCTIII each issued $1,550 aggregate liquidation amount of common securities, representing 100% of the voting common stock of those entities to the Operating Partnership for a total purchase price of $4,650. GCTI, GCTII and GCTIII used the proceeds from the sale of the trust preferred securities and the common securities to purchase the Operating Partnership’s junior subordinated notes. The terms of the junior subordinated notes match the terms of the trust preferred securities. The notes are subordinate and junior in right of payment to all present and future senior indebtedness and certain other of our financial obligations. We realized net
39
proceeds from each offering of approximately $48,956.
Our interests in GCTI, GCTII and GCTIII are accounted for using the equity method and the assets and liabilities of those entities are not consolidated into our financial statements. Interest on the junior subordinated notes is included in interest expense on our consolidated income statements while the value of the junior subordinated notes, net of our investment in the trusts that issued the securities, are presented as a separate item in our consolidated balance sheet.
Contractual Obligations
Combined aggregate principal maturities of our CDOs, repurchase facilities, trust preferred securities, revolving credit facility and our obligations under our management agreement, outsourcing agreement, CDO collateral management agreement and operating lease as of September 30, 2006 are as follows (amounts in thousands):
| | CDOs | | Repurchase Facilities | | Trust Preferred Securities | | Mortgage Note Payable(2) | | Revolving Credit Facility | | Outsourcing and Management Agreements (1) | | CDO Collateral Management Agreements | | Operating Lease | | Total | |
2006 | | $ | — | | $ | — | | $ | — | | $ | — | | $ | — | | $ | 3,035 | | $ | 1,071 | | $ | 64 | | $ | 4,170 | |
2007 | | — | | — | | — | | — | | — | | 12,070 | | 4,286 | | 256 | | 16,612 | |
2008 | | — | | — | | — | | — | | — | | 12,111 | | 4,286 | | 261 | | 16,658 | |
2009 | | — | | 58,739 | | — | | — | | — | | 12,152 | | 4,286 | | 265 | | 75,442 | |
2010 | | — | | — | | | | — | | — | | — | | 3,351 | | 283 | | 3,634 | |
Thereafter | | 1,714,250 | | — | | 150,000 | | 94,525 | | — | | — | | 1,469 | | 1,351 | | 1,961,595 | |
Total | | $ | 1,714,250 | | $ | 58,739 | | $ | 150,000 | | $ | 94,525 | | — | | $ | 39,368 | | $ | 18,749 | | $ | 2,480 | | $ | 2,078,111 | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
(1) Management fee is calculated as 1.75% of our gross stockholders equity (as defined in the amended and restated management agreement) on September 30, 2006, inclusive of the trust preferred securities issued on May 20, 2005, August 9, 2005 and January 27, 2006.
(2) We have a 49.75% interest in the entity that holds the mortgage.
Off-Balance-Sheet Arrangements
We have several off-balance-sheet investments, including joint ventures and structured finance investments. These investments all have varying ownership structures. Substantially all of our joint venture arrangements are accounted for under the equity method of accounting as we have the ability to exercise significant influence, but not control over the operating and financial decisions of these joint venture arrangements. Our off-balance-sheet arrangements are discussed in Note 4, “Investments in Unconsolidated Joint Ventures” in the accompanying financial statements.
Dividends
To maintain our qualification as a REIT, we must pay annual dividends to our stockholders of at least 90% of our REIT taxable income, determined before taking into consideration the dividends paid deduction and net capital gains. We intend to continue to pay regular quarterly dividends to our stockholders. Before we pay any dividend, whether for Federal income tax purposes or otherwise, which would only be paid out of available cash to the extent permitted under our unsecured and secured credit and repurchase facilities, and our term loans, we must first meet both our operating requirements and scheduled debt service on our mortgages and loans payable.
Related Party Transactions (Amounts in thousands)
In connection with our initial public offering, we entered into a management agreement with our Manager, which was subsequently amended and restated in April 2006. The amended and restated agreement provides for a term through December 2009 with automatic one-year extension options and is subject to certain termination rights. We pay our Manager an annual management fee equal to 1.75% of our gross stockholders equity (as defined in the amended and restated management agreement) inclusive of our trust preferred securities. We incurred expense to our Manager under this agreement of an aggregate of approximately $2,704 and $7,443 for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2006, respectively, and approximately $1,678 and $4,208 for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2005, respectively.
To provide an incentive for our Manager to enhance the value of our common stock, the holders of the Class B limited partner interests of the Operating Partnership are entitled to an incentive return equal to 25% of the amount by which FFO plus certain accounting gains and losses (as defined in the partnership agreement of the Operating Partnership which was amended and restated in April 2006) exceed the product of our weighted average stockholders equity (as defined in the amended and restated partnership
40
agreement of the Operating Partnership) multiplied by 9.5% (divided by 4 to adjust for quarterly calculations). We will record any distributions on the Class B limited partner interests as an incentive distribution expense in the period when earned and when payments of such amounts have become probable and reasonably estimable in accordance with the partnership agreement. We incurred approximately $1,822 and $4,592 with respect to such Class B limited partner interests for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2006, respectively and $1,038 for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2005.
We are obligated to reimburse our Manager for its costs incurred under an asset servicing agreement between our Manager and an affiliate of SL Green Operating Partnership, L.P. and a separate outsourcing agreement between our Manager and SL Green Operating Partnership, L.P. The asset servicing agreement, which was amended and restated in April 2006, provides for an annual fee payable to SL Green Operating Partnership, L.P. by us of 0.05% of the book value of all credit tenant lease assets and non-investment grade bonds and 0.15% of the book value of all other assets. The asset servicing fee may be reduced by SL Green Operating Partnership, L.P. for fees paid directly to outside servicers by us. The outsourcing agreement currently provides for a fee payable by us of $1,326 per year, increasing 3% annually over the prior year on the anniversary date of the outsourcing agreement in August of each year. For the three months ended September 30, 2006 and 2005, we realized expense of $328 and $319, respectively, and for the nine months ended September 30, 2006 and 2005, we realized expense of $973 and $944, respectively, to our Manager under the outsourcing agreement. For the three months ended September 30, 2006 and 2005, we realized expense of $621 and $291, respectively, and for the nine months ended September 30, 2006 and 2005, we realized expense of $1,621 and $674, respectively, to our Manager under the asset servicing agreement.
In connection with the closing of our first CDO in July 2005, the Issuer, Gramercy Real Estate CDO 2005-1 Ltd., entered into a collateral management agreement with our Manager. Pursuant to the collateral management agreement, our Manager has agreed to provide certain advisory and administrative services in relation to the collateral debt securities and other eligible investments securing the CDO notes. The collateral management agreement provides for a senior collateral management fee, payable quarterly in accordance with the priority of payments as set forth in the indenture, equal to 0.15% per annum of the net outstanding portfolio balance, and an additional subordinate collateral management fee, payable quarterly in accordance with the priority of payments as set forth in the indenture, equal to 0.25% per annum of the net outstanding portfolio balance. Net outstanding portfolio balance is the sum of the (i) aggregate principal balance of the collateral debt securities, excluding defaulted securities, (ii) aggregate principal balance of all principal proceeds held as cash and eligible investments in certain accounts, and (iii) with respect to the defaulted securities, the calculation amount of such defaulted securities. As compensation for the performance of its obligations as collateral manager under the first CDO, our Board of Directors has allocated to our Manager the subordinate collateral management fee paid on securities not held by us. The senior collateral management fee and balance of the subordinate collateral management fee is allocated to us. For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2006 we realized expense of $518 and $1,518, respectively, to our Manager under such collateral management agreement.
The amended and restated management agreement provides that in connection with formations of future collateralized debt obligations or other securitization vehicles, if a collateral manager is retained, our Manager or an affiliate will be the collateral manager and will receive the following fees: (i) 0.25% per annum of the book value of the assets owned for transitional “managed” CDOs, (ii) 0.15% per annum of the book value of the assets owned for non-transitional “managed” CDOs, (iii) 0.10% per annum of the book value of the assets owned for static CDOs that own primarily non-investment grade bonds, and (iv) 0.05% per annum of the book value of the assets owned for static CDOs that own primarily investment grade bonds; limited in each instance by the fees that are paid to the collateral manager. The balance of the fees paid by the CDOs for collateral management services are paid to us. Collateral manager fees paid on our CDO that closed in August 2006 are governed by the amended and restated management agreement as a transitional managed CDO. For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2006 we realized expense of $238 to our Manager under this agreement.
In connection with the 5,500,000 shares of common stock that were sold on December 3, 2004 and settled on December 31, 2004 and January 3, 2005 in a private placement, we agreed to pay our Manager a fee of $1,000 as compensation for financial advisory, structuring and costs incurred on our behalf. This fee was recorded as a reduction in the proceeds of the private placement. Apart from legal fees and stock clearing charges totaling $245, no other fees were paid by us to an investment bank, broker/dealer or other financial advisor in connection with the private placement, resulting in total costs of 1.3% of total gross proceeds.
On April 29, 2005, we closed on a $57,503 initial investment in a joint venture with SL Green to acquire, own and operate the South Building located at One Madison Avenue, New York, New York, or the South Building. The joint venture, which was created to acquire, own and operate the South Building, is owned 45% by a wholly-owned subsidiary of us and 55% by a wholly-owned subsidiary of SL Green. The joint venture interests are pari passu. Also on April 29, 2005, the joint venture completed the acquisition of the South Building from Metropolitan Life Insurance Company for the purchase price of approximately $802,800 plus
41
closing costs, financed in part through a $690,000 first mortgage loan on the South Building. The South Building comprises approximately 1.2 million square feet and is almost entirely net leased to CS pursuant to a lease with a 15-year remaining term.
On June 7, 2006 we closed on the acquisition of a 49.75% TIC interest in 55 Corporate Drive, located in Bridgewater, New Jersey with a 0.25% interest to be acquired in the future. The remaining 50% of the property is owned as a TIC interest by an affiliate of SL Green Operating Partnership, L.P.. The property is comprised of three buildings totaling approximately six hundred and seventy thousand square feet which is 100% net leased to an entity whose obligations are guaranteed by Sanofi-Aventis Group through April 2023. The transaction was valued at $236,000 and was financed with a $190,000, 10-year, fixed-rate first mortgage loan.
Commencing May 1, 2005 we are party to a lease agreement with SLG Graybar Sublease LLC, an affiliate of SL Green, for our corporate offices at 420 Lexington Avenue, New York, New York. The lease is for approximately five thousand square feet with an option to lease an additional approximately two thousand square feet and carries a term of ten years with rents on the entire seven thousand square feet of approximately $249 per annum for year one rising to $315 per annum in year ten. For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2006, we paid $63 and $188 under this lease.
Bright Star Couriers LLC, or Bright Star, provides messenger services to us. Bright Star is owned by Gary Green, a son of Stephen L. Green, our Chairman. The aggregate amount of fees paid by us for such services for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2006 was $3 and $6, respectively, and less than $1 for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2005.
SL Green Operating Partnership, L.P. is an equity holder in the joint venture that is the borrower on an investment with a book value of $29,026 as of December 31, 2005.
On July 14, 2005, we closed on the purchase from an SL Green affiliate of a $40,000 mezzanine loan which bears interest at 11.20%. As part of that sale, the seller retained an interest-only participation. We have determined that the yield on our mezzanine loan after giving effect to the interest-only participation retained by the seller is at market. The mezzanine loan is secured by the equity interests in an office property in New York, New York.
On February 27, 2006, we closed on the purchase of a $90,000 whole loan, which bears interest at three month LIBOR plus 2.15%, to a joint venture in which SL Green is an equity holder. The loan is secured by 55 Corporate Drive in Bridgewater, New Jersey. The loan was repaid in full in June 2006 with the proceeds from new mortgage financing obtained in connection with the sale of the property, 49.75% of which is now owned by us through a TIC structure.
On March 17, 2006, we closed on the purchase of a $25,000 mezzanine loan, which bears interest at three month LIBOR plus 8.00%, to a joint venture in which SL Green is an equity holder. The loan is secured by office and industrial properties in northern New Jersey. The loan was repaid in full in May 2006.
On May 9, 2006 we originated a $90,287 whole loan, which bears interest at three month LIBOR plus 2.75%, to a joint venture in which SL Green is an equity holder. The loan is secured by office and industrial properties in northern New Jersey and has a book value of $89,966 as of September 30, 2006.
On August 1, 2006 we acquired from a financial institution a 50% pari passu interest in a $65,000 preferred equity investment secured by an office property in New York, New York. An affiliate of SL Green simultaneously acquired and owns the other 50% pari passu interest. The investment bears interest at a blended fixed rate of 10.52%.
During the nine months ended September 30, 2006, we earned fees of $162,500 from SL Green representing SL Green’s proportionate share of fees for financing and structural advisory services related to a specific potential transaction.
Funds from Operations
We present FFO because we consider it an important supplemental measure of our operating performance and believe that it is frequently used by securities analysts, investors and other interested parties in the evaluation of REITS. We also use FFO for the calculation of the incentive fee payable to the holders of Class B limited partner interests in the Operating Partnership and as one of several criteria to determine performance-based incentive compensation for members of our senior management, which may be payable in cash or equity awards. The revised White Paper on FFO approved by the Board of Governors of the National Association of Real Estate Investment Trusts, or NAREIT, in April 2002 defines FFO as net income (loss) (computed in accordance with GAAP), excluding gains (or losses) from debt restructuring, which are not a recurring part of our business, and sales of properties, plus real
42
estate-related depreciation and amortization and after adjustments for unconsolidated partnerships and joint ventures. We consider gains and losses on the sales of debt investments and real estate investments structured as tenancy-in-common investments to be a normal part of our recurring operations and therefore include such gains and losses when arriving at FFO. FFO does not represent cash generated from operating activities in accordance with GAAP and should not be considered as an alternative to net income (determined in accordance with GAAP), as an indication of our financial performance, or to cash flow from operating activities (determined in accordance with GAAP) as a measure of our liquidity, nor is it entirely indicative of funds available to fund our cash needs, including our ability to make cash distributions. Our calculation of FFO may be different from the calculation used by other companies and, therefore, comparability may be limited.
FFO for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2006 and 2005 are as follows (amounts in thousands):
| | For the Three Months Ended September 30, 2006 | | For the Three Months Ended September 30, 2005 | | For the Nine Months Ended September 30, 2006 | | For the Nine Months Ended September 30, 2005 | |
Net income available to common stockholders | | $ | 14,536 | | $ | 8,577 | | $ | 37,907 | | $ | 20,599 | |
Add: | | | | | | | | | |
Depreciation and amortization | | 1,375 | | 1,012 | | 4,119 | | 1,966 | |
FFO adjustment for unconsolidated joint ventures | | 1,948 | | 1,784 | | 5,806 | | 2,984 | |
Less: | | | | | | | | | |
Non real estate depreciation and amortization | | (1,375 | ) | (926 | ) | (3,880 | ) | (1,880 | ) |
Funds from operations | | $ | 16,484 | | $ | 10,447 | | $ | 43,952 | | $ | 23,669 | |
| | | | | | | | | |
Funds from operations per share - basic | | $ | 0.64 | | $ | 0.53 | | $ | 1.81 | | $ | 1.24 | |
Funds from operations per share - diluted | | $ | 0.61 | | $ | 0.50 | | $ | 1.72 | | $ | 1.21 | |
Cautionary Note Regarding Forward-Looking Information
This report contains “forward-looking statements” within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, or the Act, and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, or the Exchange Act. You can identify forward-looking statements by the use of forward-looking expressions such as “may,” “will,” “should,” “expect,” “anticipate,” “estimate,” “believe,” “intend,” “plan,” “project,” “continue,” or any negative or other variations on such expressions. Forward-looking statements include information concerning possible or assumed future results of our operations, including any forecasts, projections, plans and objectives for future operations. Although we believe that our plans, intentions and expectations as reflected in or suggested by those forward-looking statements are reasonable, we can give no assurance that the plans, intentions or expectations will be achieved. We have listed below some important risks, uncertainties and contingencies which could cause our actual results, performance or achievements to be materially different from the forward-looking statements we make in this report. These risks, uncertainties and contingencies include, but are not limited to, the following:
· the success or failure of our efforts to implement our current business strategy;
· economic conditions generally and in the commercial finance and commercial real estate markets specifically;
· the performance and financial condition of borrowers and corporate customers;
· the actions of our competitors and our ability to respond to those actions;
· the cost of our capital, which depends in part on our asset quality, the nature of our relationships with our lenders and other capital providers, our business prospects and outlook and general market conditions;
· availability of qualified personnel;
· availability of investment opportunities on real estate related and other securities;
· the adequacy of our cash reserves and working capital;
· unanticipated increases in financing and other costs, including a rise in interest rates;
· the timing of cash flows , if any, from our investments;
· risks of structured finance investments;
· GKK Manager LLC remaining as our Manager;
· environmental and/or safety requirements;
· continuing threats or terrorist attacks on the national, regional and local economies;
· competition with other companies;
43
· our ability to satisfy complex rules in order for us to qualify as a REIT for federal income tax purposes and qualify for our exemption under the Investment Company Act, our operating partnership’s ability to satisfy the rules in order for it to qualify as a partnership for federal income tax purposes, the ability of certain of our subsidiaries to qualify as REITs, and the ability of certain of our subsidiaries to qualify as taxable REIT subsidiaries for federal income tax purposes, and our ability and the ability of our subsidiaries to operate effectively within the limitations imposed by these rules;
· changes in governmental regulations, tax rates and similar matters; and
· legislative and regulatory changes (including changes to laws governing the taxation of REITs), and other factors, many of which are beyond our control.
We undertake no obligation to publicly update or revise any forward-looking statements, whether as a result of future events, new information or otherwise.
The risks included here are not exhaustive. Other sections of this report may include additional factors that could adversely affect our business and financial performance. Moreover, we operate in a very competitive and rapidly changing environment. New risk factors emerge from time to time and it is not possible for management to predict all such risk factors, nor can it assess the impact of all such risk factors on our business or the extent to which any factor, or combination of factors, may cause actual results to differ materially from those contained in any forward-looking statements. Given these risks and uncertainties, investors should not place undue reliance on forward-looking statements as a prediction of actual results.
Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements
Statement of Financial Accounting Standard No. 123(R), or SFAS No. 123(R) “Share-Based Payment, a revision of FASB Statement No. 123, Accounting for Stock-Based Compensation,” requires all share-based payments to employees, including grants of employee stock options, to be recognized in the income statement based on their fair value. The new standard is effective for interim or annual reporting periods beginning after January 1, 2006. The implementation of SFAS No. 123(R) did not have a material effect on our financial position or results of operations for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2006.
In June 2005, the FASB ratified the consensus in EITF Issue No. 04-5, or Issue 04-5, Determining Whether a General Partner, or the General Partners as a Group, Controls a Limited Partnership or Similar Entity When the Limited Partners Have Certain Rights, which provides guidance in determining whether a general partner controls a limited partnership. Issue 04-5 states that the general partner in a limited partnership is presumed to control that limited partnership. The presumption may be overcome if the limited partners have either (1) the substantive ability to dissolve the limited partnership or otherwise remove the general partner without cause or (2) substantive participating rights, which provide the limited partners with the ability to effectively participate in significant decisions that would be expected to be made in the ordinary course of the limited partnership’s business and thereby preclude the general partner from exercising unilateral control over the partnership. If the criteria in Issue 04-5 are met, a company could be required to consolidate certain of its existing unconsolidated joint ventures. Our adoption of Issue 04-5 for new or modified limited partnership arrangements effective June 30, 2005 and existing limited partnership arrangements effective January 1, 2006 did not have a material effect on our financial position or results of operations for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2006.
In February 2006, the FASB issued Statement of Financial Accounting Standard No. 155, or SFAS No. 155, “Accounting for Certain Hybrid Financial Instruments — an amendment of FASB Statements No. 133 and 140”. SFAS No. 155 (1) permits fair value re-measurement for any hybrid financial instrument that contains an embedded derivative that would otherwise require bifurcation, (2) clarifies which interest-only strips and principal-only strips are not subject to the requirements of FASB Statement No. 133, (3) establishes a requirement to evaluate interests in securitized financial assets to identify interests that are freestanding derivatives or that are hybrid financial instruments that contain an imbedded derivative requiring bifurcation, (4) clarifies that concentrations of credit risk in the form of subordination are not embedded derivatives, and (5) amends FASB Statement No. 140 to eliminate the prohibition on a qualifying special-purpose entity from holding a derivative financial instrument that pertains to a beneficial interest in other than another derivative financial instrument. SFAS No. 155 is effective January 1, 2007 and we are currently evaluating the effect, if any, that this pronouncement will have on our future financial results.
In July 2006, the FASB issued Interpretation No. 48, or FIN 48, “Accounting for Uncertainty in Income Taxes”. This interpretation, among other things, creates a two-step approach for evaluating uncertain tax positions. Recognition (step one) occurs when an enterprise concludes that a tax position, based solely on its technical merits, is more-likely-than-not to be sustained upon examination. Measurement (step two) determines the amount of benefit that more-likely-than-not will be realized upon settlement. Derecognition of a tax position that was previously recognized would occur when a company subsequently determines that a tax position no longer meets the more-likely-than-not threshold of being sustained. FIN 48 specifically prohibits the use of a valuation allowance as a substitute for derecognition of tax positions, and it has expanded disclosure requirements. FIN 48 is effective for fiscal years
44
beginning after December 15, 2006, in which the impact of adoption should be accounted for as a cumulative-effect adjustment to the beginning balance of retained earnings. We are currently evaluating the effect, if any, that this pronouncement will have on our future financial results.
In September 2006, the FASB issued Statement No. 157, Fair Value Measurements (“SFAS No. 157”). SFAS No. 157 provides guidance for using fair value to measure assets and liabilities. This statement clarifies the principle that fair value should be based on the assumptions that market participants would use when pricing the asset or liability. SFAS No. 157 establishes a fair value hierarchy, giving the highest priority to quoted prices in active markets and the lowest priority to unobservable data. SFAS No. 157 applies whenever other standards require assets or liabilities to be measured at fair value. This statement is effective in fiscal years beginning after November 15, 2007. We believe that the adoption of this standard on January 1, 2008 will not have a material effect on our consolidated financial statements.
In September 2006, the Securities and Exchange Commission issued Staff Accounting Bulletin No. 108 (“SAB 108”), which becomes effective beginning on January 1, 2007. SAB 108 provides guidance on the consideration of the effects of prior period misstatements in quantifying current year misstatements for the purpose of a materiality assessment. SAB 108 provides for the quantification of the impact of correcting all misstatements, including both the carryover and reversing effects of prior year misstatements, on the current year financial statements. If a misstatement is material to the current year financial statements, the prior year financial statements should also be corrected, even though such revision was, and continues to be, immaterial to the prior year financial statements. Correcting prior year financial statements for immaterial errors would not require previously filed reports to be amended. Such correction should be made in the current period filings. We are currently evaluating the impact of adopting SAB 108.
45
ITEM 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosure About Market Risk
Market Risk
Market risk includes risks that arise from changes in interest rates, commodity prices, equity prices and other market changes that affect market sensitive instruments. In pursuing our business plan, we expect that the primary market risks to which we will be exposed are real estate and interest rate risks.
Real Estate Risk
Commercial and multi-family property values and net operating income derived from such properties are subject to volatility and may be affected adversely by a number of factors, including, but not limited to, national, regional and local economic conditions which may be adversely affected by industry slowdowns and other factors), local real estate conditions (such as an oversupply of retail, industrial, office or other commercial or multi-family space), changes or continued weakness in specific industry segments, construction quality, age and design, demographic factors, retroactive changes to building or similar codes, and increases in operating expenses (such as energy costs). In the event net operating income decreases, a borrower may have difficulty repaying our loans, which could result in losses to us. In addition, decreases in property values reduce the value of the collateral and the potential proceeds available to a borrower to repay our loans, which could also cause us to suffer losses. Even when a property’s net operating income is sufficient to cover the property’s debt service at the time a loan is made, there can be no assurance that this will continue in the future. We employ careful business selection, rigorous underwriting and credit approval processes and attentive asset management to mitigate these risks.
Interest Rate Risk
Interest rate risk is highly sensitive to many factors, including governmental monetary and tax policies, domestic and international economic and political considerations and other factors beyond our control.
Our operating results will depend in large part on differences between the income from our assets and our borrowing costs. Most of our assets and borrowings are variable-rate instruments that we finance with variable rate debt. The objective of this strategy is to minimize the impact of interest rate changes on the spread between the yield on our assets and our cost of funds. We enter into hedging transactions with respect to all liabilities relating to fixed rate assets. If we were to finance fixed rate assets with variable rate debt and the benchmark for our variable rate debt increased, our net income would decrease. Furthermore, as most of our available financing provides for an ability of the lender to mark-to-market our assets and make margin calls based on a change in the value of our assets, financing fixed rate assets with this debt creates the risk that an increase in fixed rate benchmarks (such as “swap” yields) would decrease the value of our fixed rate assets. We have entered into certain swap transactions in anticipation of drawing upon our mark-to-market debt to hedge against this risk. Some of our loans are subject to various interest rate floors. As a result, if interest rates fall below the floor rates, the spread between the yield on our assets and our cost of funds will increase, which will generally increase our returns. Because we generate income principally from the spread between the yields on our assets and the cost of our borrowing and hedging activities, our net income will generally increase if LIBOR increases and decreases if LIBOR decreases, but this may not always be true in the future. Our exposure to interest rates will also be affected by our overall corporate leverage, which we generally target to be 70% to 80% of the carrying value of our assets, although our actual leverage may vary depending on our mix of assets.
In the event of a significant rising interest rate environment and/or economic downturn, delinquencies and defaults could increase and result in loan losses to us, which could adversely affect our liquidity and operating results. Further, such delinquencies or defaults could have an adverse effect on the spreads between interest-earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities.
46
The aggregate carrying values, allocated by product type and weighted average coupons of our loans and other lending investments as of September 30, 2006 and December 31, 2005 were as follows:
| | Carrying Value (1) ($ in thousands) | | Allocation by Investment Type | | Fixed Rate: Average Yield | | Floating Rate: Average Spread over LIBOR (2) | |
| | 2006 | | 2005 | | 2006 | | 2005 | | 2006 | | 2005 | | 2006 | | 2005 | |
Whole loans, floating rate | | $ | 1,284,562 | | $ | 561,388 | | 62 | % | 46 | % | — | | — | | 314 bps | | 325 bps | |
Whole loans, fixed rate | | 80,700 | | 94,448 | | 4 | % | 8 | % | 11.94 | % | 10.67 | % | — | | — | |
Subordinate interests in whole loans, floating rate | | 337,813 | | 362,983 | | 17 | % | 30 | % | — | | — | | 397 bps | | 443 bps | |
Subordinate interests in whole loans, fixed rate | | 48,513 | | 37,104 | | 2 | % | 3 | % | 8.72 | % | 8.80 | % | — | | — | |
Mezzanine loans, floating rate | | 187,727 | | 82,793 | | 9 | % | 7 | % | — | | — | | 548 bps | | 858 bps | |
Mezzanine loans, fixed rate | | 68,590 | | 43,352 | | 3 | % | 4 | % | 9.08 | % | 8.51 | % | — | | — | |
Preferred equity, floating rate | | 11,879 | | 11,795 | | 1 | % | 1 | % | — | | — | | 900 bps | | 900 bps | |
Preferred equity, fixed rate | | 44,274 | | 11,882 | | 2 | % | 1 | % | 10.79 | % | 10.27 | % | — | | — | |
Total / Average | | $ | 2,064,058 | | $ | 1,205,745 | | 100 | % | 100 | % | 10.27 | % | 9.78 | % | 357 bps | | 417 bps | |
(1) Debt investments are presented after scheduled amortization payments and prepayments, and are net of unamortized fees, discounts, asset sales and unfunded commitments.
(2) Spreads over an index other than LIBOR have been adjusted to a LIBOR based equivalent.
As of September 30, 2006, our investment portfolio had the following maturity characteristics:
Year of Maturity | | Number of Investments Maturing | | Current Carrying Value | | % of Total | |
| | | | (In thousands) | | | |
2006 | | 4 | | $ | 51,397 | | 2 | % |
2007 | | 28 | | 715,942 | | 35 | % |
2008 | | 20 | | 842,458 | | 41 | % |
2009 | | 14 | | 283,309 | | 14 | % |
2010 | | 2 | | 6,625 | | — | |
2011 | | 2 | | 56,910 | | 3 | % |
Thereafter | | 7 | | 107,417 | | 5 | % |
Total | | 77 | | $ | 2,064,058 | | 100 | % |
| | | | | | | |
Weighted average maturity (1) | | | | 1.9 years | | | |
(1) The calculation of weighted average maturity is based upon the initial term of the investment and does not include option or extension periods or the ability to prepay the investment after a negotiated lock-out period, which may be available to the borrower.
47
Combined aggregate principal maturities of our consolidated CDOs, repurchase facilities, trust preferred securities, mortgage note payable and revolving credit facility as of September 30, 2006 are as follows:
| | Collateralized Debt Obligations | | Repurchase Facilities | | Trust Preferred Securities | | Mortgage Note Payable | | Unsecured Revolving Credit Facility | | Total | |
2006 | | $ | — | | $ | — | | $ | — | | $ | — | | $ | — | | $ | — | |
2007 | | — | | — | | — | | — | | — | | — | |
2008 | | — | | — | | — | | — | | — | | — | |
2009 | | — | | 58,739 | | — | | — | | — | | 58,739 | |
2010 | | — | | — | | — | | — | | — | | — | |
2011 | | — | | — | | — | | — | | — | | — | |
Thereafter | | 1,714,250 | | — | | 150,000 | | 94,525 | (1) | — | | 1,958,775 | |
Total | | $ | 1,714,250 | | $ | 58,739 | | $ | 150,000 | | $ | 94,525 | | — | | $ | 2,017,514 | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
(1) We have a 49.75% interest in the entity that is the obligor under the mortgage note.
The following table summarizes the notional and fair value of our derivative financial instrument at September 30, 2006. The notional value is an indication of the extent of our involvement in this instrument at that time, but does not represent exposure to credit, interest rate or market risks:
| | Benchmark Rate | | Notional Value | | Strike Rate | | Effective Date | | Expiration Date | | Fair Value | |
Interest Rate Swap | | 3 month LIBOR | | $ | 40,000 | | 4.420 | % | 7/2005 | | 2/2014 | | $ | 1,325 | |
Interest Rate Swap | | 1 month LIBOR | | 31,686 | | 3.855 | % | 7/2005 | | 11/2009 | | 979 | |
Interest Rate Swap | | 1 month LIBOR | | 27,500 | | 5.500 | % | 8/2006 | | 9/2016 | | (989 | ) |
Interest Rate Swap | | 3 month LIBOR | | 24,979 | | 5.445 | % | 8/2006 | | 7/2016 | | (752 | ) |
Interest Rate Cap | | 3 month LIBOR | | 23,713 | | 5.700 | % | 11/2005 | | 12/2007 | | 5 | |
Interest Rate Cap | | 1 month LIBOR | | 20,000 | | 6.000 | % | 4/2006 | | 4/2007 | | — | |
Interest Rate Cap | | 1 month LIBOR | | 14,120 | | 5.500 | % | 12/2005 | | 1/2007 | | — | |
Interest Rate Swap | | 3 month LIBOR | | 12,000 | | 9.850 | % | 8/2006 | | 8/2011 | | (108 | ) |
Basis Swap | | 1 month PRIME | | 9,363 | | 722 bps | | 8/2006 | | 12/2007 | | (1 | ) |
Interest Rate Swap | | 1 month LIBOR | | 6,402 | | 4.760 | % | 1/2006 | | 3/2015 | | 99 | |
Interest Rate Swap | | 1 month LIBOR | | 3,960 | | 4.959 | % | 12/2005 | | 12/2015 | | 16 | |
Interest Rate Swap | | 1 month LIBOR | | 3,465 | | 4.280 | % | 7/2005 | | 12/2009 | | 65 | |
Interest Rate Swap | | 3 month LIBOR | | 3,465 | | 5.178 | % | 4/2006 | | 3/2010 | | (26 | ) |
Total | | | | $ | 220,653 | | | | | | | | $ | 613 | |
48
ITEM 4. Controls and Procedures
Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures
We maintain disclosure controls and procedures that are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed in our Exchange Act reports is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms, and that such information is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, as appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure based closely on the definition of “disclosure controls and procedures” in Rule 13a-15(e). Notwithstanding the foregoing, a control system, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable, not absolute, assurance that it will detect or uncover failures within the Company to disclose material information otherwise required to be set forth in the Company’s periodic reports. Also, we may have investments in certain unconsolidated entities. As we do not control these entities, our disclosure controls and procedures with respect to such entities are necessarily substantially more limited than those we maintain with respect to our consolidated subsidiaries.
As of the end of the period covered by this report, we carried out an evaluation, under the supervision and with the participation of our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and our Chief Financial Officer, of the effectiveness of the design and operation of our disclosure controls and procedures. Based upon that evaluation, our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures were effective as of the end of the period covered by this report.
Changes in Internal Controls over Financial Reporting
There were no changes in our internal control over financial reporting identified in connection with the evaluation of such internal control that occurred during Gramercy’s last fiscal quarter that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, Gramercy’s internal control over financial reporting.
49
PART II | | OTHER INFORMATION |
| | |
ITEM 1. | | LEGAL PROCEEDINGS |
We incorporate by reference the information required by this Item 1 of Part II to the information regarding litigation in Note 16 to the Consolidated Financial Statements contained in Part I of this report.
There have been no material changes to the risk factors disclosed in Item 1A of Part I in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2005.
ITEM 2. | | UNREGISTERED SALES OF EQUITY SECURITIES AND USE OF PROCEEDS |
None
ITEM 3. | | DEFAULTS UPON SENIOR SECURITIES |
None
ITEM 4. | | SUBMISSION OF MATTERS TO A VOTE OF SECURITY HOLDERS |
None
ITEM 5. | | OTHER INFORMATION |
On August 24, 2006 we issued approximately $1.0 billion of collateralized debt obligations, or CDOs, through two newly-formed indirect subsidiaries, Gramercy Real Estate CDO 2006-1 Ltd., or the 2006 Issuer, and Gramercy Real Estate CDO 2006-1 LLC, or the 2006 Co-Issuer, pursuant to an Indenture, dated as of August 24, 2006, by and among the 2006 Issuer, the 2006 Co-Issuer, GKK Liquidity LLC, as advancing agent, and Wells Fargo Bank, National Association, as trustee, paying agent, calculation agent, transfer agent, custodial securities intermediary, backup advancing agent and notes registrar. The CDO consists of $903.75 million of investment grade notes, $38.75 million of non-investment grade notes, which were co-issued by the 2006 Issuer and the 2006 Co-Issuer, and $57.5 million of preferred shares, which were issued by the 2006 Issuer. The investment grade notes were issued with floating rate coupons with a combined weighted average rate of three-month LIBOR plus 0.37%, excluding transaction costs. The preferred shares are issued share capital of the 2006 Issuer and are not secured. We incurred approximately $11.36 million of costs related to this CDO, which are amortized on a level-yield basis over the average life of the CDO.
Interest payments on the notes are payable quarterly, beginning on October 25, 2006, to and including July 25, 2041, the stated maturity date of the notes. Each of the advancing agent and the trustee, in its capacity as backup advancing agent, will be entitled to receive a quarterly fee under and in accordance with the priority of payments set forth in the Indenture for their respective services performed, calculated on the aggregate outstanding principal amount of the Class A notes and the Class B notes of the CDO.
The 2006 Issuer is expected to purchase additional collateral debt securities in an aggregate principal amount equal to $180,259,090 over the ramp-up period, which generally is 270 days from the date of issuance of the notes. In addition, from the date of issuance of the notes until the date that is five years following such date, the 2006 Issuer generally is permitted to reinvest principal proceeds in additional collateral debt securities meeting certain requirements as set forth in the Indenture.
The 2006 Issuer entered into a Collateral Management Agreement with our Manager, as the collateral manager. Pursuant to the Collateral Management Agreement, the collateral manager has agreed to provide certain advisory and administrative services in relation to the collateral debt securities and other eligible investments securing the notes. As compensation for the performance of its obligations as collateral manager, the collateral manager will be entitled to receive the following fees, each payable quarterly in accordance with the priority of payments as set forth in the Indenture: (i) a senior collateral management fee equal to 0.15% per annum of the net outstanding portfolio balance, and (ii) an additional subordinate collateral management fee equal to 0.25% per annum of the net outstanding portfolio balance. In general, net outstanding portfolio balance is the sum of the (i) aggregate principal balance of the collateral debt securities, excluding defaulted securities, (ii) aggregate principal balance of all principal proceeds held as cash and eligible investments in certain accounts, and (iii) with respect to the defaulted securities, the calculation amount of such defaulted securities, in each case as determined in accordance with the Indenture.
Each class of notes will mature at par on July 25, 2041, unless redeemed or repaid prior thereto. Principal payments on each class of notes will be made at the stated maturity in accordance with the priority of payments set forth in the Indenture. It is anticipated, however, that the notes will be paid prior to the stated maturity date in accordance with the priority of payments as set forth in the Indenture. The CDO will have an expected term of up to 10 years, and provides for a 5-year reinvestment period during which we can utilize the proceeds of loan repayments to finance new investments. The calculation of the weighted average lives of the notes assumes certain collateral characteristics and that there are no prepayments, defaults or delinquencies on the collateral debt securities owned by the 2006 Issuer. There is no assurance that such assumptions will be met.
The notes are also subject to mandatory redemption on any interest payment date on which any of the coverage tests applicable to any class of notes is not met, as set forth in the Indenture. Any such mandatory redemption of the notes are to be paid first from interest proceeds and then from principal proceeds of the collateral debt securities in accordance with the priority of payments as set forth in the Indenture and only to the extent necessary to cause each of the coverage tests to be satisfied.
50
Subject to certain conditions described in the Indenture, on any payment date occurring on or after the payment date occurring in July 2009, the 2006 Issuer may redeem the notes in whole but not in part, at the applicable redemption prices on any payment date at the direction of holders of at least a majority of aggregate outstanding notional amount of the preferred shares or at the direction of the collateral manager unless the holders of at least a majority of the aggregate outstanding notional amount of the preferred shares object.
From July 25, 2016 to the first payment date on which a Clean-up Call (as defined below) may be exercised (as described below), the notes and the preferred shares may be redeemed by the 2006 Issuer, in whole or in part, at their applicable redemption prices if a successful auction of the collateral debt securities is completed in accordance with the terms of the Indenture. Under the Indenture, a successful auction includes a purchase of all of the collateral debt securities by the collateral manager or its affiliates for a purchase price equal to the total redemption price (as defined in the Indenture).
If certain events occur resulting in a tax or taxes imposed on the 2006 Issuer or withheld from payments to the 2006 Issuer and with respect to which the 2006 Issuer receives less than the full amount that the 2006 Issuer would have received had no such deduction occurred, and such amount exceeds, in the aggregate, $1 million during any 12-month period or the 2006 Issuer fails to maintain its status as a qualified REIT subsidiary, then the notes and the preferred shares will be redeemed by the 2006 Issuer, in whole but not in part, at their applicable redemption prices, at the direction of holders of at least a majority of the aggregate outstanding notional amount of the preferred shares.
The 2006 Issuer may also redeem the notes at the direction of the collateral manager (a “Clean-up Call”), in whole but not in part, at the price equal to the applicable redemption price on or after the payment date on which the aggregate outstanding principal balance of the notes (excluding any applicable capitalized) has been reduced to 10% of the aggregate outstanding principal balance of the notes on the date of the issuance of the notes.
The redemption price for each class of notes is generally the aggregate outstanding principal balance of such class to be redeemed, plus accrued and unpaid interest (including defaulted interest and, with respect to Class C notes through Class K notes, capitalized interest amounts).
The Indenture contains customary events of defaults, including upon failure to pay principal or interest when due and payable on the notes (in accordance with the terms of the Indenture) and a default in the performance of certain covenants or other agreements of the 2006 Issuer or 2006 Co-Issuer under the Indenture (subject to certain notice and cure periods). If an event of default occurs and is continuing (other than certain bankruptcy-related events of default, and, unless certain conditions are met under the Indenture, an event of default that has arisen because the 2006 Issuer has lost its status as a qualified REIT subsidiary), the trustee may, and will be required if directed by a majority of an applicable outstanding principal amount of notes as set forth in the Indenture, declare the principal of and accrued and unpaid interest on all the notes to be immediately due and payable. Such acceleration will also automatically terminate the reinvestment period.
If an event of default shall have occurred and be continuing, the trustee will (subject to the exceptions noted below in clauses (i) and (ii)) retain the assets securing the notes, collect and cause the collection the proceeds thereof, and apply all payments and deposits on the assets and the notes in accordance with the priority of payments and other applicable provisions as set forth in the Indenture, unless either:
(i) the trustee determines that the anticipated proceeds of a sale or liquidation of the assets (after deducting reasonable expenses) would be sufficient to discharge in full the amounts then due and unpaid on the notes and other amounts as set forth in the Indenture, and a majority of the most-senior class of notes then outstanding (or, if no notes are then outstanding, then a majority of the aggregate outstanding notional amount of the preferred shares then outstanding) agrees with such determination; or
(ii) a majority of the aggregate outstanding balance of each class of notes (each voting as a separate class) (and each hedge counterparty, unless each such counterparty is paid in full the amounts due and unpaid), direct, subject to the provisions of the Indenture, the sale and liquidation of the assets.
51
The notes represent non-recourse obligations of the 2006 Issuer and the 2006 Co-Issuer payable solely from certain assets of the 2006 Issuer pledged under the Indenture. To the extent the collateral debt securities and the other pledged assets are insufficient to make payments in respect of the notes, neither the 2006 Issuer nor the 2006 Co-Issuer will have any obligation to pay any further amounts in respect of the notes. The preferred shares are issued share capital of the 2006 Issuer and are not secured.
52
ITEM 6. EXHIBITS
(a) Exhibits:
Exhibit No. | | Description |
| | |
3.1* | | Articles of Incorporation of the Company (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 of the Company’s Amendment No. 5 to its Registration Statement on Form S-11/A (No. 333-114673), which was filed with the Commission on July 26, 2004 and declared effective by the Commission on July 27, 2004) |
| | |
3.2* | | Bylaws of the Company (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.2 of the Company’s Amendment No. 2 to its Registration Statement on Form S-11/A (No. 333-114673), which was filed with the Commission on June 23, 2004 and declared effective by the Commission on July 27, 2004) |
| | |
10.1* | | Amended and Restated Master Repurchase Agreement, dated as of October 13, 2006, by and among Gramercy Warehouse Funding II LLC, GKK Trading Warehouse II LLC and Goldman Sachs Mortgage Company (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 of the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on October 19, 2006) |
| | |
10.2* | | Annex I to Amended and Restated Master Repurchase Agreement, dated as of October 13, 2006, by and among Gramercy Warehouse Funding II LLC, GKK Trading Warehouse II LLC and Goldman Sachs Mortgage Company (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 of the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on October 19, 2006) |
| | |
10.3* | | Amended and Restated Master Repurchase Agreement, dated as of October 13, 2006, by and among Gramercy Warehouse Funding I LLC, GKK Trading Warehouse I LLC, GKK 450 LEX LLC, and the additional sellers from time to time parties thereto, the buyers from time to time parties thereto, Wachovia Bank, National Association, as agent, and Wachovia Capital Markets, LLC, as the sole lead arranger (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 of the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on October 19, 2006) |
| | |
10.4+ | | Indenture, dated as of August 24, 2006, by and among Gramercy Real Estate CDO 2006-1, Ltd., as issuer, Gramercy Real Estate CDO 2006-1 LLC, as co-issuer, GKK Liquidity LLC, as advancing agent, and Wells Fargo Bank, National Association, as trustee, paying agent, calculation agent, transfer agent, custodial securities intermediary, backup advancing agent and notes registrar |
| | |
10.5+ | | Collateral Management Agreement, dated as of August 24, 2006, by and between Gramercy Real Estate CDO 2006-1, Ltd., as issuer and GKK Manager LLC, as collateral manager |
| | |
31.1+ | | Certification by the Chief Executive Officer pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 |
| | |
31.2+ | | Certification by the Chief Financial Officer pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 |
| | |
32.1+ | | Certification by the Chief Executive Officer pursuant to 18 U.S.C. section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 |
| | |
32.2+ | | Certification by the Chief Financial Officer pursuant to 18 U.S.C. section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 |
* Incorporated by reference.
+ Filed herewith.
53
SIGNATURES
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.
| GRAMERCY CAPITAL CORP. |
| | |
| | |
| By: | /s/ Robert R. Foley | |
| | Robert R. Foley |
| | Chief Financial Officer |
| | |
| | |
Date: November 9, 2006 | | |
53