Loans and allowance for credit losses | Note 5 – Loans and allowance for credit losses Loans classified by type as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023 are as follows (dollars in thousands) March 31, 2024 December 31, 2023 Amount % Amount % Construction and land development Residential $ 9,077 1.53 % $ 10,471 1.82 % Commercial 34,437 5.83 % 37,024 6.44 % 43,514 7.36 % 47,495 8.26 % Commercial real estate Owner occupied 121,429 20.53 % 122,666 21.33 % Non-owner occupied 165,508 27.99 % 154,855 26.93 % Multifamily 18,254 3.09 % 12,743 2.22 % Farmland 24 0.00 % 326 0.06 % 305,215 51.61 % 290,590 50.54 % Consumer real estate Home equity lines 21,682 3.67 % 21,557 3.75 % Secured by 1-4 family residential, First deed of trust 95,994 16.23 % 95,638 16.63 % Second deed of trust 11,955 2.02 % 11,337 1.97 % 129,631 21.92 % 128,532 22.35 % Commercial and industrial loans (except those secured by real estate) 92,600 15.66 % 86,203 14.99 % Guaranteed student loans 15,782 2.67 % 17,923 3.12 % Consumer and other 4,596 0.78 % 4,265 0.74 % Total loans 591,338 100.0 % 575,008 100.0 % Deferred and costs, net 750 803 Less: allowance for credit losses (3,574) (3,423) $ 588,514 $ 572,388 The Bank has a purchased portfolio of rehabilitated student loans guaranteed by the U.S. Department of Education (“DOE”). The guarantee covers approximately 98% of principal and accrued interest. The loans are serviced by a third-party servicer that specializes in handling the special needs of the DOE student loan programs. Loans pledged as collateral with the FHLB as part of their lending arrangement with the Company totaled $54.8 million and $35.5 million as of March 31, 2024, and December 31, 2023, respectively. Loans are considered past due if the required principal and interest payments have not been received as of the date such payments were due. Loans are placed on nonaccrual status when, in management’s opinion, the borrower may be unable to meet payment obligations as they become due, as well as when required by regulatory provisions. When interest accrual is discontinued, all unpaid accrued interest is reversed. Interest income is subsequently recognized only to the extent cash payments are received in excess of principal due. Loans are returned to accrual status when all principal and interest amounts contractually due are brought current and future payments are reasonably assured. The following table provides information on nonaccrual loans segregated by type at the dates indicated (in thousands): March 31, December 31, 2024 2023 Consumer real estate Secured by 1-4 family residential First deed of trust $ 159 $ 160 Second deed of trust 100 105 259 265 Commercial and industrial loans (except those secured by real estate) 22 26 Total loans $ 281 $ 291 There were no individual allowances associated with the total nonaccrual loans of $281,000 and $291,000 at March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively, that were considered collateral dependent. The Company recognized $7,000 of interest on nonaccrual loans outstanding as of March 31, 2024. Management considers the guidance in Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) 310-20 when determining whether a modification, extension, or renewal of loan constitutes a current period origination. Generally, current period renewals of credit are reunderwritten at the point of renewal and considered current period originations for purposes of the table below. As of March 31, 2024, based on the most recent analysis performed, the risk category of loans based on year of origination is as follows (in thousands): Revolving- Total 2024 2023 2022 2021 2020 Prior Revolving Term Loans March 31, 2024 Construction and land development Residential Pass $ 876 $ 5,656 $ 2,206 $ 339 $ — $ — $ — $ — $ 9,077 Special Mention — — — — — — — — — Substandard — — — — — — — — — Total Residential $ 876 $ 5,656 $ 2,206 $ 339 $ — $ — $ — $ — $ 9,077 Current period gross writeoff $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — Commercial Pass 692 6,649 14,193 10,331 224 1,081 1,267 — 34,437 Special Mention — — — — — — — — — Substandard — — — — — — — — — Total Commercial $ 692 $ 6,649 $ 14,193 $ 10,331 $ 224 $ 1,081 $ 1,267 $ — $ 34,437 Current period gross writeoff $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — Commercial real estate Owner occupied Pass 666 12,518 21,638 19,149 9,276 52,199 574 — 116,020 Special Mention — — 200 71 461 4,677 — — 5,409 Substandard — — — — — — — — — Total Owner occupied $ 666 $ 12,518 $ 21,838 $ 19,220 $ 9,737 $ 56,876 $ 574 $ — $ 121,429 Current period gross writeoff $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — Non-owner occupied Pass 6,692 9,425 25,419 28,243 23,337 57,626 9,856 — 160,598 Special Mention — — — 2,160 — 2,750 — — 4,910 Substandard — — — — — — — — — Total Non-owner occupied $ 6,692 $ 9,425 $ 25,419 $ 30,403 $ 23,337 $ 60,376 $ 9,856 $ — $ 165,508 Current period gross writeoff $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — Multifamily Pass 5,250 1,300 — 2,434 542 6,857 1,871 — 18,254 Special Mention — — — — — — — — — Substandard — — — — — — — — — Total Multifamily $ 5,250 $ 1,300 $ — $ 2,434 $ 542 $ 6,857 $ 1,871 $ — $ 18,254 Current period gross writeoff $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — Farmland Pass — — — — — 24 — — 24 Special Mention — — — — — — — — — Substandard — — — — — — — — — Total Farmland $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ 24 $ — $ — $ 24 Current period gross writeoff $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — Consumer real estate Home equity lines Pass — — 445 — — — 21,162 — 21,607 Special Mention — — — — — — 75 — 75 Substandard — — — — — — — — — Total Home equity lines $ — $ — $ 445 $ — $ — $ — $ 21,237 $ — $ 21,682 Current period gross writeoff $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — Secured by 1-4 family residential First deed of trust Pass 4,330 32,416 14,608 14,152 8,006 19,985 2,124 — 95,621 Special Mention — — — — — 214 — — 214 Substandard — — — — — 159 — — 159 Total First deed of trust $ 4,330 $ 32,416 $ 14,608 $ 14,152 $ 8,006 $ 20,358 $ 2,124 $ — $ 95,994 Current period gross writeoff $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — Second deed of trust Pass 593 4,485 3,088 1,009 388 1,572 522 — 11,657 Special Mention 88 — — — — 110 — — 198 Substandard — — — — — 100 — — 100 Total Second deed of trust $ 681 $ 4,485 $ 3,088 $ 1,009 $ 388 $ 1,782 $ 522 $ $ 11,955 Current period gross writeoff $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — Commercial and industrial loans (except those secured by real estate) Pass 6,036 18,185 15,095 13,837 5,313 5,903 27,757 — 92,126 Special Mention — 34 — — — 49 369 — 452 Substandard — — — — 11 11 — — 22 Total Commercial and industrial $ 6,036 $ 18,219 $ 15,095 $ 13,837 $ 5,324 $ 5,963 $ 28,126 $ — $ 92,600 Current period gross writeoff $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — Guaranteed student loans Pass — — — — — 15,782 — — 15,782 Special Mention — — — — — — — — — Substandard — — — — — — — — — Total Guaranteed student loans $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ 15,782 $ — $ — $ 15,782 Current period gross writeoff $ 6 $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — Consumer and other Pass 242 424 403 107 38 22 3,360 — 4,596 Special Mention — — — — — — — — — Substandard — — — — — — — — — Total Consumer and other $ 242 $ 424 $ 403 $ 107 $ 38 $ 22 $ 3,360 $ $ 4,596 Current period gross writeoff $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — Total Current period gross writeoff $ 6 $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — Total loans $ 25,465 $ 91,092 $ 97,295 $ 91,832 $ 47,596 $ 169,121 $ 68,937 $ — $ 591,338 The following table presents the aging of the recorded investment in past due loans and leases as of the dates indicated (in thousands): Greater Investment > 30 ‑ 59 Days 60 ‑ 89 Days Than Total Past Total 90 Days and Past Due Past Due 90 Days Due Current Loans Accruing March 31, 2024 Construction and land development Residential $ — $ — $ — $ — $ 9,077 $ 9,077 $ — Commercial — — — — 34,437 34,437 — — — — — 43,514 43,514 — Commercial real estate Owner occupied — — — — 121,429 121,429 — Non-owner occupied — — — — 165,508 165,508 — Multifamily — — — — 18,254 18,254 — Farmland — — — — 24 24 — — — — — 305,215 305,215 — Consumer real estate Home equity lines 247 — — 247 21,435 21,682 — Secured by 1‑4 family residential First deed of trust 174 — — 174 95,820 95,994 — Second deed of trust — — — — 11,955 11,955 — 421 — — 421 129,210 129,631 — Commercial and industrial loans (except those secured by real estate) 719 49 375 1,143 91,457 92,600 375 Guaranteed student loans 588 342 2,200 3,130 12,652 15,782 2,200 Consumer and other — — — — 4,596 4,596 — Total loans $ 1,728 $ 391 $ 2,575 $ 4,694 $ 586,644 $ 591,338 $ 2,575 Recorded Greater Investment > 30-59 Days 60-89 Days Than Total Past Total 90 Days and Past Due Past Due 90 Days Due Current Loans Accruing December 31, 2023 Construction and land development Residential $ — $ — $ — $ — $ 10,471 $ 10,471 $ — Commercial — — — — 37,024 37,024 — — — — — 47,495 47,495 — Commercial real estate Owner occupied — — — — 122,666 122,666 — Non-owner occupied — — — — 154,855 154,855 — Multifamily — — — — 12,743 12,743 — Farmland — — — — 326 326 — — — — — 290,590 290,590 — Consumer real estate Home equity lines 83 25 — 108 21,449 21,557 — Secured by 1-4 family residential First deed of trust — — — — 95,638 95,638 — Second deed of trust 33 — — 33 11,304 11,337 — 116 25 — 141 128,391 128,532 — Commercial and industrial loans (except those secured by real estate) — — — — 86,203 86,203 — Guaranteed student loans 690 493 2,228 3,411 14,512 17,923 2,228 Consumer and other 734 — — 734 3,531 4,265 — Total loans $ 1,540 $ 518 $ 2,228 $ 4,286 $ 570,722 $ 575,008 $ 2,228 Loans greater than 90 days past due consist of student loans that are guaranteed by the DOE which covers approximately 98% of the principal and interest. Accordingly, these loans will not be placed on nonaccrual status and are not considered to be impaired. Loans that are individually evaluated for credit losses are limited to loans that have specific risk characteristics that are not shared by other loans and based on current information and events it is probable the Company will be unable to collect all amounts when due in accordance with the original contractual terms of the loan agreement, including scheduled principal and interest payments. The repayment of these loans is expected to be substantially through the operations or the sale of the collateral. The allowance for credit losses on loans that are individually evaluated will be measured based on the fair value of the collateral either through operations or the sale of the collateral. When repayment is expected through the sale of the collateral, the allowance will be based on the fair value of the collateral less estimated costs to sell. Collateral dependent loans, or portions thereof, are charged off when deemed uncollectible. Collateral dependent loans are set forth in the following table as of the dates indicated (in thousands): March 31, 2024 December 31, 2023 Unpaid Unpaid Recorded Principal Related Recorded Principal Related Investment Balance Allowance Investment Balance Allowance With no related allowance recorded Secured by 1‑4 family residential First deed of trust $ 159 $ 159 $ — $ 160 $ 160 $ — Second deed of trust 100 100 — 105 105 — 259 259 — 265 265 — Commercial and industrial loans (except those secured by real estate) 22 22 — 26 26 — 281 281 — 291 291 — Total Secured by 1-4 family residential, First deed of trust 159 159 — 160 160 — Second deed of trust 100 100 — 105 105 — 259 259 — 265 265 — Commercial and industrial loans (except those secured by real estate) 22 22 — 26 26 — Consumer and other — — — — — — $ 281 $ 281 $ — $ 291 $ 291 $ — The following is a summary of average recorded investment in collateral dependent loans with and without a valuation allowance and interest income recognized on those loans for the periods indicated (in thousands): For the Three Months Ended For the Three Months Ended March 31, 2024 March 31, 2023 Average Interest Average Interest Recorded Income Recorded Income Investment Recognized Investment Recognized With no related allowance recorded Commercial real estate Owner occupied $ — $ — $ 3,468 $ 16 Non-owner occupied — — 496 — — — 3,964 16 Consumer real estate Home equity lines — — 300 6 Secured by 1-4 family residential First deed of trust 160 2 1,394 2 Second deed of trust 103 5 186 1 263 7 1,880 9 Commercial and industrial loans (except those secured by real estate) 23 — 54 1 286 7 5,898 26 With an allowance recorded Commercial real estate Owner occupied — — 191 — — — 191 — Consumer real estate Secured by 1-4 family residential First deed of trust — — 86 — Second deed of trust — — 8 — — — 94 — Consumer and other — — 16 — — — 301 — Total Commercial real estate Owner occupied — — 3,659 16 Non-owner occupied — — 496 — — — 4,155 16 Consumer real estate Home equity lines — — 300 6 Secured by 1-4 family residential, First deed of trust 160 2 1,480 2 Second deed of trust 103 5 194 1 263 7 1,974 9 Commercial and industrial loans (except those secured by real estate) 23 — 54 1 Consumer and other — — 16 — $ 286 $ 7 $ 6,199 $ 26 Loan Modifications to Borrowers in Financial Difficulty As part of its credit risk management, the Company may modify a loan agreement with a borrower experiencing financial difficulties through a refinancing or restructuring of the borrower’s loan agreement. There were no modified loans identified during the three months ended March 31, 2024 and March 31, 2023. In accordance with ASC 326, the Company has segmented its loan portfolio based on similar risk characteristics by call report code. The Company’s forecast of estimated expected losses is based on a twelve-month forecast of the national rate of unemployment and external observations of historical loan losses. The Company uses the Federal Open Market Committee’s projection of unemployment for its reasonable and supportable forecasting of current expected credit losses. For the periods beyond the reasonable and supportable forecast period, projections of expected credit losses are based on a reversion to the long-run mean for the national unemployment rate. To further adjust the allowance for credit losses for expected losses not already included within the quantitative component of the calculation, the Company may consider the following qualitative adjustment factors: changes in lending policies and procedures including changes in underwriting standards, and collections, charge-offs, and recovery practices, changes in international, national, regional, and local conditions, changes in the nature and volume of the portfolio and terms of loans, changes in experience, depth, and ability of lending management, changes in the volume and severity of past due loans and other similar conditions, changes in the quality of the organization’s loan review system, changes in the value of underlying collateral for collateral dependent loans, the existence and effect of any concentrations of credit and changes in the levels of such concentrations, and the effect of other external factors (i.e. competition, legal and regulatory requirements) on the level of estimated credit losses. Activity in the allowance for credit losses on loans is as follows for the periods indicated (in thousands): Provision for Beginning (Recovery of) Ending Balance Credit Losses Charge-offs Recoveries Balance Three Months Ended March 31, 2024 Construction and land development Residential $ 86 $ (29) $ — $ — $ 57 Commercial 228 (26) — — 202 314 (55) — — 259 Commercial real estate Owner occupied 409 28 — — 437 Non-owner occupied 1,467 129 — — 1,596 Multifamily 44 42 — — 86 Farmland 3 (3) — — — 1,923 196 — — 2,119 Consumer real estate Home equity lines 40 (18) — 10 32 Secured by 1-4 family residential — First deed of trust 293 4 — 1 298 Second deed of trust 99 (6) — 5 98 432 (20) — 16 428 Commercial and industrial loans (except those secured by real estate) 640 22 — 4 666 Student loans 57 4 (6) — 55 Consumer and other 36 — — — 36 Unallocated 21 (10) — — 11 $ 3,423 $ 137 $ (6) $ 20 $ 3,574 Impact of Provision for Beginning adopting (Recovery of) Ending Balance ASC 326 Credit Losses Charge-offs Recoveries Balance Three Months Ended March 31, 2023 Construction and land development Residential $ 79 $ 3 $ (31) $ — $ — $ 51 Commercial 192 34 38 — — 264 271 37 7 — — 315 Commercial real estate Owner occupied 867 (475) (1) — — 391 Non-owner occupied 1,289 192 (21) — — 1,460 Multifamily 33 7 — — — 40 Farmland — — — — — — 2,189 (276) (22) — — 1,891 Consumer real estate Home equity lines 11 24 (2) — — 33 Secured by 1-4 family residential — First deed of trust 131 76 6 — 1 214 Second deed of trust 43 25 5 — 2 75 185 125 9 — 3 322 Commercial and industrial loans (except those secured by real estate) 576 1 (34) — 6 549 Student loans 52 — 63 (3) — 112 Consumer and other 37 (5) 2 — — 34 Unallocated 60 (9) (2) — — 49 $ 3,370 $ (127) $ 23 $ (3) $ 9 $ 3,272 Impact of Provision for Beginning adopting (Recovery of) Ending Balance ASC 326 Loan Losses Charge-offs Recoveries Balance Year Ended December 31, 2023 Construction and land development Residential $ 79 $ 3 $ 4 $ — $ — $ 86 Commercial 192 34 2 — — 228 271 37 6 — — 314 Commercial real estate Owner occupied 867 (475) 17 — — 409 Non-owner occupied 1,289 192 (14) — — 1,467 Multifamily 33 7 4 — — 44 Farmland — — 3 — — 3 2,189 (276) 10 — — 1,923 Consumer real estate Home equity lines 11 24 5 — — 40 Secured by 1-4 family residential First deed of trust 131 76 83 — 3 293 Second deed of trust 43 25 15 — 16 99 185 125 103 — 19 432 Commercial and industrial loans (except those secured by real estate) 576 1 (110) — 173 640 Student loans 52 — 35 (30) — 57 Consumer and other 37 (5) 7 (3) — 36 Unallocated 60 (9) (30) — — 21 $ 3,370 $ (127) $ 21 $ (33) $ 192 $ 3,423 Loans are required to be measured at amortized costs and to be presented at the net amount expected to be collected. Off balance sheet credit exposures, including loan commitments, are not recorded on balance sheet, but expected credit losses arising from off balance sheet credit exposures are recorded as a reserve for unfunded commitments and reported in Other Liabilities. Credit losses on available for sale debt securities are accounted for as an allowance for credit losses, which is a valuation account that is deducted from the amortized cost basis of the financial asset to present the net carrying value and the amount expected to be collected on the financial assets. The allowance for credit losses on loans, available for sale debt securities and the reserve for unfunded commitments are established through a provision for credit losses charged against earnings. The following table presents a breakdown of the provision for credit losses for the periods indicated (in thousands): Three Months Ended March 31, 2024 2023 Provision for credit losses: Provision for loans $ 137 $ 23 Provision (recovery) for unfunded commitments 13 (23) Total $ 150 $ — As of March 31, 2024, the allowance for credit losses was $3.89 million and included an allowance for credit losses on loans of $3.57 million and a reserve for unfunded commitments of $320,000. The Company recorded a provision for credit losses for loans of $136,700 for the three months ended March 31, 2024, which was the result of loan growth as all credit metrics remained strong compared to year-end 2023. Non-performing loans as a percentage of loans decreased from 0.12% at March 31, 2023 to 0.05% at March 31, 2024. The Company recorded a provision for credit losses for unfunded commitments of $13,300 for the three months ended March 31, 2024, which was driven by an increase in the total commitments outstanding at March 31, 2024. The allowance for credit losses on loans to total loans ratio at the Company is 0.60% compared to the peer average of 1.11%, management considers this level of allowance sufficient and appropriate based on the current asset quality and assessment of the Company’s loan portfolio. As of March 31, 2023, the allowance for credit losses was $3.53 million and included an allowance for credit losses on loans of $3.27 million and a reserve for unfunded commitments of $254,000. The provision for credit for loans was driven by the increase in loan balances at March 31, 2023, while the recovery of credit losses for unfunded commitments was a result of the reduction in the total balance outstanding at March 31, 2023. The lack of an overall provision for credit losses was driven by stable local economic conditions and credit quality remaining strong. While higher inflation and the speed at which interest rates have been rising remain a risk to credit quality, we believe our current level of allowance for credit losses is sufficient. Loans were evaluated for credit losses as follows for the periods indicated (in thousands): Recorded Investment in Loans Allowance Loans Ending Ending Balance Individually Collectively Balance Individually Collectively Three Months Ended March 31, 2024 Construction and land development Residential $ 57 $ — $ 57 $ 9,077 $ — $ 9,077 Commercial 202 — 202 34,437 — 34,437 259 — 259 43,514 — 43,514 Commercial real estate Owner occupied 437 — 437 121,429 — 121,429 Non-owner occupied 1,596 — 1,596 165,508 — 165,508 Multifamily 86 — 86 18,254 — 18,254 Farmland — — — 24 — 24 2,119 — 2,119 305,215 — 305,215 Consumer real estate Home equity lines 32 — 32 21,682 — 21,682 Secured by 1-4 family residential First deed of trust 298 — 298 95,994 159 95,835 Second deed of trust 98 — 98 11,955 100 11,855 428 — 428 129,631 259 129,372 Commercial and industrial loans (except those secured by real estate) 666 — 666 92,600 22 92,578 Student loans 55 — 55 15,782 — 15,782 Consumer and other 47 — 47 4,596 — 4,596 $ 3,574 $ — $ 3,574 $ 591,338 $ 281 $ 591,057 Year Ended December 31, 2023 Construction and land development Residential $ 86 $ — $ 86 $ 10,471 $ — $ 10,471 Commercial 228 — 228 37,024 — 37,024 314 — 314 47,495 — 47,495 Commercial real estate Owner occupied 409 — 409 122,666 — 122,666 Non-owner occupied 1,467 — 1,467 154,855 — 154,855 Multifamily 44 — 44 12,743 — 12,743 Farmland 3 — 3 326 — 326 1,923 — 1,923 290,590 — 290,590 Consumer real estate Home equity lines 40 — 40 21,557 — 21,557 Secured by 1-4 family residential First deed of trust 293 — 293 95,638 160 95,478 Second deed of trust 99 — 99 11,337 105 11,232 432 — 432 128,532 265 128,267 Commercial and industrial loans (except those secured by real estate) 640 — 640 86,203 26 86,177 Student loans 57 — 57 17,923 — 17,923 Consumer and other 57 — 57 4,265 — 4,265 $ 3,423 $ — $ 3,423 $ 575,008 $ 291 $ 574,717 |