Loans | Note E — Loans The Company has several lending lines of business including: small business comprised primarily of SBA loans; direct lease financing primarily for commercial vehicles and to a lesser extent equipment; SBLOC collateralized by marketable securities; IBLOC collateralized by the cash value of eligible life insurance policies; and investment advisor financing for purposes of debt refinance, acquisition of another firm or internal succession . Prior to 2020, the Company also originated commercial real estate loans for sale into securitizations or to secondary government guaranteed loan markets. At origination, the Company elected fair value treatment for these loans as they were originally held-for-sale, to better reflect the economics of the transactions. Currently, the Company intends to hold these loans on its balance sheet, and thus no longer classifies these loans as held-for-sale. The Company continues to present these loans at fair value. At December 31, 2022 and 2021, the fair value of these loans was $ 589.1 million and $ 1.39 billion, respectively, and the amortized cost was $ 589.8 million and $ 1.39 billion, respectively. Included in the “Net realized and unrealized gains (losses) on commercial loans (at fair value)” in the consolidated statement of operations were net changes in fair value of such loans resulting in an unrealized loss of $ 6.1 million in 2022, an unrealized gain of $ 285,000 in 2021 and an unrealized loss of $ 3.6 million in 2020. These amounts include unrealized credit related losses of $ 7.7 million, $ 201,000 and $ 1.0 million, respectively, in 2022, 2021 and 2020. Interest earned on loans held at fair value during the period held is recorded in Interest Income – Loans, including fees in the consolidated statements of operations. Included in the $ 6.1 million loss in 2022 was a $ 4.0 million third quarter unrealized loss to reflect a write-down to a September 2022 appraisal, less estimated disposition costs, of a $ 9.5 million loan. The loan, collateralized by a movie theater, had been current and performing but missed its August 2022 payment, and the tenant ceased operations in that month. Additionally, during the third quarter of 2022, the parent company of the theater chain declared bankruptcy and filed a motion to reject the lease at the property. The loan was previously measured based on its scheduled contractual cash flows, discounted at a market rate. However, based on the events occurring during the third quarter and the likelihood of foreclosure, the estimated fair value of the loan at September 30, 2022 was determined to equal the fair value of the theater based on the aforementioned new appraisal, less the estimated cost of disposition. In the fourth quarter of 2022, foreclosure occurred, and the loan was transferred to other real estate owned. Accordingly, at December 31, 2022 the property was recorded at $ 4.7 in other real estate owned on the balance sheet based upon its new appraised value. The loan represented the only movie theater loan in the Company’s portfolios and was originated in 2015, before non-SBA commercial loan originations were primarily comprised of apartment building loans. Of the $ 2.11 billion of non-SBA commercial loans, at fair value and REBL loans which together comprise the non-SBA CRE portfolios, $ 2.02 billion are comprised of apartment building loans. In the third quarter of 2021, the Company resumed the origination of such loans which it also intends to hold for investment and which are accounted for at amortized cost. They are captioned as real estate bridge lending, (“REBL”) as they are transitional commercial mortgage loans which are made to improve and rehabilitate existing properties which already have cash flow. The Bank pledged the majority of its loans held for investment at amortized cost and commercial loans, at fair value to either the Federal Home Loan Bank or the Federal Reserve Bank for lines of credit with those institutions. The Federal Home Loan Bank line is periodically utilized to manage liquidity, but the Federal Reserve line had historically not been used prior to the pandemic. However, in light of the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, the Federal Reserve has encouraged banks to utilize their lines to maximize the amount of funding available for credit markets. Accordingly, the Bank has periodically borrowed against its Federal Reserve line on an overnight basis. The amount of loans pledged varies and the collateral may be unpledged at any time to the extent the collateral exceeds advances. The lines are maintained consistent with the Bank’s liquidity policy which maximizes potential liquidity. At December 31, 2022, $ 2.00 billion of loans were pledged to the Federal Reserve and $ 1.30 billion of loans were pledged to the Federal Home Loan Bank. There were no balances against these lines at that date. Prior to 2020, the Company sponsored the structuring of commercial mortgage loan securitizations, and in 2020, the Company decided not to pursue additional securitizations. The loans previously sold to the commercial mortgage-backed securitizations were transitional commercial mortgage loans made to improve and rehabilitate existing properties which already have cash flow. Servicing rights were not retained. Each of the securitizations is considered a variable interest entity of which the Company is not the primary beneficiary. Further, true sale accounting has been applicable to each of the securitizations, as supported by a review performed by an independent third-party consultant. In each of the securitizations, the Company obtained a tranche of certificates which are accounted for as available-for-sale debt securities. The securities were recorded at fair value at acquisition, which was determined by an independent third-party based on the discounted cash flow method using unobservable (level 3) inputs. Of the six securities the Company owned resulting from these securitizations all have been repaid except those from CRE-2. As of December 31, 2022, the principal balance of the security the Company owned issued by CRE-2 was $ 12.6 million. Repayment is expected from the workout or disposition of commercial real estate collateral, after repayment of the one remaining senior tranche. The $ 12.6 million security has 50 % excess credit support; thus, losses of 50 % of remaining security balances would have to be incurred, prior to any loss on the Company’s security. Additionally, the commercial real estate collateral properties supporting the three remaining loans were re-appraised between 2020 and 2022. The updated appraised value is approximately $ 57.3 million, net of $ 1.7 million due to the servicer. The remaining principal to be repaid on all securities is approximately $ 58.1 million and, as noted, the security is scheduled to be repaid prior to 50 % of the outstanding securities. However, any future reappraisals could result in further decreases in collateral valuation. While available information indicates that the value of existing collateral will be adequate to repay the security, there can be no assurance that such valuations will be realized upon loan resolutions, and that deficiencies will not exceed the 50 % credit support. Of the remaining three loans, the property collateral for two of the loans is expected to be liquidated through sale. The third loan was originally extended two years to June of 2022 and terms have not yet been reached for another extension, thus putting the loan in maturity default. If not extended by the special servicer, the property will be foreclosed and sold. The property was appraised at $ 25.9 million July 2022 with total exposure in the security of $ 25.0 million. A recent broker opinion of property liquidation value was $ 20.9 million. The existing 50 % credit enhancement continues to provide repayment protection for the Company owned tranche while the servicer continues to advance interest, keeping the CRE-2 security current. The Company analyzes credit risk prior to making loans, on an individual loan basis. The Company considers relevant aspects of the borrowers’ financial position and cash flow, past borrower performance, management’s knowledge of market conditions, collateral and the ratio of the loan amount to estimated collateral value in making its credit determinations. For SBLOC the Company relies on the market value of the underlying securities collateral as adjusted by margin requirements, generally 50 % for equities and 80 % for investment grade securities. For IBLOC, the Company relies on the cash value of insurance policy collateral. Major classifications of loans, excluding commercial loans, at fair value, are as follows (in thousands): December 31, December 31, 2022 2021 SBL non-real estate $ 108,954 $ 147,722 SBL commercial mortgage 474,496 361,171 SBL construction 30,864 27,199 Small business loans 614,314 536,092 Direct lease financing 632,160 531,012 SBLOC / IBLOC * 2,332,469 1,929,581 Advisor financing ** 172,468 115,770 Real estate bridge lending 1,669,031 621,702 Other loans*** 61,679 5,014 5,482,121 3,739,171 Unamortized loan fees and costs 4,732 8,053 Total loans, net of unamortized loan fees and costs $ 5,486,853 $ 3,747,224 December 31, December 31, 2022 2021 SBL loans, including costs net of deferred fees of $ 7,327 and $ 5,345 for December 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, respectively $ 621,641 $ 541,437 SBL loans included in commercial loans, at fair value 146,717 199,585 Total small business loans **** $ 768,358 $ 741,022 * Securities Backed Lines of Credit, or SBLOC, are collateralized by marketable securities, while Insurance Backed Lines of Credit, or IBLOC, are collateralized by the cash surrender value of life insurance policies. At December 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, respectively, IBLOC loans amounted to $ 1.12 billion and $ 788.3 million. ** In 2020, the Bank began originating loans to investment advisors for purposes of debt refinance, acquisition of another firm or internal succession. Maximum loan amounts are subject to 70 % of the estimated business enterprise value, based on a third-party valuation, but may be increased depending upon the debt service coverage ratio. Personal guarantees and blanket business liens are obtained as appropriate. *** Included in the table above under Other loans are demand deposit overdrafts reclassified as loan balances totaling $ 2.6 million and $ 322,000 at December 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, respectively. Estimated overdraft charge-offs and recoveries are reflected in the allowance for credit losses and have been immaterial. December 31, 2022 includes $ 50.4 million of balances previously included in discontinued assets, including $ 18.8 million of residential mortgage loans, with the balance comprised of commercial loans. **** The small business loans held at fair value are comprised of the government guaranteed portion of SBA 7a loans at the dates indicated (in thousands). The following table provides information about loans individually evaluated for credit loss at December 31, 2022 and 2021 (in thousands): December 31, 2022 Recorded investment Unpaid principal balance Related allowance Average recorded investment Interest income recognized Without an allowance recorded SBL non-real estate $ 400 $ 2,762 $ — $ 388 $ — SBL commercial mortgage — — — 45 — Direct lease financing — — — 52 — Legacy commercial real estate 3,552 3,552 — 1,421 150 Consumer - home equity 295 295 — 306 9 With an allowance recorded SBL non-real estate 974 974 ( 525 ) 1,237 7 SBL commercial mortgage 1,423 1,423 ( 441 ) 1,090 — SBL construction 3,386 3,386 ( 153 ) 1,245 — Direct lease financing 3,550 3,550 ( 933 ) 710 — Other loans 692 692 ( 15 ) 1,923 — Total SBL non-real estate 1,374 3,736 ( 525 ) 1,625 7 SBL commercial mortgage 1,423 1,423 ( 441 ) 1,135 — SBL construction 3,386 3,386 ( 153 ) 1,245 — Direct lease financing 3,550 3,550 ( 933 ) 762 — Legacy commercial real estate and Other loans 4,244 4,244 ( 15 ) 3,344 150 Consumer - home equity 295 295 — 306 9 $ 14,272 $ 16,634 $ ( 2,067 ) $ 8,417 $ 166 December 31, 2021 Recorded investment Unpaid principal balance Related allowance Average recorded investment Interest income recognized Without an allowance recorded SBL non-real estate $ 409 $ 3,414 $ — $ 412 $ 5 SBL commercial mortgage 223 246 — 1,717 — Direct lease financing 254 254 — 430 — Consumer - home equity 320 320 — 458 8 With an allowance recorded SBL non-real estate 1,478 1,478 ( 829 ) 2,267 13 SBL commercial mortgage 589 589 ( 115 ) 2,634 — SBL construction 710 710 ( 34 ) 711 — Direct lease financing — — — 132 — Consumer - other — — — 5 — Total SBL non-real estate 1,887 4,892 ( 829 ) 2,679 18 SBL commercial mortgage 812 835 ( 115 ) 4,351 — SBL construction 710 710 ( 34 ) 711 — Direct lease financing 254 254 — 562 — Consumer - other — — — 5 — Consumer - home equity 320 320 — 458 8 $ 3,983 $ 7,011 $ ( 978 ) $ 8,766 $ 26 The l oan r eview department recommend s n on-accrual status for loans to the surveillance committee, where interest income appears to be uncollectible or a protracted delay in collection becomes evident. The surveillance committee further vets and approves the non-accrual status. The following table summarizes non-accrual loans with and without an allowance for credit losses (“ACL”) as of the periods indicated (in thousands): December 31, 2022 December 31, 2021 Non-accrual loans with a related ACL Non-accrual loans without a related ACL Total non-accrual loans Total non-accrual loans SBL non-real estate $ 849 $ 400 $ 1,249 $ 1,313 SBL commercial mortgage 1,423 — 1,423 812 SBL construction 3,386 — 3,386 710 Direct leasing 3,550 — 3,550 254 Other loans 692 — 692 — Consumer - home equity — 56 56 72 $ 9,900 $ 456 $ 10,356 $ 3,161 The Company had $ 21.2 million of other real estate owned at December 31, 2022 , and $ 18.9 million of other real estate owned at December 31, 2021. The following table summarizes the Company’s non-accrual loans, loans past due 90 days or more, and other real estate owned at December 31, 2022, and 2021, respectively: December 31, 2022 2021 (in thousands) Non-accrual loans SBL non-real estate $ 1,249 $ 1,313 SBL commercial mortgage 1,423 812 SBL construction 3,386 710 Direct leasing 3,550 254 Other loans 692 — Consumer - home equity 56 72 Total non-accrual loans 10,356 3,161 Loans past due 90 days or more and still accruing 7,775 461 Total non-performing loans 18,131 3,622 Other real estate owned 21,210 18,873 Total non-performing assets $ 39,341 $ 22,495 Of the $ 10.4 million of nonaccrual loans at December 31, 2022, $ 3.1 million were guaranteed under various SBA loan programs, with the majority of such loans classified as nonaccrual in the fourth quarter of 2022. The majority of the balance of the nonaccrual increase in 2022, also occurred in the fourth quarter and reflected one leasing relationship for $ 3.1 million representing 78 vehicles. A specific reserve of $ 630,000 in the allowance for credit losses was established in that quarter based upon a deficiency between the carrying value and estimated market value of those vehicles. The increase in loans past due 90 days and still accruing reflects $ 2.0 million for an IBLOC loan which is in process of pay-off from the cash value of life insurance, and $ 878,000 from an SBLOC loan which was brought current in January 2023. To the extent that IBLOC loans become non-performing or are not repaid by borrowers, the Bank can utilize the cash value of related life insurance collateral for loan repayment. Similarly, marketable securities collateralizing SBLOC loans may be sold to repay those loans. Interest which would have been earned on loans classified as non-accrual at December 31, 2022 and 2021, was $ 224,000 and $ 186,000 , respectively. No income on non-accrual loans was recognized during 2022 or 2021. In 2022, $ 139,000 of SBL commercial mortgage, $ 109,000 of SBL construction, $ 100,000 of SBL non-real estate, and $ 23,000 of direct leasing were reversed from interest income, which represented interest accrued on loans placed into non-accrual status during the period. In 2021, $ 26,000 of SBL commercial mortgage, $ 8,000 of SBL non-real estate, and $ 5,000 of direct leasing were reversed from interest income, which represented interest accrued on loans placed into non-accrual status during the period. Material amounts of non-accrual interest reversals are charged to the allowance for credit losses, but such amounts were not material in either 2022 or 2021. The Company’s loans that were modified as of December 31, 2022 and 2021 and considered troubled debt restructurings are as follows (in thousands): December 31, 2022 December 31, 2021 Number Pre-modification recorded investment Post-modification recorded investment Number Pre-modification recorded investment Post-modification recorded investment SBL non-real estate 8 $ 650 $ 650 9 $ 1,231 $ 1,231 SBL commercial mortgage 1 834 834 — — — Legacy commercial real estate 1 3,552 3,552 — — — Consumer - home equity 1 239 239 1 248 248 Total (1) 11 $ 5,275 $ 5,275 10 $ 1,479 $ 1,479 (1) Troubled debt restructurings include non-accrual loans of $ 1.4 million and $ 656,000 at December 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, respectively. The balances below provide information as to how the loans were modified as troubled debt restructured loans at December 31, 2022 and 2021 (in thousands): December 31, 2022 December 31, 2021 Adjusted interest rate Extended maturity Combined rate and maturity Adjusted interest rate Extended maturity Combined rate and maturity SBL non-real estate $ — $ — $ 650 $ — $ — $ 1,231 SBL commercial mortgage — — 834 — — — Legacy commercial real estate — — 3,552 — — — Consumer - home equity — — 239 — — 248 Total (1) $ — $ — $ 5,275 $ — $ — $ 1,479 (1) Troubled debt restructurings include non-accrual loans of $ 1.4 million and $ 656,000 at December 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, respectively. The Company had no commitments to extend additional credit to loans classified as troubled debt restructurings as of either December 31, 2022 or 2021 . When loans are classified as troubled debt restructurings, the Company estimates the value of underlying collateral and repayment sources. A specific reserve in the allowance for credit losses is established if the collateral valuation, less estimated disposition costs, is lower than the recorded loan value. The amount of the specific reserve serves to increase the provision for credit losses in the quarter the loan is classified as a troubled debt restructuring . As of December 31, 2022, there were eleven troubled debt restructured loans with a balance of $ 5.3 million which had specific reserves of $ 637,000 . Substantially all of these reserves related to the non-guaranteed portion of SBA loans for start-up businesses. The following table summarizes loans that were restructured within the 12 months ended December 31, 2022 that have subsequently defaulted (in thousands). December 31, 2022 Number Pre-modification recorded investment SBL non-real estate 3 $ 1,029 Total 3 $ 1,029 Management estimates the allowance for credit losses using relevant available internal and external historical loan performance information, current economic conditions, and reasonable and supportable forecasts. Historical credit loss experience provides the initial basis for the estimation of expected credit losses over the estimated remaining life of the loans. The methodology used in the estimation of the allowance, which is performed at least quarterly, is designed to be responsive to changes in portfolio credit quality and the impact of current and future economic conditions on loan performance. The review of the appropriateness of the allowance is performed by the Chief Credit Officer and presented to the Audit Committee of the Company’s Board of Directors for their review. With the exception of SBLOC and IBLOC, which utilize probability of loss/loss given default, and the other loan category, which uses discounted cash flow to determine a reserve, the allowances for other categories are determined by establishing reserves on loan pools with similar risk characteristics based on a lifetime loss-rate model, or vintage analysis, as described in the following paragraph. Loans that do not share risk characteristics are evaluated on an individual basis. If foreclosure is believed to be probable or repayment is expected from the sale of the collateral, a reserve for deficiency is established within the allowance. Those reserves are estimated based on the difference between loan principal and the estimated fair value of the collateral, adjusted for estimated disposition costs . Except for SBLOC, IBLOC and other loans as noted above, for purposes of determining the pool-basis reserve, the loans not assigned an individual reserve are segregated by product type, to recognize differing risk characteristics within portfolio segments, and an average historical loss rate is calculated for each product type. Loss rates are computed by classifying net charge-offs by year of loan origin, and dividing into total originations for that specific year. This methodology is referred to as vintage analysis. The average loss rate is then projected over the estimated remaining loan lives unique to each loan pool, to determine estimated lifetime losses. For SBLOC and IBLOC, since significant losses have not been incurred, probability of loss/loss given default considerations are utilized. For the other loan category discounted cash flow is utilized to determine a reserve. For all loan pools the Company considers the need for an additional allowance based upon qualitative factors such as the Company’s current loan performance statistics as determined by pool. These qualitative factors are intended to account for forward looking expectations over a twelve to eighteen month period not reflected in historical loss rates and otherwise unaccounted for in the quantitative process. Accordingly, such factors may increase or decrease the allowance compared to historical loss rates as the Company’s forward looking expectations change. The qualitative factor percentages are applied against the pool balances as of the end of the period. Aside from the qualitative adjustments to account for forward looking expectations of loss over a twelve to eighteen month projection period, the balance of the allowance reverts directly to the Company’s quantitative analysis derived from its historical loss rates. The qualitative and historical loss rate component, together with the allowances on specific loans, comprise the total allowances for credit losses. A similar process is employed to calculate an allowance assigned to off-balance sheet commitments, which are comprised of unfunded loan commitments and letters of credit. That allowance for unfunded commitments is recorded in other liabilities. Even though portions of the allowance may be allocated to loans that have been individually measured for credit deterioration, the entire allowance is available for any credit that, in management’s judgment, should be charged off . At December 31, 2022, the allowance for off-balance sheet commitments amounted to $ 2.8 million and the allowance for credit losses amounted to $ 22.4 million for total allowances of $ 25.1 million. Of the $ 25.1 million, $ 10.0 million of allowances resulted from the Company’s historical charge-off ratios, $ 2.1 million from reserves on specific loans, with the balance comprised of the qualitative component. The $ 10.0 million resulted primarily from SBA non-real estate and leasing charge-offs. The higher proportion of qualitative reserve compared to charge-off history related reserves reflects that charge-offs have not been experienced in the Company’s largest loan portfolios consisting of SBLOC and IBLOC and real estate bridge lending. The absence of significant charge-offs reflects, at least in part, the nature of related collateral respectively consisting of marketable securities, the cash value of life insurance and workforce apartment buildings. As charge-offs are nonetheless possible, significant subjectivity is required to consider qualitative factors to derive the related component of the allowance. The Company ranks its qualitative factors in five levels: minimal, low, moderate, moderate-high and high risk. The individual qualitative factors for each portfolio segment have their own scale based on an analysis of that segment. A high risk ranking has the greatest impact on the allowance calculation with each level below having a lesser impact on a sliding scale. The qualitative factors used for each portfolio are described below in the description of each portfolio segment. When the Company adopted CECL as of January 1, 2020, the management assumption was that some degree of economic slowdown should be considered over the next eighteen months. That belief reflected the length of the current economic expansion and the relatively high level of unsustainable U.S. government deficit spending. Accordingly, certain of the Company’s qualitative factors were set at moderate as of January 1, 2020. Based on the uncertainty as to how the COVID-19 pandemic would impact the Company’s loan pools, the Company increased other qualitative factors to moderate and moderate high in 2020. In the second quarter of 2021, the Company reassessed these factors and reversed increases to moderate-high for certain pools, based upon increased vaccination rates and significant reopening of the economy. As a result of continuing economic uncertainty, including heightened inflation and increased risks of recession, the qualitative factors which had been set in anticipation of a downturn at January 1, 2020, were maintained through the third quarter of 2022. In the fourth quarter of 2022, as risks of a recession increased, the economic qualitative risk factor was increased for non-real estate SBL and leasing. The Company has not increased qualitative risk levels for SBLOC or IBLOC because of the nature of related collateral. SBLOC loans are subject to maximum loan to marketable securities value, and notwithstanding historic drops in the stock market in recent years, losses have not been realized. IBLOC loans are limited to borrowers with insurance companies which exceed credit requirements, and are limited to life insurance cash values. The Company also decided not to increase the economic factor for real estate bridge lending. While Federal Reserve rate increases directly increase real estate bridge loan floating rate borrowing costs, borrowers are required to purchase interest rate caps that will partially limit the increase in borrowing costs during the term of the loan. Additionally, there continues to be several additional mitigating factors within the multifamily sector that will continue to fuel demand. Higher interest rates are increasing the cost to purchase a home, which in turn is increasing the number of renters and subsequent demand for multifamily. The softening demand for new homes should continue to exacerbate the current housing shortage, and therefore continue to fuel demand for multifamily apartment homes. Additionally, higher rents in the multifamily sector are causing renters to be more price sensitive, which is driving demand for most of the apartment buildings within the company’s loan portfolio which management considers “workforce” housing. As a result, the REBL qualitative economic factor was not increased. Officers and lenders have considered potential risks resulting from inflation and identified a risk specific to the leasing function. Inflation in fuel prices poses a risk to the Company’s vehicle fleet leases, specifically for less fuel efficient vehicles for which demand and values may decrease. However, used vehicle prices are anticipated to be sustained for an additional twelve to eighteen months, impacted by chip shortages which may persist into 2024 . The economic qualitative factor is based on the estimated impact of economic conditions on the loan pools, as distinguished from the economic factors themselves, for the following reasons. The Company has not experienced charge-offs for either real estate bridge lending or similarly underwritten loans in its predecessor commercial loans, at fair value portfolio, despite stressed economic conditions. Additionally, there have been no losses for multi-family (apartment buildings) in the Company’s securitizations. Accordingly, the estimated credit losses for this pool were derived purely from industry loss information for multi-family housing. The estimated reserve on the multi-family portfolio is currently derived from that industry qualitative factor. Similarly, the Company’s charge-offs have been virtually non-existent for SBLOC and IBLOC notwithstanding stressed economic periods. Investment advisor loans were first offered in 2020 with limited performance history, during which charge-offs have not been experienced. For investment advisor loans, the nature of the underlying ultimate repayment source was considered, namely the fee-based advisory income streams resulting from investment portfolios under management and the impact changes in economic conditions would have on those payment streams. Additionally, the Company’s charge-off histories for small business loans, primarily SBA, and leases have not correlated with economic conditions, including trends in unemployment. While specific economic factors did not correlate with actual historical losses, multiple economic factors are considered. For the non-guaranteed portion of SBA loans, leases, real estate bridge lending and investment advisor financing the Company’s loss forecasting analysis included a review of industry statistics. However, the Company’s own charge-off history and average life estimates, for categories in which the Company has experienced charge-offs, was the primary quantitatively derived element in the forecasts. The qualitative component results from management’s qualitative assessments. In the second quarter of 2022, the Company adjusted its collateral qualitative factor for small business loans downward to account for an increasing percentage of government guaranteed balances in applicable pools. Additionally, in the second quarter of 2022, allowances on credit deteriorated loans were reduced. The largest reduction was $ 1.0 million which resulted when single family units from a construction loan were sold for higher than expected prices. That loan had been included in discontinued loans prior to first quarter 2022, when discontinued assets were reclassified to continuing operations. The Company no longer engages in new construction residential lending. Below are the portfolio segments used to pool loans with similar risk characteristics and align with the Company’s methodology for measuring expected credit losses. These pools have similar risk and collateral characteristics, and certain of these pools are broken down further in determining and applying the vintage loss estimates previously discussed. For instance, within the direct lease financing pool, government and public institution leases are considered separately. Additionally, the Company evaluates its loans under an internal loan risk rating system as a means of identifying problem loans. The special mention classification indicates weaknesses that may, if not cured, threaten the borrower’s future repayment ability. A substandard classification reflects an existing weakness indicating the possible inadequacy of net worth and other repayment sources. These classifications are used both by regulators and peers, as they have been correlated with an increased probability of credit losses. A summary of the Company’s primary portfolio pools and loans accordingly classified, by year of origination, at December 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021 is as follows (in thousands): As of December 31, 2022 2022 2021 2020 2019 2018 Prior Revolving loans at amortized cost Total SBL non real estate Non-rated* $ 2,075 $ 4,266 $ 273 $ — $ — $ — $ — $ 6,614 Pass 32,402 30,388 13,432 5,599 3,931 4,555 — 90,307 Special mention — — — — 585 284 — 869 Substandard — — 320 242 15 642 — 1,219 Total SBL non-real estate 34,477 34,654 14,025 5,841 4,531 5,481 — 99,009 SBL commercial mortgage Non-rated 10,600 — — — — — — 10,600 Pass 116,647 97,968 64,388 64,692 42,461 68,193 — 454,349 Special mention — — — 1,853 — 630 — 2,483 Substandard — — 141 — 834 589 — 1,564 Total SBL commercial mortgage 127,247 97,968 64,529 66,545 43,295 69,412 — 468,996 SBL construction Pass 3,153 11,650 9,712 2,964 — — — 27,479 Substandard — 2,676 — — — 710 — 3, |