Loans | Note 6. Loans The Company has several lending lines of business including: small business loans (“SBLs”), comprised primarily of SBA loans; direct lease financing primarily for commercial vehicles and to a lesser extent equipment; SBLOC collateralized by marketable securities; IBLOC collateralized by the cash value of eligible life insurance policies; and investment advisor financing for purposes of debt refinance, acquisition of another firm or internal succession. Prior to 2020, the Company also originated commercial real estate bridge loans for sale into securitizations. At origination, the Company elected fair value treatment for these loans as they were originally held-for-sale, to better reflect the economics of the transactions. In 2020, the Company decided to retain these loans on its balance sheet and currently intends to continue to do so. Therefore, these loans are no longer accounted for as held-for-sale, but the Company continues to present them at fair value. At March 31, 2023, such loans comprised $ 352.4 million of the $ 493.3 million of commercial loans, at fair value, with the balance comprised of SBA loans also previously held for sale. The amortized cost of the $ 493.3 million commercial loans at fair value was $ 494.6 million. Included in “Net realized and unrealized gains (losses) on commercial loans, at fair value” in the consolidated statements of operations are changes in the fair value of such loans. For the three months ended March 31, 2023, related net unrealized losses recognized for changes in fair value were $ 603,000 , none of which reflected losses attributable to credit weaknesses. For the three months ended March 31, 2022, net unrealized losses recognized for such changes in fair value were $ 1.2 million, which reflected $ 164,000 of loss attributable to credit weaknesses. In the third quarter of 2021, the Company resumed the origination of commercial real estate bridge loans which it also intends to hold for investment and which are accounted for at amortized cost. They are captioned as REBLs as they are transitional commercial mortgage loans which are made to improve and rehabilitate existing properties which already have cash flow. The Bank has pledged the majority of its loans held for investment at amortized cost and commercial loans at fair value to either the FHLB or the Federal Reserve Bank for lines of credit with those institutions. The FHLB line is periodically utilized to manage liquidity, but the Federal Reserve Bank line was not generally used prior to the pandemic. However, in response to the COVID-19 pandemic, the Federal Reserve Bank has encouraged banks to utilize their lines to maximize the amount of funding available for credit markets. Accordingly, the Bank has periodically borrowed against its Federal Reserve Bank line on an overnight basis. The amount of loans pledged varies and the collateral may be unpledged at any time to the extent the collateral exceeds advances. The lines are maintained consistent with the Bank’s liquidity policy which maximizes potential liquidity. At March 31, 2023, $ 2.84 billion of loans were pledged to the Federal Reserve Bank and $ 1.25 billion of loans were pledged to the FHLB. There were no balances against these lines at March 31, 2023 . Prior to 2020, the Company sponsored the structuring of commercial mortgage loan securitizations, and in 2020, the Company decided not to pursue additional securitizations. The loans previously sold to the commercial mortgage-backed securitizations were transitional commercial mortgage loans made to improve and rehabilitate existing properties which already had cash flow. Servicing rights were not retained. Each of the securitizations is considered a variable interest entity of which the Company is not the primary beneficiary. Further, true sale accounting has been applicable to each of the securitizations, as supported by a review performed by an independent third-party consultant. In each of the securitizations, the Company obtained a tranche of certificates which are accounted for as available-for-sale debt securities. The securities were recorded at fair value at acquisition, which was determined by an independent third-party based on the discounted cash flow method using unobservable (level 3) inputs. Of the six securities resulting from our securitizations all have been repaid except that issued by CRE-2. As of March 31, 2023, the principal balance of the Company’s CRE-2-issued security was $ 12.6 million. Repayment is expected from the workout or disposition of commercial real estate collateral, after repayment of one remaining senior tranche. The Company’s $ 12.6 million CRE-2 security has 50 % excess credit support; thus, losses of 50 % of remaining security balances would have to be incurred, prior to any loss on it. Additionally, the commercial real estate collateral supporting the three remaining loans which collateralize the remaining CRE-2 security balances was re-appraised between 2020 and 2022. The updated appraised value is approximately $ 56.9 million, which is net of $ 2.1 million due to the servicer. The remaining principal to be repaid on all securities is approximately $ 58.1 million and, as noted, the Company’s security is scheduled to be repaid prior to 50 % of the outstanding securities. However, any future reappraisals could result in further decreases in credit enhancement, and if such decreases exceed such credit enhancements, losses could result. While available information indicates that the value of existing collateral will be adequate to repay the Company’s security, there can be no assurance that such valuations will be realized upon loan resolutions, and that deficiencies will not exceed the 50 % credit support. Of the remaining three loans, the property collateral for two of the loans is expected to be liquidated through sale. The third loan was originally extended two years to June 2022 and terms have not yet been reached for another extension, thus putting the loan in maturity default. If not extended by the special servicer, the property will be foreclosed and sold. The property was appraised at $ 25.9 million in July 2022 with total exposure in the security of $ 25.0 million. A recent broker opinion of property liquidation value was $ 20.9 million. The existing 50 % credit enhancement continues to provide repayment protection for the Bank owned tranche . The Company analyzes credit risk prior to making loans on an individual loan basis. The Company considers relevant aspects of the borrowers’ financial position and cash flow, past borrower performance, management’s knowledge of market conditions, collateral and the ratio of loan amounts to estimated collateral value in making its credit determinations. Major classifications of loans, excluding commercial loans at fair value, are as follows (in thousands): March 31, December 31, 2023 2022 SBL non-real estate $ 114,334 $ 108,954 SBL commercial mortgage 492,798 474,496 SBL construction 33,116 30,864 SBLs 640,248 614,314 Direct lease financing 652,541 632,160 SBLOC / IBLOC (1) 2,053,450 2,332,469 Advisor financing (2) 189,425 172,468 Real estate bridge loans 1,752,322 1,669,031 Other loans (3) 60,210 61,679 5,348,196 5,482,121 Unamortized loan fees and costs 6,151 4,732 Total loans, including unamortized loan fees and costs $ 5,354,347 $ 5,486,853 March 31, December 31, 2023 2022 SBLs, including costs net of deferred fees of $ 8,610 and $ 7,327 for March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively $ 648,858 $ 621,641 SBLs included in commercial loans, at fair value 140,909 146,717 Total SBLs (4) $ 789,767 $ 768,358 (1) SBLOC are collateralized by marketable securities, while IBLOC are collateralized by the cash surrender value of insurance policies. At March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively, IBLOC loans amounted to $ 921.3 million and $ 1.12 billion. (2) In 2020 the Company began originating loans to investment advisors for purposes of debt refinancing, acquisition of another firm or internal succession. Maximum loan amounts are subject to loan-to-value ratios of 70 %, based on third-party business appraisals, but may be increased depending upon the debt service coverage ratio. Personal guarantees and blanket business liens are obtained as appropriate. (3) Includes demand deposit overdrafts reclassified as loan balances totaling $ 4.8 million and $ 2.6 million at March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively. Estimated overdraft charge-offs and recoveries are reflected in the ACL and have been immaterial. (4) The SBLs held at fair value are comprised of the government guaranteed portion of 7(a) Program (as defined below) loans at the dates indicated. The following table provides information about loans individually evaluated for credit loss at March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022 (in thousands). Legacy commercial real estate is comprised of commercial loans made by the Philadelphia commercial loan division which was discontinued. March 31, 2023 Recorded investment Unpaid principal balance Related ACL Average recorded investment Interest income recognized Without an ACL recorded SBL non-real estate $ 241 $ 2,787 $ — $ 250 $ — SBL commercial mortgage 456 456 — 298 — Direct lease financing 53 53 — 27 — Legacy commercial real estate 3,552 3,552 — 3,552 — Consumer - home equity 286 286 — 290 2 With an ACL recorded SBL non-real estate 919 919 ( 458 ) 947 1 SBL commercial mortgage 2,492 2,492 ( 481 ) 1,957 — SBL construction 3,385 3,385 ( 44 ) 3,385 — Direct lease financing 1,328 1,977 ( 689 ) 2,439 — Other loans 550 550 ( 12 ) 621 — Total SBL non-real estate 1,160 3,706 ( 458 ) 1,197 1 SBL commercial mortgage 2,948 2,948 ( 481 ) 2,255 — SBL construction 3,385 3,385 ( 44 ) 3,385 — Direct lease financing 1,381 2,030 ( 689 ) 2,466 — Legacy commercial real estate and Other loans 4,102 4,102 ( 12 ) 4,173 — Consumer - home equity 286 286 — 290 2 $ 13,262 $ 16,457 $ ( 1,684 ) $ 13,766 $ 3 December 31, 2022 Recorded investment Unpaid principal balance Related ACL Average recorded investment Interest income recognized Without an ACL recorded SBL non-real estate $ 400 $ 2,762 $ — $ 388 $ — SBL commercial mortgage — — — 45 — Direct lease financing — — — 52 — Legacy commercial real estate 3,552 3,552 — 1,421 150 Consumer - home equity 295 295 — 306 9 With an ACL recorded SBL non-real estate 974 974 ( 525 ) 1,237 7 SBL commercial mortgage 1,423 1,423 ( 441 ) 1,090 — SBL construction 3,386 3,386 ( 153 ) 1,245 — Direct lease financing 3,550 3,550 ( 933 ) 710 — Other loans 692 692 ( 15 ) 1,923 — Total SBL non-real estate 1,374 3,736 ( 525 ) 1,625 7 SBL commercial mortgage 1,423 1,423 ( 441 ) 1,135 — SBL construction 3,386 3,386 ( 153 ) 1,245 — Direct lease financing 3,550 3,550 ( 933 ) 762 — Legacy commercial real estate and Other loans 4,244 4,244 ( 15 ) 3,344 150 Consumer - home equity 295 295 — 306 9 $ 14,272 $ 16,634 $ ( 2,067 ) $ 8,417 $ 166 The l oan r eview department recommend s n on-accrual status for loans to the surveillance committee, where interest income appears to be uncollectible or a protracted delay in collection becomes evident. The surveillance committee further vets and approves the non-accrual status. The following table summarizes non-accrual loans with and without an ACL as of the periods indicated (in thousands): March 31, 2023 December 31, 2022 Non-accrual loans with a related ACL Non-accrual loans without a related ACL Total non-accrual loans Total non-accrual loans SBL non-real estate $ 831 $ 241 $ 1,072 $ 1,249 SBL commercial mortgage 2,492 456 2,948 1,423 SBL construction 3,385 — 3,385 3,386 Direct leasing 1,328 53 1,381 3,550 Consumer - home equity — 50 50 56 Legacy commercial real estate and Other loans 550 3,552 4,102 692 $ 8,586 $ 4,352 $ 12,938 $ 10,356 The Company had $ 21.1 million of other real estate owned (“OREO”) at March 31, 2023 and $ 21.2 million of OREO at December 31, 2022. The following table summarizes the Company’s non-accrual loans, loans past due 90 days or more, and OREO at March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively: March 31, December 31, 2023 2022 (Dollars in thousands) Non-accrual loans SBL non-real estate $ 1,072 $ 1,249 SBL commercial mortgage 2,948 1,423 SBL construction 3,385 3,386 Direct leasing 1,381 3,550 Legacy commercial real estate and Other loans 4,102 692 Consumer - home equity 50 56 Total non-accrual loans 12,938 10,356 Loans past due 90 days or more and still accruing 873 7,775 Total non-performing loans 13,811 18,131 OREO 21,117 21,210 Total non-performing assets $ 34,928 $ 39,341 Interest which would have been earned on loans classified as non-accrual for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, was $ 194,000 and $ 49,000 , respectively. No income on non-accrual loans was recognized during the three months ended March 31, 2023. In the three months ended March 31, 2023, $ 89,000 of legacy commercial real estate, $ 89,000 of SBL commercial real estate, $ 3,000 of SBL non-real estate, and $ 26,000 of direct leasing were reversed from interest income, which represented interest accrued on loans placed into non-accrual status during the period . In the three months ended March 31, 2022, $ 55,000 of SBL non-real estate was reversed from interest income, which represented interest accrued on loans placed into non-accrual status during the period. Material amounts of non-accrual interest reversals are charged to the ACL, but such amounts were not material in either the three months ended March 31, 2023 or 2022. Effective January 1, 2023 loan modifications to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty are required to be disclosed by type of modification and by type of loan. Prior accounting guidance classified loans which were modified as troubled debt restructurings only if the modification reflected a concession from the lender in the form of a below market interest rate or other concession in addition to borrower financial difficulty. Under the new guidance, loans with modifications will be reported whether a concession is made or not. Loans previously classified as troubled debt restructurings will continue to be reported in the following tables and loans with modifications made after January 1, 2023 will be reported under the new loan modification guidance. In the quarter ended March 31, 2023 there were no loan modifications reportable under the new guidance. The Company’s loans that were modified as of March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022 and considered troubled debt restructurings are as follows (dollars in thousands): March 31, 2023 December 31, 2022 Number Pre-modification recorded investment Post-modification recorded investment Number Pre-modification recorded investment Post-modification recorded investment SBL non-real estate 7 $ 610 $ 610 8 $ 650 $ 650 SBL commercial mortgage 1 834 834 1 834 834 Legacy commercial real estate 1 3,552 3,552 1 3,552 3,552 Consumer - home equity 1 236 236 1 239 239 Total (1) 10 $ 5,232 $ 5,232 11 $ 5,275 $ 5,275 (1) Troubled debt restructurings include non-accrual loans of $ 4.9 million and $ 1.4 million at March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively. The balances below provide information as to how the loans were modified as troubled debt restructuring loans as of March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022 (in thousands): March 31, 2023 December 31, 2022 Adjusted interest rate Extended maturity Combined rate and maturity Adjusted interest rate Extended maturity Combined rate and maturity SBL non-real estate $ — $ — $ 610 $ — $ — $ 650 SBL commercial mortgage — — 834 — — 834 Legacy commercial real estate — — 3,552 — — 3,552 Consumer - home equity — — 236 — — 239 Total (1) $ — $ — $ 5,232 $ — $ — $ 5,275 (1) Troubled debt restructurings include non-accrual loans of $ 4.9 million and $ 1.4 million at March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively. The Company had no commitments to extend additional credit to loans classified as troubled debt restructurings as of March 31, 2023 or December 31, 2022. Under the previous accounting guidance explained above, when loans were classified as troubled debt restructurings, the Company estimated the value of underlying collateral and repayment sources. A specific reserve in the ACL was established if the collateral valuation, less estimated disposition costs, was lower than the recorded loan value. The amount of the specific reserve served to increase the provision for credit losses in the quarter the loan was classified as a troubled debt restructuring. As of March 31, 2023 , there were ten troubled debt restructured loans with an aggregate balance of $ 5.2 million which had specific reserves of $ 587,000 . As of December 31, 2022, there were eleven troubled debt restructured loans with an aggregate balance of $ 5.3 million which had specific reserves of $ 637,000 . Substantially all of these reserves related to the non-guaranteed portion of SBA loans for start-up businesses. While the new guidance eliminates the troubled debt restructuring classification, loans previously classified as such will now be reported as loans with modifications, whether or not the modification reflected a lender concession. Specific reserves for loans with balances which exceed collateral values will continue to be required in the ACL. The following table summarizes loans that were restructured within the twelve months ended March 31, 2023 that have subsequently defaulted (in thousands): March 31, 2023 Number Pre-modification recorded investment SBL non-real estate 2 $ 174 Legacy commercial real estate 1 3,552 Total 3 $ 3,726 Management estimates the ACL using relevant available internal and external historical loan performance information, current economic conditions, and reasonable and supportable forecasts. Historical credit loss experience provides the initial basis for the estimation of expected credit losses over the estimated remaining life of the loans. The methodology used in the estimation of the ACL, which is performed at least quarterly, is also designed to be responsive to changes in portfolio credit quality and the impact of current and future economic conditions on loan performance. The review of the appropriateness of the ACL is performed by the Chief Credit Officer and presented to the Audit Committee of the Company’s Board of Directors (the “Board”) for their review. With the exception of SBLOC and IBLOC, which utilize probability of loss/loss given default, and the other loan category, which uses discounted cash flow to determine a reserve, the ACLs for other categories are determined by establishing reserves on loan pools with similar risk characteristics based on a lifetime loss-rate model, or vintage analysis, as described in the following paragraph. Loans that do not share risk characteristics are evaluated on an individual basis. If foreclosure is believed to be probable or repayment is expected from the sale of the collateral, a reserve for deficiency is established within the ACL. Those reserves are estimated based on the difference between loan principal and the estimated fair value of the collateral, adjusted for estimated disposition costs. Except for SBLOC, IBLOC and other loans as noted above, for purposes of determining the pool-basis reserve, the loans not assigned an individual reserve are segregated by product type, to recognize differing risk characteristics within portfolio segments, and an average historical loss rate is calculated for each product type. Loss rates are computed by classifying net charge-offs by year of loan origin, and dividing into total originations for that specific year. This methodology is referred to as vintage analysis. The average loss rate is then projected over the estimated remaining loan lives unique to each loan pool, to determine estimated lifetime losses. For SBLOC and IBLOC, since losses have not been incurred, probability of loss/loss given default considerations are utilized. For the other loan category discounted cash flow is utilized to determine a reserve. For all loan pools the Company considers the need for an additional ACL based upon qualitative factors such as the Company’s current loan performance statistics by pool. These qualitative factors are intended to account for forward looking expectations over a twelve to eighteen month period not reflected in historical loss rates and otherwise unaccounted for in the quantitative process. Accordingly, such factors may increase or decrease the allowance compared to historical loss rates as the Company’s forward looking expectations change. The qualitative factor percentages are applied against the pool balances as of the end of the period. Aside from the qualitative adjustments to account for forward looking expectations of loss over a twelve to eighteen month projection period, the balance of the ACL reverts directly to the Company’s quantitative analysis derived from its historical loss rates. The qualitative and historical loss rate component, together with the allowances on specific loans, comprise the total ACL. A similar process is employed to calculate an ACL assigned to off-balance sheet commitments, which are comprised of unfunded loan commitments and letters of credit. That ACL for unfunded commitments is recorded in other liabilities. Even though portions of the ACL may be allocated to loans that have been individually measured for credit deterioration, the entire ACL is available for any credit that, in management’s judgment, should be charged off. At March 31, 2023, the ACL for off-balance sheet commitments amounted to $ 2.5 million and the ACL for outstanding loans amounted to $ 23.8 million for total allowances of $ 26.3 million. Of the $ 26.3 million, $ 11.3 million of allowances resulted from the Company’s historical charge-off ratios, $ 1.7 million from reserves on specific loans, with the balance comprised of the qualitative component. The $ 11.3 million resulted primarily from SBA non-real estate and leasing charge-offs. The higher proportion of qualitative reserve compared to charge-off history related reserves reflects that charge-offs have not been experienced in the Company’s largest loan portfolios consisting of SBLOC and IBLOC and real estate bridge lending. The absence of significant charge-offs reflects, at least in part, the nature of related collateral respectively consisting of marketable securities, the cash value of life insurance and workforce apartment buildings. As charge-offs are nonetheless possible, significant subjectivity is required to consider qualitative factors to derive the related component of the allowance. The Company ranks its qualitative factors in five levels: minimal, low, moderate, moderate-high and high risk. The individual qualitative factors for each portfolio segment have their own scale based on an analysis of that segment. A high risk ranking has the greatest impact on the ACL calculation with each level below having a lesser impact on a sliding scale. The qualitative factors used for each portfolio are described below in the description of each portfolio segment. When the Company adopted current expected credit loss accounting (“CECL”) methodology as of January 1, 2020, the management assumption was that some degree of economic slowdown should be considered over the next eighteen months. That belief reflected the length of the current economic expansion and the relatively high level of unsustainable U.S. government deficit spending. Accordingly, certain of the Company’s qualitative factors were set at moderate as of January 1, 2020. Based on the uncertainty as to how the COVID-19 pandemic would impact the Company’s loan pools, the Company increased other qualitative factors to moderate and moderate high in 2020. In the second quarter of 2021, the Company reassessed these factors and reversed increases to moderate-high for certain pools, based upon increased vaccination rates and significant reopening of the economy. As a result of continuing economic uncertainty, including heightened inflation and increased risks of recession, the qualitative factors which had been set in anticipation of a downturn at January 1, 2020, were maintained through the third quarter of 2022. In the fourth quarter of 2022, as risks of a recession increased, the economic qualitative risk factor was increased for non-real estate SBL and leasing. Those higher qualitative allocations were retained in the first quarter of 2023, as negative economic indications persisted. The Company has not increased qualitative risk levels for SBLOC or IBLOC because of the nature of related collateral. SBLOC loans are subject to maximum loan to marketable securities value, and notwithstanding historic drops in the stock market in recent years, losses have not been realized. IBLOC loans are limited to borrowers with insurance companies which exceed credit requirements, and are limited to life insurance cash values. The Company also decided not to increase the economic factor for real estate bridge lending. While Federal Reserve rate increases directly increase real estate bridge loan floating rate borrowing costs, those borrowers are required to purchase interest rate caps that will partially limit the increase in borrowing costs during the term of the loan. Additionally, there continues to be several additional mitigating factors within the multifamily sector that will continue to fuel demand. Higher interest rates are increasing the cost to purchase a home, which in turn is increasing the number of renters and subsequent demand for multifamily. The softening demand for new homes should continue to exacerbate the current housing shortage, and therefore continue to fuel demand for multifamily apartment homes. Additionally, higher rents in the multifamily sector are causing renters to be more price sensitive, which is driving demand for most of the apartment buildings within the company’s loan portfolio which management considers “workforce” housing. As a result, the REBL qualitative economic factor was not increased. Officers and lenders have considered potential risks resulting from inflation and identified a risk specific to the leasing function. Inflation in fuel prices poses a risk to the Company’s vehicle fleet leases, specifically for less fuel efficient vehicles for which demand and values may decrease. However, used vehicle prices are anticipated to be sustained for an additional twelve to eighteen months, impacted by chip shortages which may persist into 2024. The economic qualitative factor is based on the estimated impact of economic conditions on the loan pools, as distinguished from the economic factors themselves, for the following reasons. The Company has not experienced multi-family (apartment building) loan charge-offs, despite stressed economic conditions. Additionally, there have been no losses for multi-family (apartment buildings) in the Company’s securitizations. Accordingly, the estimated credit losses for this pool were derived purely from industry loss information for multi-family housing. The estimated reserve on the multi-family portfolio is currently derived from that industry qualitative factor. Similarly, the Company’s charge-offs have been virtually non-existent for SBLOC and IBLOC notwithstanding stressed economic periods. Investment advisor loans were first offered in 2020 with limited performance history, during which charge-offs have not been experienced. For investment advisor loans, the nature of the underlying ultimate repayment source was considered, namely the fee-based advisory income streams resulting from investment portfolios under management and the impact changes in economic conditions would have on those payment streams. Additionally, the Company’s charge-off histories for SBLs, primarily SBA, and leases have not correlated with economic conditions, including trends in unemployment. While specific economic factors did not correlate with actual historical losses, multiple economic factors are considered. For the non-guaranteed portion of SBA loans, leases, real estate bridge lending and investment advisor financing the Company’s loss forecasting analysis included a review of industry statistics. However, the Company’s own charge-off history and average life estimates, for categories in which the Company has experienced charge-offs, was the primary quantitatively derived element in the forecasts. The qualitative component results from management’s qualitative assessments. In the second quarter of 2022, the Company adjusted its collateral qualitative factor for SBLs downward to account for a greater percentage of government guaranteed balances in applicable pools as compared to prior periods. Additionally, in the second quarter of 2022, allowances on credit deteriorated loans were reduced. The largest reduction was $ 1.0 million which resulted when single family units from a construction loan were sold for higher than expected prices. That loan had been included in discontinued loans prior to first quarter 2022, when discontinued assets were reclassified to continuing operations. The Company no longer engages in new construction residential lending. Below are the portfolio segments used to pool loans with similar risk characteristics and align with the Company’s methodology for measuring expected credit losses. These pools have similar risk and collateral characteristics, and certain of these pools are broken down further in determining and applying the vintage loss estimates previously discussed. For instance, within the direct lease financing pool, government and public institution leases are considered separately. Additionally, the Company evaluates its loans under an internal loan risk rating system as a means of identifying problem loans. The special mention classification indicates weaknesses that may, if not cured, threaten the borrower’s future repayment ability. A substandard classification reflects an existing weakness indicating the possible inadequacy of net worth and other repayment sources. These classifications are used both by regulators and peers, as they have been correlated with an increased probability of credit losses. A summary of the Company’s primary portfolio pools and loans accordingly classified, by year of origination, at March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022 are as follows (in thousands): As of March 31, 2023 2023 2022 2021 2020 2019 Prior Revolving loans at amortized cost Total SBL non real estate Non-rated (1) $ 2,301 $ — $ 3,771 $ 240 $ — $ — $ — $ 6,312 Pass 3,953 37,634 29,569 12,550 5,410 7,538 — 96,654 Special mention — — 267 51 — 906 — 1,224 Substandard — — — 320 241 586 — 1,147 Total SBL non-real estate 6,254 37,634 33,607 13,161 5,651 9,030 — 105,337 SBL commercial mortgage Non-rated 14,996 — — — — — — 14,996 Pass 10,061 127,815 95,091 63,592 64,364 106,558 — 467,481 Special mention — — — — — 453 — 453 Substandard — — — 456 1,853 2,492 — 4,801 Total SBL commercial mortgage 25,057 127,815 95,091 64,048 66,217 109,503 — 487,731 SBL construction Pass — 4,832 11,733 9,806 3,360 — — 29,731 Substandard — — 2,675 — — 710 — 3,385 Total SBL construction — 4,832 14,408 9,806 3,360 710 — 33,116 Direct lease financing Non-rated 450 — — — — — — 450 Pass 88,720 300,253 140,497 69,563 33,495 13,286 — 645,814 Special mention — 1,450 232 357 41 63 — 2,143 Substandard — 2,180 918 294 435 307 — 4,134 Total direct lease financing 89,170 303,883 141,647 70,214 33,971 13,656 — 652,541 SBLOC Non-rated — — — — — — 16,298 16,298 Pass — — — — — — 1,115,868 1,115,868 Total SBLOC — — — — — — 1,132,166 1,132,166 IBLOC Non-rated — — — — — — 806 806 Pass — — — — — — 920,478 920,478 Total IBLOC — — — — — — 921,284 921,284 Advisor financing Non-rated 8,500 1,647 889 — — — — 11,036 Pass 20,103 67,157 60,001 31,128 — — — 178,389 Total advisor financing 28,603 68,804 60,890 31,128 — — — 189,425 Real estate bridge loans Non-rated 104 — — — — — — 104 Pass 94,753 1,011,665 645,800 — — — — 1,752,218 Total real estate bridge loans 94,857 1,011,665 645,800 — — — — 1,752,322 Other loans Non-rated 5,723 — 23 21 — 14,315 466 20,548 Pass — 263 364 2,610 2,632 42,536 1,219 49,624 Substandard — — — — — 4,102 — 4,102 Total other loans (2) 5,723 263 387 2,631 2,632 60,953 1,685 74,274 $ 249,664 $ 1,554,896 $ 991,830 $ 190,988 $ 111,831 $ 193,852 $ 2,055,135 $ 5,348,196 Unamortized loan fees and costs — — — — — — — 6,151 Total $ 5,354,347 (1) Included in the SBL non real estate non-rated total of $ 6.3 million was $ 4.0 million of SBA Paycheck Protection Program (“PPP”) loans, which are guaranteed by the U.S. government. (2) Included in Other loans are $ 14.1 million of SBA loans purchased for Community Reinvestment Act |