Summary of Significant Accounting Policies | 2. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Lightstone REIT and the Operating Partnership and its subsidiaries (over which the Company exercises financial and operating control). As of December 31, 2016, Lightstone REIT had a 98 The consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“GAAP”). GAAP requires the Company’s management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during a reporting period. The most significant assumptions and estimates relate to the valuation of real estate and real estate-related investments, depreciable lives, and revenue recognition. Application of these assumptions requires the exercise of judgment as to future uncertainties and, as a result, actual results could differ from these estimates. Investments in entities where the Company has the ability to exercise significant influence, but does not exercise financial and operating control, and is not considered to be the primary beneficiary of a variable interest entity The Company considers all highly liquid investments with an original maturity of three months or less when purchased to be cash equivalents. All cash equivalents are held in money market funds. To date, the Company has not experienced any losses on its cash and cash equivalents. For the Years Ended December 31, December 31, December 31, Cash paid for interest $ 8,852 $ 9,152 $ 12,889 Distributions declared $ 4,387 $ 4,432 $ 4,528 Value of shares issued from distribution reinvestment program $ - $ - $ 1,453 Non cash purchase of investment property $ 581 $ 126 $ 320 Debt assumed by joint venture in connection with disposition $ - $ - $ 32,800 Assignment of minority interest loans to joint venture in connection with disposition $ - $ - $ 547 Assets transferred and liabilities extinguished due to foreclosure $ 27,028 $ - $ - Marketable securities consist of equity and debt securities that are designated as available-for-sale and are recorded at fair value. Unrealized holding gains or losses are reported as a component of accumulated other comprehensive income/(loss). Realized gains or losses resulting from the sale of these securities are determined based on the specific identification of the securities sold. An impairment charge is recognized when the decline in the fair value of a security below the amortized cost basis is determined to be other-than-temporary. The Company considers various factors in determining whether to recognize an impairment charge, including the duration and severity of any decline in fair value below our amortized cost basis, any adverse changes in the financial condition of the issuers’ and its intent and ability to hold the investment for a period of time sufficient to allow for any anticipated recovery in market value. The Board has authorized the Company from time to time to invest the Company’s available cash in marketable securities of real estate related companies. The Board has approved investments of marketable securities of real estate companies up to 30% of the Company’s total assets to be made at the Company’s discretion, subject to compliance with any REIT or other restrictions. Minimum rents are recognized on a straight-line accrual basis, over the terms of the related leases. The capitalized above-market lease values and the capitalized below-market lease values are amortized as an adjustment to rental income over the initial lease term, including any below-market renewal periods taken into account. Percentage rents, which are based on commercial tenants’ sales, are recognized once the sales reported by such tenants exceed any applicable breakpoints as specified in the tenants’ leases. Recoveries from commercial tenants for real estate taxes, insurance and other operating expenses, and from residential tenants for utility costs, are recognized as revenues in the period that the applicable costs are incurred. Room revenue for the hotel properties are recognized as stays occur, using the accrual method of accounting. Amounts paid in advance are deferred until stays occur. Other service income consists of revenues from food and beverage services, water park admissions and arcade income from our DoubleTree Danvers property disposed of in September 2017 (See Note 9) and is recognized when consumed. The Company makes estimates of the uncollectability of its tenant and other accounts receivable related to base rents, expense reimbursements and other revenues. The Company analyzes tenant and other accounts receivable and historical bad debt levels, customer credit worthiness and current economic trends when evaluating the adequacy of the allowance for doubtful accounts. In addition, tenants in bankruptcy are analyzed and estimates are made in connection with the expected recovery of pre-petition and post-petition claims. The Company’s reported net income or loss is directly affected by management’s estimate of the collectability of tenant and other accounts receivable. From time to time, we may make investments in mortgage loans. Mortgage loans are secured, in part, by mortgages recorded against the underlying properties which are not owned by us. Mortgage loans are carried at cost, net of any premiums or discounts which are accreted or amortized over the life of the related loan receivable utilizing the effective interest method. Premiums or discounts are no longer accreted or amortized for loans that are in default. We evaluate the collectability of both interest and principal of each of these loans quarterly to determine whether the value has been impaired. A loan is deemed to be impaired when, based on current information and events, it is probable that we will be unable to collect all amounts due according to the existing contractual terms. When a loan is impaired, the amount of the loss accrual is calculated by comparing the carrying amount of the loan held for investment to its estimated realizable value. Accounting for Acquisitions The fair value of the real estate acquired is allocated to the acquired tangible assets, consisting of land, building and tenant improvements, and identified intangible assets and liabilities, consisting of the value of above-market and below-market leases for acquired in-place leases and the value of tenant relationships, based in each case on their fair values. Purchase accounting is applied to assets and liabilities related to real estate entities acquired based upon the percentage of interest acquired. Fees incurred related to acquisitions are expensed as incurred within general and administrative costs within the consolidated statements of operations. Transaction costs incurred related to the Company’s investment in unconsolidated real estate entities, accounted for under the equity method of accounting, are capitalized as part of the cost of the investment. Upon the acquisition of real estate operating properties, the Company estimates the fair value of acquired tangible assets and identified intangible assets and liabilities and assumed debt at the date of acquisition, based on evaluation of information and estimates available at that date. Based on these estimates, the Company evaluates the existence of goodwill or a gain from a bargain purchase and allocates the initial purchase price to the applicable assets, liabilities and noncontrolling interests, if any. As final information regarding fair value of the assets acquired, liabilities assumed and noncontrolling interests is received and estimates are refined, appropriate adjustments are made to the purchase price allocation. The allocations are finalized as soon as all the information necessary is available and in no case later than within twelve months from the acquisition date. In determining the fair value of the identified intangible assets and liabilities of an acquired property, above-market and below-market in-place lease values are recorded based on the present value (using an interest rate which reflects the risks associated with the leases acquired) of the difference between (i) the contractual amounts to be paid pursuant to the in-place leases and (ii) management’s estimate of fair market lease rates for the corresponding in-place leases, measured over a period equal to the remaining non-cancelable term of the lease including consideration of any bargain renewal periods. The capitalized above-market lease values and the capitalized below-market lease values are amortized as an adjustment to rental income over the initial non-cancelable lease term, including any below-market renewal periods taken into account. The aggregate fair value of in-place leases is determined by evaluating various factors, including an estimate of carrying costs during the expected lease-up periods, current market conditions and similar leases. In estimating carrying costs, management includes real estate taxes, insurance and other operating expenses, and estimates of lost rental revenue during the expected lease-up periods based on current market demand. Management also estimates costs to execute similar leases including leasing commissions, legal and other related costs. The fair value assigned to this intangible asset is amortized over the remaining estimated lease term. Optional renewal periods are not considered. The aggregate fair value of other acquired intangible assets includes tenant relationships. Factors considered by management in assigning a value to these relationships include: assumptions of probability of lease renewals, investment in tenant improvements, leasing commissions and an approximate time lapse in rental income while a new tenant is located. The fair value assigned to this intangible asset is amortized over the remaining estimated lease term. Impairment Evaluation Management evaluates the recoverability of its investments in real estate assets and real estate-related investments at the lowest identifiable level, the individual property level. Long-lived assets are tested for recoverability whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that their carrying amount may not be recoverable. An impairment loss is recognized only if the carrying amount of a long-lived asset is not recoverable and exceeds its fair value. The Company evaluates the long-lived assets on a quarterly basis and will record an impairment charge when there is an indicator of impairment and the undiscounted projected cash flows are less than the carrying amount for a particular property. The estimated cash flows used for the impairment analysis and the determination of estimated fair value are based on the Company’s plans for the respective assets and the Company’s views of market and economic conditions. The estimates consider matters such as current and historical rental rates, occupancies for the respective properties and comparable properties, and recent sales data for comparable properties. Changes in estimated future cash flows due to changes in the Company’s plans or views of market and economic conditions could result in recognition of impairment losses, which, under the applicable accounting guidance, could be substantial. Real Estate-Related Debt Investments Real estate-related debt investments are intended to be held until maturity and accordingly, will be carried at cost, net of unamortized loan fees, origination fees, discounts, premiums and unfunded commitments. Real estate-related debt investments that are deemed impaired will be carried at amortized cost less a reserve, if deemed appropriate, which approximates fair value. Investment income will be recognized on an accrual basis. Impairment on Real Estate-Related Debt Investments Real estate-related debt investments will be considered impaired when, based on current information and events, it is probable that the Company will not be able to collect principal and interest amounts due according to the contractual terms. Income recognition will be suspended for a debt investment at the earlier of the date at which payments become 90 days past due or when, in the opinion of management, a full recovery of income and principal becomes doubtful. When the ultimate collectability of the principal of an impaired debt investment is in doubt, all payments will be applied to principal under the cost recovery method. When the ultimate collectability of the principal of an impaired debt investment is not in doubt, contractual interest will be recorded as interest income when received, under the cash basis method, until an accrual is resumed when the debt investment becomes contractually current and performance is demonstrated to be resumed. A debt investment will be written off when it is no longer realizable or is legally discharged. Assets and groups of assets and liabilities which comprise disposal groups are classified as “held for sale” when all of the following criteria are met: a decision has been made to sell, the assets are available for sale immediately, the assets are being actively marketed at a reasonable price in relation to the current fair value, a sale has been or is expected to be concluded within twelve months of the balance sheet date, and significant changes to the plan to sell are not expected. Assets and disposal groups held for sale are valued at the lower of book value or fair value less disposal costs. Assets held for sale are not depreciated. Additionally, if the disposal group represents a strategic shift that has (or will have) a major effect on an entity’s operations and financial results then the operating results and cash flows related to these assets and liabilities are included in discontinued operations in the consolidated statements of operations and consolidated statements of cash flows, respectively, for all periods presented, as long as the operations and cash flows of the disposal group is expected to be eliminated from ongoing operations as a result of the disposal and the Company will not have any significant continuing involvement in the operations of the disposal group after disposal. Depreciation expense is computed based on the straight-line method over the estimated useful life of the applicable real estate asset. We generally use estimated useful lives of up to thirty-nine years for buildings and improvements and five to ten years for furniture and fixtures. Expenditures for tenant improvements and construction allowances paid to commercial tenants are capitalized and amortized over the initial term of each lease or the useful life if shorter. Expenditures for ordinary maintenance and repairs are charged to expense as incurred. The Company will capitalize initial direct costs associated with financing activities. The costs will be capitalized upon the execution of the loan, presented in the consolidated balance sheets as a direct deduction from the carrying value of the corresponding loan and amortized over the initial term of the corresponding loan. Amortization of deferred loan costs will begin in the period during which the loan is originated using the effective interest method over the term of the loan. The Company evaluates all joint venture arrangements and investments in entities for consolidation. The percentage interest in the joint venture or investment in entities, evaluation of control and whether a variable interest entity (“VIE”) exists are all considered in determining if the arrangement qualifies for consolidation. The Company accounts for its investments in unconsolidated entities using the equity or cost method of accounting, as appropriate. Under the equity method, the cost of an investment is adjusted for the Company’s share of equity in net income or loss beginning on the date of acquisition and reduced by distributions received. The income or loss of each joint venture investor is allocated in accordance with the provisions of the applicable operating agreements. The allocation provisions in these agreements may differ from the ownership interest held by each investor. Differences between the carrying amount of the Company’s investment in the respective joint venture and the Company’s share of the underlying equity of such unconsolidated entities are amortized over the respective lives of the underlying assets as applicable. These items are reported as a single line item in the consolidated statements of operations as income or loss from investments in unconsolidated entities. Under the cost method of accounting, the dividends earned from the underlying entities are recorded to interest income. The Company continuously reviews its investment in unconsolidated entities for other than temporary declines in market value. Any decline that is not considered temporary will result in the recording of an impairment charge to the investment. The Company made an election in 2006 to be taxed as a real estate investment trust (a “REIT”) under Sections 856 through 860 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the “Code”), beginning with its first taxable year, which ended December 31, 2005. The Company elected and qualified to be taxed as a REIT in conjunction with the filing of its 2005 U.S. federal tax return. To maintain its status as a REIT, the Company must meet certain organizational and operational requirements, including a requirement to distribute at least 90% of its ordinary taxable income to stockholders. As a REIT, the Company generally will not be subject to U.S. federal income tax on taxable income that it distributes to its stockholders. If the Company fails to qualify as a REIT in any taxable year, it will then be subject to U.S. federal income taxes on its taxable income at regular corporate rates and will not be permitted to qualify for treatment as a REIT for U.S. federal income tax purposes for four years following the year during which qualification is lost unless the Internal Revenue Service grants the Company relief under certain statutory provisions. Such an event could have a material effect on the Company’s net income and net cash available for distribution to stockholders. Through December 31, 2017, the Company has complied with the requirements for maintaining its REIT status. The Company has net operating loss carryforwards of $ 11.5 The Company engages in certain activities through taxable REIT subsidiaries (“TRSs”). As such, the Company may be subject to U.S. federal and state income taxes and franchise taxes from these activities. As of December 31, 2017 and 2016, the Company had no material uncertain income tax positions. The carrying amounts of cash and cash equivalents, restricted escrows, tenants’ accounts receivable, interest receivable from related parties, accounts payable and accrued expenses and loans due to related parties approximate their fair values because of the short maturity of these instruments. T he estimated fair value of the notes payable (line of credit) approximated its carrying value 18.6 As of December 31, 2017 As of December 31, 2016 Carrying Amount Estimated Fair Carrying Amount Estimated Fair Mortgages payable $ 159.6 $ 158.6 $ 185.6 $ 183.2 The fair value of the mortgages payable was determined by discounting the future contractual interest and principal payments by estimated current market interest rates. The Company may enter into derivative financial instrument transactions in order to mitigate interest rate risk on a related financial instrument. The Company may designate these derivative financial instruments as hedges and apply hedge accounting. The Company records all derivative instruments at fair value on the consolidated balance sheets. The Company had a stock-based incentive award plan for the independent directors of its Board. This plan expired in April 2015. Awards were granted at fair market value on the date of the grant with fair value estimated using the Black-Scholes-Merton option valuation model, which incorporates assumptions surrounding the volatility, dividend yield, the risk-free interest rate, expected life, and the exercise price as compared to the underlying stock price on the grant date. The tax benefits, if any, associated with these share-based payments are classified as financing activities in the consolidated statement of cash flows. For the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015, the Company had no material compensation costs related to the incentive award plan. The Company maintains its cash in bank deposit accounts, which, at times, may exceed federally insured limits. The Company has not experienced any losses in such accounts. The Company believes it is not exposed to any significant credit risk on its cash and cash equivalents. Basic net earnings per share is calculated by dividing net income attributable to common shareholders by the weighted-average number of shares of common stock outstanding during the applicable period. Dilutive income per share includes the potentially dilutive effect, if any, which would occur if our outstanding options to purchase our common stock were exercised. For all periods presented, there were no exercises of outstanding options and, therefore, dilutive net income per share is equivalent to basic net income per share. In January 2017, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued guidance that clarifies the definition of a business and assists in the evaluation of whether a transaction will be accounted for as an acquisition of an asset or as a business combination. The guidance provides a test to determine when a set of assets and activities acquired is not a business. When substantially all of the fair value of the gross assets acquired is concentrated in a single identifiable asset or group of similar identifiable assets, the set is not a business. Under the updated guidance, an acquisition of a single property will likely be treated as an asset acquisition as opposed to a business combination and associated transaction costs will be capitalized rather than expensed as incurred. Additionally, assets acquired, liabilities assumed, and any noncontrolling interest will be measured at their relative fair values. This guidance is effective for fiscal years and interim periods within those years beginning after December 15, 2017, with early adoption permitted. Upon adoption of this guidance, the Company anticipates future acquisitions of real estate assets, if any, will likely qualify as an asset acquisition. Therefore, any future transaction costs associated with an asset acquisition will be capitalized and accounted for in accordance with this guidance. In November 2016, the FASB issued guidance that requires amounts that are generally described as restricted cash and restricted cash equivalents to be included with cash and cash equivalents when reconciling the beginning-of-period and end-of-period total amounts shown on the statement of cash flows. This guidance is effective for public companies for interim and annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2017. Early adoption is permitted and the pronouncement requires a retrospective transition method of adoption. This guidance will not have a material impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements. In August 2016, the FASB issued an accounting standards update which provides guidance on the classification of certain cash receipts and cash payments in the statement of cash flows, including those related to debt prepayment or debt extinguishment costs, contingent consideration payments made after a business combination, proceeds from the settlement of insurance claims, proceeds from the settlement of corporate-owned life insurance, and distributions received from equity method investees. This guidance is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2017, and for interim periods within those fiscal years. The guidance must be adopted on a retrospective basis and must be applied to all periods presented, but may be applied prospectively if retrospective application would be impracticable. This guidance will not have a material impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements. In June 2016, the FASB issued an accounting standards update which replaces the incurred loss impairment methodology currently in use with a methodology that reflects expected credit losses and requires consideration of a broader range of reasonable and supportable information to inform credit loss estimates. The new guidance is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2019, including interim periods within those fiscal years. This guidance will not have a material impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements. In February 2016, the FASB issued an accounting standards update which supersedes the existing lease accounting model, and modifies both lessee and lessor accounting. The new guidance will require lessees to recognize a liability to make lease payments and a right-of-use asset, initially measured at the present value of lease payments, for both operating and financing leases, with classification affecting the pattern of expense recognition in the statement of earnings. For leases with a term of 12 months or less, lessees will be permitted to make an accounting policy election by class of underlying asset to not recognize lease liabilities and lease assets. Under this new pronouncement, lessor accounting will be largely unchanged from existing GAAP. The new standard will be effective January 1, 2019, with early adoption permitted. We are currently evaluating the impact this guidance will have on our consolidated financial statements when adopted. In January 2016, the FASB issued an accounting standards update that eliminates the requirement for public business entities to disclose the method and significant assumptions used to estimate the fair value that is required to be disclosed for financial instruments measured at amortized cost on the balance sheet and is effective for periods beginning after December 15, 2017 and early adoption is not permitted. This guidance will not have a material impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements. In January 2016, the FASB issued an accounting standards update that generally requires companies to measure investments in equity securities, except those accounted for under the equity method, at fair value and recognize any changes in fair value in net income. The new guidance must be applied using a modified-retrospective approach and is effective for periods beginning after December 15, 2017 and early adoption is not permitted. If the Company had adopted this standard during the years presented, it would have resulted in a decrease to net income of approximately $0.6 million, $3.2 million and $35.2 million for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015, respectively. In May 2014, the FASB issued an accounting standards update that provides for a single five-step model to be applied to all revenue contracts with customers as well as requires additional financial statement disclosures that will enable users to understand the nature, amount, timing, and uncertainty of revenue and cash flows relating to customer contracts. Companies have an option to use either a retrospective approach or cumulative effect adjustment approach to implement the standard. This guidance is effective for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2017, including interim periods within that reporting period. The adoption of this standard will not have a significant impact on the consolidated financial statements since, with the disposal the DoubleTree Danvers in September 2017 (See Note 9), substantially all revenues now consists of rental income from leasing arrangements, which is specifically excluded from the standard. The Company has reviewed and determined that other recently issued accounting pronouncements will not have a material impact on its financial position, results of operations and cash flows, or do not apply to its current operations. Certain prior period amounts may have been reclassified to conform to the current year presentation. |