| Summary of significant accounting policies | Summary of significant accounting policies Basis of presentation The accompanying condensed consolidated financial statements have been prepared on the accrual basis of accounting in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States (“GAAP”). The accompanying condensed consolidated financial statements of the Trust represent the assets and liabilities and operating results of the Trust and its majority owned subsidiaries. All intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated in the accompanying condensed consolidated financial statements. Principles of consolidation The Trust accounts for interests in partnerships, joint ventures and other similar entities in which it holds an ownership interest in accordance with the variable interest entity (“VIE”) guidance. Under the VIE model, the Trust consolidates an entity when it has control to direct the activities of the VIE and where it is determined to be the primary beneficiary. Under the voting interest model, the Trust consolidates an entity when it controls the entity through the ownership of a majority voting interest. All of the Trust's property ownership, development and related business operations are conducted through the Operating Partnership. See the assets and liabilities of the Operating Partnership in the accompanying condensed consolidated financial statements. Interim financial information The accompanying unaudited interim condensed consolidated financial statements include all adjustments, consisting only of normal recurring adjustments that, in the opinion of management, are necessary for a fair presentation of the Trust's and the Operating Partnership's financial position, results of operations and cash flows for such periods. Because of the seasonal nature of the business, the operating results and cash flows are not necessarily indicative of results that may be expected for any other interim periods or for the full fiscal year. These financial statements should be read in conjunction with the Trust's and the Operating Partnership's consolidated financial statements and related notes included in the Trust's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2017 , as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the "SEC") on February 27, 2018. Use of estimates The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosures of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting periods. Actual results could differ from those estimates. Restricted cash Restricted cash includes (i) escrow accounts held by lenders for the purpose of paying taxes and insurance and funding capital improvements, (ii) certain security deposits received from tenants and (iii) retainage held by financial institutions. During the three months ended December 31, 2017 , the Trust early adopted Accounting Standards Update ("ASU") 2016-18, "Statement of Cash Flows (Topic 230): Restricted Cash" ("ASU 2016-18"). ASU 2016-18 requires that a statement of cash flows explain the change during the period in the total of cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash. Therefore, amounts generally described as restricted cash should be included with cash and cash equivalents when reconciling the beginning of period and end of period total amounts shown on the statement of cash flows, and transfers between cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash are no longer presented within the statement of cash flows. As a result of the adoption of ASU 2016-18, cash flows related to restricted cash within the investing section of the statement of cash flows have been retrospectively adjusted for the six months ended June 30, 2017 , as follows (dollars in thousands): As Previously Reported As Adjusted per ASU 2016-18 Effect of Change Six months ended June 30, 2017: Investing activities: Restricted cash $ (235 ) $ — $ 235 Net cash used in investing activities (313,834 ) (313,599 ) 235 Net change in cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash $ (979 ) $ (744 ) $ 235 Cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash, beginning of year 34,475 42,313 7,838 Cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash, June 30, 2017 $ 33,496 $ 41,569 $ 8,073 Collegiate housing properties Land, land improvements, buildings and improvements, and furniture, fixtures and equipment are recorded at cost. Buildings and improvements are depreciated over 15 to 40 years, land improvements are depreciated over 15 years and furniture, fixtures and equipment are depreciated over 3 to 7 years. Depreciation is computed using the straight-line method for financial reporting purposes over the estimated useful life. The Trust capitalizes interest based on the weighted average interest cost of the total debt and capitalizes internal development costs while developments are ongoing as assets under development. When the property opens, these costs, along with other direct costs of the development, are transferred into the applicable asset category and depreciation commences. Acquired collegiate housing communities’ results of operations are included in the Trust’s results of operations from the respective dates of acquisition. Appraisals, estimates of cash flows and other valuation techniques are used to allocate the purchase price of acquired property between land, land improvements, buildings and improvements, furniture, fixtures and equipment and identifiable intangibles, such as amounts related to in-place leases. Acquisition costs related to the acquisition of real estate properties are capitalized if they are not deemed to be business combinations. Management assesses impairment of long-lived assets to be held and used whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset may not be recoverable. Management uses an estimate of future undiscounted cash flows of the related asset based on its intended use to determine whether the carrying value is recoverable. If the Trust determines that the carrying value of an asset is not recoverable, the fair value of the asset is estimated and an impairment loss is recorded to the extent the carrying value exceeds estimated fair value. Management estimates fair value using discounted cash flow models, market appraisals if available and other market participant data. During the six months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017 , there were no impairment losses recognized. When a collegiate housing community has met the criteria to be classified as held for sale, the fair value less cost to sell such asset is estimated. If the fair value less cost to sell the asset is less than the carrying amount of the asset, an impairment charge is recorded for the estimated loss. Depreciation expense is no longer recorded once a collegiate housing community has met the held for sale criteria. Dispositions that represent a strategic shift in the business will qualify for treatment as discontinued operations. The property dispositions during the six months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017 did not qualify for treatment as discontinued operations and, as a result, the operations of the properties are included in continuing operations in the accompanying condensed consolidated statements of income and comprehensive income through the date of disposition. During August 2016, the Trust committed and finalized plans to demolish and redevelop Players Club, an off-campus community that serves Florida State University. Depreciation estimates were revised to reflect the shortened remaining useful life. The Trust recorded $1.1 million and $2.9 million , respectively, of accelerated depreciation during the three and six months ended June 30, 2017 , respectively, related to the change in estimate. The impact on net income attributable to EdR common stockholders per share - basic and diluted for the three and six months ended June 30, 2017 was $0.02 and $0.04 , respectively. The community is still under development as of June 30, 2018 . Redeemable noncontrolling interests (the Trust) / redeemable limited partners (EROP) The Trust follows the guidance issued by the Financial Accounting Standards Board ("FASB") regarding the classification and measurement of redeemable securities. The Trust classifies redeemable noncontrolling interests, which include redeemable interests in consolidated joint ventures with puts exercisable by the joint venture partners and units of limited partnership interest in University Towers Operating Partnership, LP and in the Operating Partnership in the mezzanine section of the accompanying condensed consolidated balance sheets. The Trust also has certain noncontrolling interests with put options at substantially fixed prices. These noncontrolling interests are accounted for as noncontrolling interests redeemable at other than fair value. The Trust accounts for the change in redemption value through the use of an accretion model from the date of inception to the expected redemption date. Changes in redemption value are recorded in equity, either through retained earnings or additional paid-in capital (absent any retained earnings). The impact of the changes in redemption value (accretion) is included in earnings per share using the two-class method. In the accompanying condensed consolidated balance sheets of the Operating Partnership, the redeemable units of limited partnership in the Operating Partnership are classified as redeemable limited partners, and the redeemable interests in consolidated joint ventures with puts exercisable by the joint venture partners and units of limited partnership interest in University Towers Operating Partnership, LP are classified as redeemable noncontrolling interests. The redeemable noncontrolling interests / redeemable limited partner units are adjusted to the greater of carrying value or fair market value based on the price per share of EdR's common stock or redemption value at the end of each respective reporting period. Common stock issuances and offering costs Specific incremental costs directly attributable to the issuance of EdR common stock are charged against the gross proceeds of the related issuance. Accordingly, underwriting commissions and other stock issuance costs are reflected as a reduction of additional paid-in capital in the accompanying condensed consolidated statements of changes in equity. The Trust is structured as an umbrella partnership REIT ("UPREIT") and contributes all proceeds from its various equity offerings to EROP. For every one share of common stock offered and sold by EdR for cash, EdR must contribute the net proceeds to EROP and, in return, EROP will issue one OP Unit to EdR. Income taxes EdR qualifies as a REIT under the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the "Code"). EdR is generally not subject to federal, state and local income taxes on any of its taxable income that it distributes if it distributes at least 90% of its REIT taxable income for each tax year to its stockholders and meets certain other requirements. If EdR fails to qualify as a REIT for any taxable year, EdR will be subject to federal, state and local income taxes (including any applicable alternative minimum tax) on its taxable income. The Trust has elected to treat certain of its subsidiaries, including the Management Company, as TRSs. A TRS is subject to federal, state and local income taxes. The Management Company provides management services and through the Development Company provides development services, which if directly provided by the Trust would jeopardize EdR’s REIT status. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized based on the difference between the financial statement carrying amounts of existing assets and liabilities and their respective tax basis. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using enacted tax rates in effect in the years in which those temporary differences are expected to reverse. The Trust had no unrecognized tax benefits as of June 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017 . The Trust and its subsidiaries file federal and state income tax returns. As of June 30, 2018 , open tax years generally included tax years for 2014, 2015, 2016 and 2017. The Trust’s policy is to include interest and penalties related to unrecognized tax benefits in general and administrative expenses. For the three and six months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017 , the Trust had no interest or penalties recorded related to unrecognized tax benefits. Goodwill and other intangible assets Goodwill is tested annually at the reporting unit level for impairment as of December 31 and is tested for impairment more frequently if events and circumstances indicate that the assets might be impaired. An impairment loss is recognized to the extent that the carrying amount exceeds the asset’s fair value. The accumulated impairment loss recorded is $0.4 million . No additional impairment has been recorded through June 30, 2018 . The carrying value of goodwill was $3.1 million as of June 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017 , of which $2.1 million was recorded on the management services segment and $0.9 million was recorded on the development consulting services segment. Goodwill is not subject to amortization. Other intangible assets generally include in-place leases acquired in connection with acquisitions of collegiate housing properties. As of June 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017 , gross in-place leases totaled $19.9 million and $12.2 million , respectively, and are being amortized over the estimated life of the remaining lease term, which is less than one year for student housing leases. Amortization expense totaled $2.0 million and $3.0 million for the three months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017 , respectively. Amortization expense totaled $2.0 million and $6.4 million for the six months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017 , respectively. As of June 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017 , accumulated amortization totaled $13.1 million and $11.1 million , respectively. The carrying value of other intangible assets related to in-place leases was $6.7 million and $1.2 million as of June 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017 , respectively. Investment in unconsolidated entities The Trust accounts for its investments in unconsolidated joint ventures using the equity method whereby the costs of an investment are adjusted for the Trust’s share of earnings of the respective investment reduced by distributions received. The earnings and distributions of the unconsolidated joint ventures are allocated based on each owner’s respective ownership interests. These investments are classified as other assets or accrued expenses, depending on whether the distributions exceed the Trust’s contributions and share of earnings in the joint ventures, in the accompanying condensed consolidated balance sheets (see Note 5). Revenue recognition The Trust recognizes revenue related to leasing activities at the collegiate housing communities owned by the Trust, management fees related to managing third-party collegiate housing communities, development consulting fees related to the general oversight of third-party collegiate housing development and operating expense reimbursements for payroll and related expenses incurred for third-party collegiate housing communities managed by the Trust. Collegiate housing leasing revenue — Collegiate housing leasing revenue is comprised of all activities related to leasing and operating the collegiate housing communities and includes predominantly lease and lease-related revenues accounted for under Accounting Standards Codification ("ASC") 840. These lease and lease-related revenues include leasing apartments by the bed, food services and providing certain ancillary services. Students are required to execute lease contracts with payment schedules that vary from semester to monthly payments. Generally, the Trust requires each executed leasing contract to be accompanied by a signed parental guarantee. Receivables are recorded when billed. Revenues and nonrefundable application and service fees are recognized on a straight-line basis over the term of the lease contracts. Deferred revenue related to collegiate housing revenue consists primarily of prepaid rent and deferred straight line rent revenue and totaled $10.6 million and $20.5 million at June 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017 , respectively. Third-party development services revenue — Third-party development services represent a single performance obligation for the delivery of a completed collegiate housing property. Third-party development fees generally represent 3% to 5% of the total cost of a project and are estimated and stipulated in the contract subject to adjustment for changes in the total cost of the project. Management has determined that the development fee and construction oversight fee outlined in the contract represent variable consideration, and the transaction price should be estimated based on the most likely amount, which will generally be the amount set forth in the contract for such fees. The Trust recognizes the development fee and construction oversight fee based on the percentage of the total project completed to date as control of the work in process transfers to the owner as construction is performed. In addition, some development consulting contracts include a provision whereby the Trust can participate in project savings resulting from successful cost management efforts and earn an additional development fee. Management believes that the additional development fee also represents variable consideration and should be estimated based on the expected value method subject to the constraint for factors outside the entity's control that could result in a significant reversal of previously recognized revenue. Variable consideration related to the additional development fee is reassessed each quarter to determine whether the uncertainties associated with such fee are sufficiently resolved to produce an estimate of the expected value that would not be probable of resulting in a significant reversal of previously recognized revenue. During the six months ended June 30, 2017 , there was $0.6 million of additional fees related to cost-savings included in third-party development services revenue. At June 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017 , there was no unearned revenue from customers relating to development consulting services. Third-party management services revenue — Third-party management services typically cover all aspects of community operations, including residence life and student development, marketing, leasing administration, strategic relationships, information systems and accounting services. These services represent a single performance obligation to operate the community on behalf of the owner. These services are provided pursuant to multi-year management agreements under which management fees are typically 3% to 5% of leasing revenue. As the management fees vary based on the property revenues, the fees represent variable consideration. Revenues are recognized over time as the services are provided. Each monthly service period represents a distinct obligation, and revenue is recognized based on the expected value of the contractual percentage of actual revenues. Payment is typically received in the month following completion of the monthly service period. Operating expense reimbursements — As part of the development agreements, there are certain costs the Trust pays on behalf of universities or third-party owners and investors. These costs are included in reimbursable operating expenses and are required to be reimbursed to the Trust by the universities or third-party owners and investors. The Trust also has certain payroll and related expenses as part of our management agreements that we pay on behalf of the property owners. These costs are included in reimbursable operating expenses and are also required to be reimbursed to the Trust by the property owners. The Trust acts as the principal in all of these activities as the expenses are incurred in connection with our third-party development and management services. The expense and revenue related to these reimbursements are recognized and paid when incurred and service is provided. Earnings per share Earnings per Share - The Trust Basic earnings per share is calculated by dividing net income available to common stockholders after accretion of certain redeemable noncontrolling interests by weighted average shares of common stock outstanding, including outstanding units in the Operating Partnership designated as LTIP Units ("LTIP Units"). Diluted earnings per share is calculated similarly, except that it includes the dilutive effect of the assumed exercise of potentially dilutive securities and the shares issuable upon settlement of the Forward Agreements (see Note 9) using the treasury stock method. The Trust follows the authoritative guidance regarding the determination of whether certain instruments are participating securities. All unvested share-based payment awards that contain nonforfeitable rights to dividends or dividend equivalents are included in the computation of earnings per share under the two-class method. This results in shares of unvested restricted stock and LTIP Units being included in the computation of basic earnings per share for all periods presented. When noncontrolling interests are redeemable at other than fair value, increases or decreases in the carrying amount of the redeemable noncontrolling interests are reflected in earnings per share using the two-class method. Earnings per OP Unit - EROP Basic earnings per unit is calculated by dividing net income available to unitholders after accretion of certain redeemable noncontrolling interests by the weighted average number of units of limited partnership interest in the Operating Partnership ("OP Units") and LTIP Units outstanding. Diluted earnings per unit is calculated similarly, except that it includes the dilutive effect of the assumed exercise of potentially dilutive securities and the shares issuable upon settlement of the Forward Agreements using the treasury stock method. EROP follows the authoritative guidance regarding the determination of whether certain instruments are participating securities. Recent accounting pronouncements In June 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-07, " Stock Compensation (Topic 718): Improvements to Nonemployee Share-Based Payment Accounting ." The ASU is intended to reduce the cost and complexity and to improve financial reporting for nonemployee share-based payments. The ASU expands the scope of Topic 718, " Compensation-Stock Compensation " (which currently only includes share-based payments to employees) to include share-based payments issued to nonemployees for goods or services. Consequently, the accounting for share-based payments to nonemployees and employees will be substantially aligned. The ASU supersedes Subtopic 505-50, " Equity-Equity-Based payments to Non-Employees ." The ASU is effective for the Trust for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2018, including interim periods within that fiscal year. Early adoption is permitted but no earlier than a company’s adoption date of Topic 606, " Revenue from Contracts with Customers ." The adoption of this guidance is not expected to have a material impact on the Trust’s condensed consolidated financial statements. In August 2017, the FASB issued ASU 2017-12, " Derivatives and Hedging: Targeted Improvements to Accounting for Hedging Activities" ("ASU 2017-12"). The purpose of this updated guidance is to better align a company’s financial reporting for hedging activities with the economic objectives of those activities. The transition guidance provides companies with the option of early adopting the new standard using a modified retrospective transition method in any interim period after issuance of the update, or alternatively requires adoption for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2018. The Trust early adopted ASU 2017-12 as of January 1, 2018. ASU 2017-12 required the Trust to recognize the cumulative effect of initially applying ASU 2017-12 as an adjustment to accumulated other comprehensive income with a corresponding adjustment to the opening balance of retained earnings as of the beginning of 2018. The adoption had no impact on the accompanying condensed consolidated financial statements other than enhanced disclosures. In February 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-02, " Leases (Topic 842)" ("ASU 2016-02"), which requires a lessee to recognize in the statement of financial position a liability to make lease payments (the lease liability) and a right-of-use asset representing its right to use the underlying asset for the lease term. ASU 2016-02 is effective for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2018, and interim periods within those years, on a modified retrospective basis. The Trust's primary revenue is collegiate housing lease and lease-related revenue; as such, the Trust is a lessor on a significant number of leases. The Trust is continuing to evaluate the potential impact of the ASU and believes it will continue to account for its leases in substantially the same manner due to the short-term nature (less than 12 months) of its leases. The most significant change anticipated relates to ground lease agreements under which the Trust is the lessee, which could result in recording the right-of-use asset and related liability on the balance sheet. The Trust’s ground lease payments generally vary based upon percentages of property revenues. and variable lease payments are excluded from the calculation of right-of-use assets and related liabilities. Therefore, a substantial portion of the Trust’s annual ground rent payments will be excluded from the calculations of the right-of-use assets and related liabilities. The Trust plans to adopt ASU 2016-02 effective January 1, 2019 and is continuing to evaluate and quantify the effect that ASU 2016-02 will have on its consolidated financial statements and related disclosures. In May 2014, the FASB issued ASU 2014-09, " Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606)" ("ASU 2014-09"), as amended by ASU 2015-04 to defer the effective date. The guidance outlines a single comprehensive model for entities to use in accounting for revenue arising from contracts with customers and supersedes most current revenue recognition guidance, including the guidance on real estate derecognition for most transactions. ASU 2014-09 provides that an entity should recognize revenue to depict the transfer of promised goods or services to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration to which the entity expects to be entitled in exchange for those goods and services. ASU 2014-09 became effective for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2017 and interim periods within those years and permits the use of either a full retrospective method or a modified retrospective method. The standard also allows the use of certain practical expedients described below. Since the issuance of ASU 2014-09, the FASB has issued ASU 2016-08, which is intended to improve the understandability of the implementation guidance regarding principal versus agent considerations, and has issued ASU 2016-10 to clarify the identification of performance obligations and the implementation guidance related to licensing. The FASB also issued ASU 2016-12 to provide further implementation guidance in some areas and add practical expedients. The effective dates of these amendments are the same as ASU 2014-09. The Trust adopted the new revenue standard using the modified retrospective approach as of January 1, 2018, and has completed its assessment of its revenue streams to identify any differences in the timing, measurement or presentation of revenue recognition under the new standard. The adoption of this standard did not have an impact on the consolidated financial statements on the date of adoption, as a substantial portion (approximately 89% ) of revenue consists of lease and lease-related income from leasing arrangements, which is specifically excluded from ASU 2014-09. The Trust's other non-lease related revenue streams, which have been evaluated under ASU 2014-09 and related guidance, include but are not limited to third-party development services, third-party management services and operating expense reimbursements. The Trust utilized the practical expedient to recognize the cumulative effect of initially applying the new standard as an adjustment to the opening balance of retained earnings only for contracts that are not completed at January 1, 2018. There was no impact to opening retained earnings related to adopting the guidance because there were no third-party development consulting agreements outstanding at December 31, 2017. Based on management's analysis of the Trust’s non-lease related revenue streams, the primary impact of the new revenue standard is enhanced disclosures that depict how the nature, amount, timing and uncertainty of revenue and cash flows are affected by economic factors, and there was no material impact to our consolidated results of operations for the adoption of the standard for the six months ended June 30, 2018 . As the Trust utilized the modified retrospective approach, the comparative information has not been restated and continues to be reported under the accounting standards in effect for those periods. Prior to adoption of ASU 2014-09, gains for real estate sales transactions were recognized and then reduced by exposure to loss related to any continuing involvement at the time of sale. Upon adoption of ASU 2014-09, any continuing involvement must be analyzed as a separate performance obligation in the contract and a portion of the sales price allocated to each performance obligation. When the continuing involvement performance obligation is satisfied, the sales price allocated to it will be recognized. The Trust had no sales of real estate with continuing involvement during the six months ended June 30, 2018 or in any prior periods that would require cumulative adjustment as of January 1, 2018. |
