Stockholder’s Equity | 6. Stockholder’s Equity Equity Incentive Plans As of June 30, 2017, a total of 5,694,538 shares of common stock have been authorized under the 2013 Equity Incentive Award Plan (the “2013 Plan”), including the additional 1,484,583 shares of common stock that became available on January 1, 2017 for future issuance under the 2013 Plan as a result of an annual automatic increase provision in the 2013 Plan. As of June 30, 2017, a total of 4,750,825 shares are subject to options and restricted stock units (“RSUs”) outstanding under the 2013 Plan. There are 1,474,502 shares subject to options outstanding under the 2004 Stock Incentive Plan (the “2004 Plan”) as of June 30, 2017, which will become available for issuance under the 2013 Plan to the extent the options are forfeited or lapse unexercised without issuance of such shares under the 2004 Plan. The following table summarizes the Company’s stock option and RSU award activity under the 2004 Plan and 2013 Plan including grants to nonemployees during the six months ended June 30, 2017 (in thousands): Shares Available for Grant Options and of Options and Awards Awards Outstanding Balance at December 31, 2016 971 4,900 Additional shares authorized 1,485 — RSUs awarded (532 ) 532 Options granted (1,753 ) 1,753 Options exercised — (269 ) RSUs vested — (184 ) Options forfeited 367 (367 ) RSUs forfeited 140 (140 ) Balance at June 30, 2017 678 6,225 The weighted-average grant date estimated fair value of options granted during the six months ended June 30, 2017 was $3.96 per share. Employee Stock Purchase Plan As of June 30, 2017, a total of 1,543,620 shares of common stock have been authorized and 1,235,717 shares of common stock are available for future issuance under the Company’s Employee Stock Purchase Plan (the “ESPP”). This authorized number includes the additional 350,000 shares of common stock that became available for future issuance under the ESPP as of January 1, 2017 as a result of an annual automatic increase provision in the ESPP. The ESPP allows eligible employees to purchase shares of the Company’s common stock at a discount through payroll deductions of up to 15% of their eligible compensation, subject to any plan limitations. The ESPP provides for six-month offering periods, and at the end of each offering period, employees are able to purchase shares at 85% of the lower of the fair market value of the Company’s common stock on the first trading day of the offering period or on the last day of the offering period. During the six months ended June 30, 2017, the Company issued 59,135 shares under the ESPP. Restricted Stock Units In March 2014, the Company awarded 293,980 RSUs under the 2013 Plan. The RSUs fully vested on March 31, 2017. Each vested RSU represents the right to receive one share of common stock. The Company recognized stock-based compensation expense related to these RSUs of $0.4 million for the six months ended June 30, 2017. Stock-Based Compensation Employee stock-based compensation expense was calculated based on awards expected to vest and has been reduced for estimated forfeitures. Forfeitures are estimated at the time of grant and revised, if necessary, in subsequent periods if actual forfeitures are expected to differ from those estimates. Stock-based compensation expense recognized was as follows (in thousands): Three Months Ended June 30, Six Months Ended June 30, 2017 2016 2017 2016 Research and development $ 1,132 $ 1,598 $ 2,549 $ 3,241 General and administrative 1,064 1,354 2,770 2,706 Restructuring charges 6 — 6 — Total $ 2,202 $ 2,952 $ 5,325 $ 5,947 As of June 30, 2017, the Company had $14.1 million, $3.9 million and $0.1 million of unrecognized stock-based compensation expense related to stock options, RSUs and ESPP shares, respectively, which are expected to be recognized over an estimated weighted-average period of 3.1 years, 1.4 years and 0.2 years, respectively. Fair Value Disclosures The fair value of stock options granted under the 2013 Plan and purchases under the Company’s ESPP were estimated at grant date using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model. The fair value of stock-based awards was estimated using the following weighted average assumptions for the three and six months ended June 30, 2017 and 2016: Three Months Ended June 30, Six Months Ended June 30, Stock Option Plan: 2017 2016 2017 2016 Weighted-average volatility 77.2% 71.6% 75.3% 67.8% Weighted-average expected term (years) 6.2 6.2 6.2 6.2 Risk-free interest rate 2.1% 1.5% 2.2% 1.6% Expected dividend yield — — — — Three Months Ended June 30, Six Months Ended June 30, ESPP 2017 2016 2017 2016 Weighted-average volatility 54.0% 104.5% 63.9% 75.0% Weighted-average expected term (years) 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 Risk-free interest rate 0.5% 0.5% 0.5% 0.4% Expected dividend yield — — — — |