Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (Policies) | 12 Months Ended |
Dec. 31, 2013 |
Accounting Policies [Abstract] | ' |
Use of Estimates | ' |
Use of Estimates |
The preparation of financial statements in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (“US GAAP”) requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported revenue and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could differ from those estimates. |
Principles of Consolidation | ' |
Principles of Consolidation |
The consolidated financial statements include all subsidiaries and entities controlled by the Company. Control is defined by the Company as ownership of a majority of the voting interest of an entity. The consolidated financial statements include entities in which the Company has the obligation to absorb losses of the entities or the right to receive benefits from the entities and generally has voting control over the entities or both, as a result of ownership, contractual or other financial interests in the entities. Third party equity interests in the consolidated joint ventures are reflected as noncontrolling interests in the Company’s consolidated financial statements. |
The following table summarizes the percentage of net service revenue earned by type of ownership or relationship the Company had with the operating entity for the periods presented: |
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| | 2013 | | | 2012 | | | 2011 | |
Wholly owned subsidiaries | | | 48.8 | % | | | 48.1 | % | | | 49.5 | % |
Equity joint ventures | | | 48.5 | | | | 49.1 | | | | 47.1 | |
License leasing arrangements | | | 1.9 | | | | 1.9 | | | | 2.4 | |
Management services | | | 0.8 | | | | 0.9 | | | | 1 | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | 100 | % | | | 100 | % | | | 100 | % |
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All significant inter-company accounts and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation. Business combinations accounted for as purchases have been included in the consolidated financial statements from the respective dates of acquisition. |
The following discussion describes the Company’s consolidation policy with respect to its various ventures excluding wholly owned subsidiaries: |
Equity Joint Ventures |
A majority of the Company’s equity joint ventures are structured as limited liability companies in which the Company typically owns a majority equity interest ranging from 51% to 91%. Each member of all but one of the Company’s equity joint ventures participates in profits and losses in proportion to their equity interests. The Company has one equity joint venture partner whose participation in losses is limited. The Company consolidates these entities as the Company has the obligation to absorb losses of the entities and the right to receive benefits from the entities and generally has voting control over the entities. |
License Leasing Arrangements |
The Company, through wholly owned subsidiaries, leases home health licenses necessary to operate certain of its home nursing agencies. As with wholly owned subsidiaries, the Company owns 100% of the equity of these entities and consolidates them based on such ownership, as well as the Company’s obligation to absorb losses of the entities and the right to receive benefits from the entities. |
Management Services |
The Company has various management services agreements under which the Company manages certain operations of agencies and facilities. The Company does not consolidate these agencies or facilities, as the Company does not have an ownership interest and does not have an obligation to absorb losses of the entities or the right to receive the benefits from the entities. |
Revenue Recognition | ' |
Revenue Recognition |
The Company reports net service revenue at the estimated net realizable amount due from Medicare, Medicaid, commercial insurance, managed care payors, patients and others for services rendered. All payors contribute to both the home-based services and facility-based services. |
The following table sets forth the percentage of net service revenue earned by category of payor for the years ending December 31: |
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| | 2013 | | | 2012 | | | 2011 | |
Payor: | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Medicare | | | 79.8 | % | | | 77.9 | % | | | 79.7 | % |
Medicaid | | | 1.4 | | | | 1.8 | | | | 2.3 | |
Other | | | 18.8 | | | | 20.3 | | | | 18 | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | 100 | % | | | 100 | % | | | 100 | % |
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
The percentage of net service revenue contributed from each reporting segment was as follows for the years ending December 31: |
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| | 2013 | | | 2012 | | | 2011 | |
Home-based services | | | 88.5 | % | | | 88.4 | % | | | 88 | % |
Facility-based services | | | 11.5 | | | | 11.6 | | | | 12 | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | 100 | % | | | 100 | % | | | 100 | % |
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Medicare |
Home-Based Services |
Home Nursing Services. The Company’s home nursing Medicare patients are classified into one of 153 home health resource groups prior to receiving services. Based on this home health resource group, the Company is entitled to receive a standard prospective Medicare payment for delivering care over a 60-day period referred to as an episode. The Company recognizes revenue based on the number of days elapsed during an episode of care within the reporting period. |
Final payments from Medicare may reflect one of four retroactive adjustments to ensure the adequacy and effectiveness of the total reimbursement: (a) an outlier payment if the patient’s care was unusually costly; (b) a low utilization adjustment if the number of visits was fewer than five; (c) a partial payment if the patient transferred to another provider before completing the episode; or (d) a payment adjustment based upon the level of therapy services required in the population base. Management estimates the impact of these payment adjustments based on historical experience and records this estimate during the period the services are rendered. The Company’s payment is also adjusted for geographic wage differences. In calculating the Company’s reported net service revenue from home nursing services, the Company adjusts the prospective Medicare payments by an estimate of the adjustments. |
Hospice Services. The Company is paid by Medicare under a per diem payment system. The Company receives one of four predetermined daily or hourly rates based upon the level of care the Company furnished. The Company records net service revenue from hospice services based on the daily or hourly rate and recognizes revenue as hospice services are provided. |
Hospice payments are also subject to an inpatient cap and an overall Medicare payment cap. Inpatient cap relates to individual programs receiving more than 20% of its total Medicare reimbursement from inpatient care services and the overall Medicare payment cap relates to individual programs receiving reimbursements in excess of a “cap amount,” calculated by multiplying (a) the number of beneficiaries during the period by (b) a statutory amount that is indexed for inflation. The determination for each cap is made annually based on the twelve-month period ending on October 31 of each year. The Company monitors its limits on a provider-by-provider basis and records an estimate of its liability for reimbursements received in excess of the cap amount. Annually, the Company receives notification of whether any of its hospice providers have exceeded either cap. Adjustments resulting from these notifications have not been material. |
Facility-Based Services |
Long-Term Acute Care Services. The Company is reimbursed by Medicare for services provided under the long-term acute care hospital (“LTACH”) prospective payment system, which was implemented on October 1, 2002. Each patient is assigned a long-term care diagnosis-related group. The Company is paid a predetermined fixed amount intended to reflect the average cost of treating a Medicare patient classified in that particular long-term care diagnosis-related group. For selected patients, the amount may be further adjusted based on length-of-stay and facility-specific costs, as well as in instances where a patient is discharged and subsequently re-admitted, among other factors. The Company calculates the adjustment based on a historical average of these types of adjustments for claims paid. Similar to other Medicare prospective payment systems, the rate is also adjusted for geographic wage differences. Revenue is recognized for the Company’s LTACHs as services are provided. |
Medicaid, managed care and other payors |
The Company’s Medicaid reimbursement is based on a predetermined fee schedule applied to each service provided. Therefore, revenue is recognized for Medicaid services as services are provided based on this fee schedule. The Company’s managed care and other payors reimburse the Company in a manner similar to either Medicare or Medicaid. Accordingly, the Company recognizes revenue from managed care and other payors in the same manner as the Company recognizes revenue from Medicare or Medicaid. |
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Management Services |
The Company records management services revenue as such services are provided in accordance with the various management services agreements to which the Company is a party. As described in the management services agreements, the Company provides billing, management and other consulting services suited to and designed for the efficient operation of the applicable home nursing agency. The Company is responsible for the costs associated with the locations and personnel required for the provision of services. The Company is compensated based on a percentage of cash collections for one management service agreement and reimbursed for operating expenses plus a percentage of operating net income for two management service agreements. |
Accounts Receivable and Allowances for Uncollectible Accounts | ' |
Accounts Receivable and Allowances for Uncollectible Accounts |
The Company reports accounts receivable net of estimated allowances for uncollectible accounts and adjustments. Accounts receivable are uncollateralized and primarily consist of amounts due from Medicare, other third-party payors, and patients. To provide for accounts receivable that could become uncollectible in the future, the Company establishes an allowance for uncollectible accounts to reduce the carrying amount of such receivables to their estimated net realizable value. Because Medicare is the Company’s primary payor, the credit risk associated with receivables from other payors is limited. The Company believes the credit risk associated with its Medicare accounts, which represent 68.6% and 63.6% of its patient accounts receivable at December 31, 2013 and December 31, 2012, respectively, is limited due to (i) the historical collection rate from Medicare and (ii) the fact that Medicare is a U.S. government payor. The Company does not believe that there are any other significant concentrations of receivables from any particular payor that would subject it to any significant credit risk in the collection of accounts receivable. |
The amount of the provision for bad debts is based upon the Company’s assessment of historical and expected net collections, business and economic conditions and trends in government reimbursement. Uncollectible accounts are written off when the Company has determined that the account will not be collected. |
A portion of the estimated Medicare prospective payment system reimbursement from each submitted home nursing episode is received in the form of a request for anticipated payment (“RAP”). The Company submits a RAP for 60% of the estimated reimbursement for the initial episode at the start of care. The full amount of the episode is billed after the episode has been completed. The RAP received for that particular episode is deducted from the final payment. If a final bill is not submitted within the greater of 120 days from the start of the episode, or 60 days from the date the RAP was paid, any RAPs received for that episode will be recouped by Medicare from any other Medicare claims in process for that particular provider. The RAP and final claim must then be resubmitted. For subsequent episodes of care contiguous with the first episode for a particular patient, the Company submits a RAP for 50% instead of 60% of the estimated reimbursement. |
The Company’s Medicare population is paid at a prospectively set amount that can be determined at the time services are rendered. The Company’s Medicaid reimbursement is based on a predetermined fee schedule applied to each individual service we provide. The Company’s managed care contracts are structured similar to either the Medicare or Medicaid payment methodologies. Because of its payor mix, the Company is able to calculate its actual amount due at the patient level and adjust the gross charges down to the actual amount at the time of billing. This negates the need to record an estimated contractual allowance when reporting net service revenue for each reporting period. |
Business Combination | ' |
Business Combination |
The Company accounts for business combinations using the acquisition method. The assets typically acquired consist primarily of a Medicare license, trade names, certificate of need and/or a noncompete agreement. The assets acquired and liabilities assumed, if any, are measured at fair value on the acquisition date using the appropriate valuation method. The noncontrolling interest associated with joint venture acquisitions is also measured and recorded at fair value as of the acquisition date. The residual purchase price is recorded as goodwill. The operations of the acquisitions are included in the consolidated financial statements from their respective dates of acquisition. |
Goodwill and Intangible Assets | ' |
Goodwill and Intangible Assets |
Goodwill is reviewed annually for impairment or more frequently if circumstances indicate impairment may have occurred. In September 2011, the FASB issued ASU 2011-08, Testing Goodwill for Impairment, which provides an entity the option to perform a qualitative assessment to determine whether it is more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying amount prior to performing the two-step goodwill impairment test. If the qualitative assessment indicates the possibility of an impairment, then the two-step goodwill impairment test is required. If it is more-likely-than-not that the fair value of a reporting is greater than its carrying amount, the two-step goodwill impairment test is not required. The Company adopted this guidance in 2013. |
Effective November 30, 2013, the Company changed the date of the annual impairment test for goodwill and other intangible assets from September 30 to November 30 to better coincide with the timing of when the Company prepares its annual budget and financial plans. These financial plans are a key component in estimating the fair value of the Company’s reporting units, which is the basis for performing the annual impairment test. The Company believes that the change in the annual impairment test date is preferable as it allows the Company to utilize its most current projections in the annual impairment test. |
The Company performs its annual impairment review of goodwill at November 30, and when a triggering event occurs between annual impairment tests. For 2013, the Company performed a qualitative assessment of goodwill and determined that it is not more likely than not that the fair values of its reporting units are less than the carrying amounts. |
The Company has not recognized any goodwill impairment charges in 2013, 2012 or 2011. |
Included in intangible assets are definite-lived assets subject to amortization such as non-compete agreements and defensive assets, which are defined as trade names that are not actively used. Amortization of definite-lived intangible assets is calculated on a straight-line basis over the estimated useful lives of the related assets, ranging from two to five years. |
The Company also has indefinite-lived assets that are not subject to amortization expense such as trade names, certificates of need and licenses to conduct specific operations within geographic markets. The Company has concluded that trade names, certificates of need and licenses have indefinite lives, because there are no legal, regulatory, contractual, economic or other factors that would limit the useful life of these intangible assets and the Company intends to renew and operate the certificates of need and licenses and use the trade names indefinitely. These indefinite-lived intangible assets are reviewed annually for impairment or more frequently if circumstances indicate impairment may have occurred. To determine whether an indefinite-lived intangible asset is impaired, the Company performs a qualitative assessment to support the conclusion that the indefinite-lived intangible asset is not impaired. Based on the results of that qualitative assessment, the Company may perform a quantitative test. The Company utilizes a relief-from-royalty method in its quantitative impairment test of trade names. Under this method, the fair value of the trade name is determined by calculating the present value of the after-tax cost savings associated with owning the trade names and, therefore, not having to pay royalties for use over its estimated useful life. The Company utilizes the cost approach in its quantitative impairment test for certificates of need and licenses. Under this method, assumptions are made about the cost to replace the certificates of need and licenses. During the twelve months ended December 31, 2013 and 2012, the Company recorded an impairment charge related to indefinite-lived intangible assets of $500,000 and $650,000, respectively. There were no impairment charges recorded in 2011. |
Due to/from Governmental Entities | ' |
Due to/from Governmental Entities |
The Company’s LTACHs are reimbursed for certain activities based on tentative rates. The amounts recorded in due to/from governmental entities on the Company’s consolidated balance sheets relate to settled and open cost reports that are subject to the completion of audits and the issuance of final assessments. Final reimbursement is determined based on submission of annual cost reports and audits by the fiscal intermediary. Adjustments are accrued on an estimated basis in the period the related services were rendered and further adjusted as final settlements are determined. These adjustments are accounted for as changes in estimates. Additionally, reimbursements received in excess of hospice cap amounts are recorded in this account. Adjustments resulting from these notifications have not been material. |
Property, Building and Equipment | ' |
Property, Building and Equipment |
Property, building and equipment are stated at cost. Depreciation is computed using the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the individual assets. The estimated useful life of buildings is 39 years, while the estimated useful lives of transportation equipment, and furniture and other equipment range from 3 to 10 years. The useful life for leasehold improvements is the lesser of the lease term or the expected life of the leasehold improvement. Routine repairs and maintenance costs are expensed when incurred. |
Property, building and equipment is reviewed whenever events or changes in circumstances occur that indicate possible impairment. There were no impairments recognized during the periods ended December 31, 2013, 2012 or 2011. |
The following table describes the Company’s components of property, building and equipment (amounts in thousands): |
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| | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | December 31, | | | | | |
| | 2013 | | | 2012 | | | | | |
Land | | $ | 673 | | | $ | 673 | | | | | |
Building and improvements | | | 8,997 | | | | 6,109 | | | | | |
Transportation equipment | | | 6,181 | | | | 6,232 | | | | | |
Fixed equipment | | | 4,137 | | | | 3,516 | | | | | |
Office furniture and medical equipment | | | 51,999 | | | | 47,332 | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | 71,987 | | | | 63,862 | | | | | |
Less accumulated depreciation | | | 40,935 | | | | 34,331 | | | | | |
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| | $ | 31,052 | | | $ | 29,531 | | | | | |
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Depreciation expense for the years ended December 31, 2013, 2012 and 2011 was $6.9 million, $6.9 million and $6.6 million, respectively, which was recorded in general and administrative expenses. The Company writes off assets that are fully depreciated and no longer in use. |
Noncontrolling Interest | ' |
Noncontrolling Interest |
The nonredeemable interest held by third parties in subsidiaries owned or controlled by the Company is reported on the consolidated balance sheets as noncontrolling interest as a component of stockholders’ equity. Redeemable interest held by third parties in subsidiaries owned or controlled by the Company is reported on the consolidated balance sheets outside of permanent equity. All noncontrolling interest reported in the consolidated statements of operations reflects the respective interests in the income or loss after income taxes of the subsidiaries attributable to the other parties, the effect of which is removed from the net income (loss) available to LHC Group, Inc. |
Stock-Based Employee Compensation | ' |
Stock-Based Employee Compensation |
The Company grants restricted stock or restricted stock units to employees and members of its Board of Directors as a form of compensation. The expense for such awards is based on the grant date fair value of the award and is recognized on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period. See Note 7 to these consolidated financial statements. |
Earnings Per Share | ' |
Earnings Per Share |
Basic per share information is computed by dividing the item by the weighted-average number of shares outstanding during the period, under the treasury stock method. Diluted per share information is computed by dividing the item by the weighted-average number of shares outstanding plus dilutive potential shares. |
The following table sets forth shares used in the computation of basic and diluted per share information for the years ended December 31, 2013, 2012 and 2011: |
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| | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | 2013 | | | 2012 | | | 2011 | |
Weighted average number of shares outstanding for basic per share calculation | | | 17,049,794 | | | | 17,853,321 | | | | 18,265,118 | |
Effect of dilutive potential shares: | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Options | | | 4,058 | | | | 1,909 | | | | — | |
Nonvested restricted stock | | | 78,899 | | | | 43,965 | | | | — | |
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Adjusted weighted average shares for diluted per share calculation | | | 17,132,751 | | | | 17,899,195 | | | | 18,265,118 | |
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Antidilutive shares | | | 182,225 | | | | 345,122 | | | | 316,928 | |
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