Fair Value Measurement and Derivatives | NOTE 9 – FAIR VALUE MEASUREMENT AND DERIVATIVES The Company measures fair value in accordance with a fair value hierarchy that prioritizes the inputs to valuation techniques used to measure fair value. The hierarchy gives the highest priority to unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities (Level 1 measurements) and the lowest priority to unobservable inputs (Level 3 measurements). The three levels of the fair value hierarchy are described below: Level 1 Unadjusted quoted prices in active markets that are accessible at the measurement date for identical, unrestricted assets or liabilities; Level 2 Quoted prices in markets that are not active, or inputs that are observable, either directly or indirectly, for substantially the full term of the asset or liability; and Level 3 Prices or valuation techniques that require inputs that are both significant to the fair value measurement and unobservable (supported by little or no market activity). As disclosed in Note 8, the Notes are reported at fair value, with changes in fair value recorded through the Company’s consolidated statements of operations as other income (expense) in each reporting period. All derivatives recognized by the Company were reported as derivative liabilities on the consolidated balance sheets and were adjusted to their fair value at each reporting date. Unrealized gains and losses on derivative instruments were included in change in value of derivative liabilities on the consolidated statement of operations. The following tables set forth the Company’s consolidated financial assets and liabilities measured at fair value by level within the fair value hierarchy at December 31, 2017 and 2016. Assets and liabilities are classified in their entirety based on the lowest level of input that is significant to the fair value measurement. Fair value at December 31, 2017 Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Convertible bridge notes $ 3,270,000 $ - $ - $ 3,270,000 Total $ 3,270,000 $ - $ - $ 3,270,000 Fair value at December 31, 2016 Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Preferred stock embedded conversion feature $ 123,266 $ - $ - $ 123,266 Anti-dilution provision in common stock warrants included with preferred stock 52,904 - - 52,904 Debenture embedded conversion feature 25,884 - - 25,884 Anti-dilution provision in common stock warrants included with debentures 10,988 - - 10,988 Total $ 213,042 $ - $ - $ 213,042 There were no transfers between levels during 2017. However, in accordance with ASU 2017-11, “ Earnings Per Share (Topic 260); Distinguishing Liabilities from Equity (Topic 480);” Derivatives and Hedging (Topic 815), The following tables present a reconciliation of the beginning and ending balances of items measured at fair value on a recurring basis that use significant unobservable inputs (Level 3) and the related realized and unrealized gains (losses) recorded in the consolidated statement of operations during the period. The tables also show the cumulative change effect of the derivative liabilities that were recorded as an adjustment of the opening balance of accumulated deficit for the year: Year Ended December 31, 2017 Preferred stock embedded conversion feature Anti-dilution provision in common stock warrants included with preferred stock Debenture embedded conversion feature Anti-dilution provision in common stock warrants included with debentures Convertible Bridge Notes Total Fair value, December 31, 2016 $ 123,266 $ 52,904 $ 25,884 $ 10,988 $ - $ 213,042 Reclassification of derivatives to equity upon adoption of ASU 2017-11 (123,266 ) (52,904 ) (25,884 ) (10,988 ) - (213,042 ) Issuances of debt - - - - 1,841,908 1,841,908 Accrued interest - - - - 184,963 184,963 Unamortized debt issuance costs - - - - (11,250 ) (11,250 ) Net unrealized loss on convertible bridge notes - - - - 1,254,379 1,254,379 Fair value, December 31, 2017 $ — $ — $ — $ — $ 3,270,000 $ 3,270,000 Year Ended December 31, 2016 Preferred stock embedded conversion feature Anti-dilution provision in common stock warrants included with preferred stock Debenture embedded conversion feature Anti-dilution provision in common stock warrants included with debentures Total Fair value, December 31, 2015 $ 376,065 $ 51,203 $ 560,778 $ 79,943 $ 1,067,989 Net unrealized gain on derivatives (277,337 ) (52,800 ) (408,919 ) (68,955 ) (808,011 ) Purchases and issuances (sales and settlements) 24,538 54,501 (125,975 ) — (46,936 ) Fair value, December 31, 2016 $ 123,266 $ 52,904 $ 25,884 $ 10,988 $ 213,042 Changes in unrealized gains, included in income on instruments held at end of year $ (277,337 ) $ (52,800 ) $ (408,919 ) $ (68,955 ) $ (808,011 ) The Company’s convertible bridge notes are valued by using Monte Carlo Simulation methods and discounted future cash flow models. Where possible, the Company verifies the values produced by its pricing models to market prices. Valuation models require a variety of inputs, including contractual terms, market prices, yield curves, credit spreads, measures of volatility and correlations of such inputs. These convertible bridge notes do not trade in liquid markets, and as such, model inputs cannot generally be verified and do involve significant management judgment. Such instruments are typically classified within Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy. The following assumptions were used to value the Company’s convertible bridge notes at December 31, 2017: dividend yield of -0-%, volatility of 75 – 120%, risk free rate of 1.91% and an expected term of 2.25 years. |