| Significant Accounting Policies | 4. Significant Accounting Policies The principal accounting policies applied in the preparation of these consolidated financial statements in accordance with the IFRS are set out below. These policies have been consistently applied to all years presented, except if mentioned otherwise in Note 3. Consolidation The Group has prepared the consolidated financial statements in accordance with IFRS 10 Consolidated Financial Statements Subsidiaries are all entities over which Group has control. The Group controls an entity when the Group is exposed to, or has rights to, variable returns from its involvement with the entity and has the ability to affect those returns through its power to direct the activities of the entity. Subsidiaries are consolidated from the date on which control is obtained by the Group. They are deconsolidated from the date on which control ceases. The acquisition method of accounting is used to account for business combinations by the Group. The consideration transferred is measured at the fair values of the assets transferred, and identifiable assets acquired and liabilities and contingent liabilities assumed in a business combination are measured initially at their fair values at the acquisition date. The Group recognizes any non-controlling interest in the acquired entity on an acquisition-by-acquisition basis either at fair value or at the non-controlling interest’s proportionate share of the acquired entity’s net identifiable assets. Acquisition-related costs are expensed as incurred. The excess of consideration transferred, amount of any non-controlling interest in the acquired entity and acquisition-date fair value of any previous equity interest in the acquired entity over the fair value of the net identifiable assets acquired is recoded as goodwill. If those amounts are less than the fair value of the net identifiable assets of the business acquired, the difference is recognized directly in the profit or loss as a bargain purchase. Intercompany transactions, balances and unrealized gains on transactions between consolidated companies are eliminated. Unrealized losses are also eliminated unless the transaction provides evidence of an impairment of the transferred asset. Accounting policies of subsidiaries have been changed where necessary to ensure consistency with the policies adopted by the Group. Segment Reporting Information of each operating segment is reported in a manner consistent with the internal business segment reporting provided to the chief operating decision-maker (Note 23). The CEO, as the chief operating decision-maker is responsible for allocating resources and assessing performance of the operating segments. Cash and Cash Equivalents Cash and cash equivalents include on hand, held at call with financial institutions, other investments with original maturities of or less that are readily convertible to known amounts of cash Financial Assets Classification At initial recognition, the Group classifies its financial assets in the following measurement categories:
•
measured at fair value through profit or loss
•
measured at fair value through other comprehensive income, and
•
measured at amortized cost. The classification depends on the Group’s business model for managing the financial assets and the contractual terms of the cash flows. For financial assets measured at fair value, gains and losses will either be recorded in profit or loss or other comprehensive income. For investments in debt instruments, this will depend on the business model in which the investment is held. The Group reclassifies debt investments when, and only when its business model for managing those assets changes. For investments in equity instruments that are not held for trading, this will depend on whether the Group has made an irrevocable election at the time of initial recognition to account for the equity investment at fair value through other comprehensive income. Changes in fair value of equity instruments not elected as equity investment at fair value through other comprehensive income will be recognized in profit or loss. Impairment The Group recognizes loss allowances for expected credit losses (“ECLs”) on:
•
financial assets measured at amortized cost;
•
debt investments measured at FVOCI; and
•
contract assets under IFRS 15. The Group measures loss allowances at an amount equal to lifetime ECLs, except for the following, which are measured at 12-month ECLs:
•
debt securities that are determined to have low credit risk at the reporting date; and
•
other debt securities and bank balances for which credit risk (i.e. the risk of default occurring over the expected life of the financial instrument) has not increased significantly since initial recognition . Loss allowances for accounts and other receivables (including lease receivables) and contract assets are always measured at an amount equal to lifetime ECLs. When determining whether the credit risk of a financial asset has increased significantly since initial recognition and when estimating ECLs, the Group considers reasonable and supportable information that is relevant and available without undue cost or effort. This includes both quantitative and qualitative information and analysis, based on the Group’s historical experience and informed credit assessment that includes forward-looking information. The Group considers a financial asset to be in default when:
•
the debtor is unlikely to pay its obligations to the Group in full, without recourse by the Group to actions such as realizing security (if any is held); or
•
the financial asset is more than 90 days past due. Lifetime ECLs are the ECLs that result from all possible default events over the expected life of a financial instrument. 12-month ECLs are the portion of ECLs that result from default events that are possible within the 12 months after the reporting date (or a shorter period if the expected life of the instrument is less than 12 months). The maximum period considered when estimating ECLs is the maximum contractual period over which the Group is exposed to credit risk. ECLs are a probability-weighted estimate of credit losses. Credit losses are measured as the present value of all cash shortfalls (i.e. the difference between the cash flows due to the entity in accordance with the contract and the cash flows that the Group expects to receive). ECLs are discounted at the effective interest rate of the financial asset. At each reporting date, the Group assesses whether financial assets carried at amortized cost and debt securities at FVOCI are credit-impaired. A financial asset is ‘credit-impaired’ when one or more events that have a detrimental impact on the estimated future cash flows of the financial asset have occurred. Loss allowances for financial assets measured at amortized cost are deducted from the gross carrying amount of the assets. For debt securities at FVOCI, the loss allowance is charged to profit or loss and is recognized in other comprehensive income. Recognition Regular way purchases and sales of financial assets are recognized or derecognized on trade-date, the date on which the Group commits to purchase or sell the asset. Financial assets are derecognized when the rights to receive cash flows from the financial assets have expired or have been transferred and the Group has transferred substantially all the risks and rewards of ownership. If a transfer does not result in derecognition because the Group has retained substantially all the risks and rewards of ownership of the transferred asset, the Group continues to recognize the transferred asset in its entirety and recognizes a financial liability for the consideration received. Offsetting of Financial Instruments Financial assets and liabilities are offset and the net amount reported in the consolidated statement of financial position where there is a legally enforceable right to offset the recognized amounts and there is an intention to settle on a net basis or realize the assets and settle the liability simultaneously. The legally enforceable right must not be contingent on future events and must be enforceable in the normal course of business and in the event of default, insolvency or bankruptcy of the Group or the counterparty. Property and Equipment Property and equipment are initially measured cost. The of property and equipment expenditures arising directly from the construction or acquisition of the asset, any costs bringing the asset to the location and condition necessary for it to be capable of operating in the manner intended by management, and the initial estimate of the costs item on which it is located. Property and equipment, subsequently, are carried at cost less accumulated depreciation and accumulated impairment losses. Subsequent costs are recognized in the carrying amount of property and equipment at cost or, if appropriate, as a separate item if it is probable that future economic benefits associated with the item will flow to the Group and the cost of the item can be reliably measured. Depreciation of all property and equipment, except for land, is calculated using the straight-line method to allocate their cost or revalued amounts, net of their residual values, over their estimated useful lives as follows:
Computer and other equipment
4 years
Furniture and fixtures
4 years
Vehicles
4 years
Leasehold improvements
4 years
Right-of-use assets
(*) (*) The Group depreciates the right-of-use asset from the commencement date to the earlier of the end of the useful life of the right-of-use asset or the end of the lease term using the straight-line method. Depreciation method, residual values and useful lives are reviewed, and adjusted if appropriate, at the end of each reporting period. The change is accounted for as a change in an accounting estimate. Intangible Assets Intangible assets, except for goodwill, are initially recognized at its historical cost, and carried at cost less accumulated amortization and accumulated impairment losses. The Group amortizes intangible assets with a definite useful life using the straight-line method over the following periods:
Software
1 ~ 3 years
Industrial property rights
10 years
Other intangible assets
3 years Expenditure on research activities is recognized expenses as incurred. Development expenditure is capitalized only if the expenditure can be measured reliably, the product or process is technically and commercially feasible, future economic benefits are probable and the Group intends to and has sufficient resources to complete development and to use or sell the asset. Other development expenditure is recognized in expenses as incurred. The Group entered into a game licensing agreement with a number of third parties to gain exclusive rights to the games developed by those companies. The license fee payments are recognized as other intangible assets and amortized over the term of the contract using the straight-line method. Impairment of Non-financial Assets At each reporting date, the Group reviews the carrying amounts of its non-financial assets (other than contract assets, incremental costs of obtaining a contract, costs to fulfil a contract, employee benefit related assets and deferred tax assets) to determine whether there is any indication of impairment. If any such indication exists, then the asset’s recoverable amount is estimated. Goodwill and intangible assets that have indefinite useful lives or that are not yet available for use, irrespective of whether there is any indication of impairment, are tested for impairment annually by comparing their recoverable amounts to their carrying amounts The recoverable amount of an asset or cash generating unit (“CGU”) is the greater of its value in use and its fair value less costs to sell. Value in use is based on the estimated future cash flows, discounted to their present value using a pre-tax discount rate that reflects current market assessments of the time value of money and the risks specific to the asset or CGU. An impairment loss is recognized in profit or loss if the carrying amount of an asset or CGU exceeds its recoverable amount. Leases At inception of a contract, the Group assesses whether a contract is, or contains, a lease. A contract is, or contains, a lease if the contract conveys the right to control the use of an identified asset for a period of time in exchange for consideration. To assess whether a contract conveys the right to control the use of an identified asset, the Group uses the definition of a lease in IFRS 16. Effective January 1, 2019, the Group has changed its method of accounting for leases as a result of adoption of IFRS 16, Leases, using the modified retrospective approach. i) As a Lessee At commencement or on modification of a contract that contains a lease component, the Group allocates the consideration in the contract to each lease component on the basis of its relative stand-alone prices. However, for the leases of datacenter the Group has elected not to separate non-lease components and account for the lease and non-lease components as a single lease component. The Group recognizes a right-of-use asset and a lease liability at the lease commencement date. The right-of-use asset is initially measured at cost, which comprises the initial amount of the lease liability adjusted for any lease payments made at or before the commencement date, plus any initial direct costs incurred and an estimate of costs to dismantle and remove the underlying asset or to restore the underlying asset or the site on which it is located, less any lease incentives received. The right-of-use asset is subsequently depreciated using the straight-line method from the commencement date to the end of the lease term, unless the lease transfers ownership of the underlying asset to the Group by the end of the lease term or the cost of the right-of-use asset reflects that the Group will exercise a purchase option. In that case the right-of-use asset will be depreciated over the useful life of the underlying asset, which is determined on the same basis as those of property and equipment. In addition, the right-of-use asset is periodically reduced by impairment losses, if any, and adjusted for certain remeasurements of the lease liability. The lease liability is initially measured at the present value of the lease payments that are not paid at the commencement date, discounted using the interest rate implicit in the lease or, if that rate cannot be readily determined, the Group’s incremental borrowing rate. Generally, the Group uses its incremental borrowing rate as the discount rates. The Group determines its incremental borrowing rate by obtaining interest rates from various external financing sources and makes certain adjustments to reflect the terms of the lease and type of the asset leased. Lease payments included in the measurement of the lease liability comprise the following:
•
fixed payments, including in-substance fixed payments;
•
variable lease payments that depend on an index or a rate, initially measured using the index or rate as at the commencement date;
•
amounts expected to be payable under a residual value guarantee; and
•
the exercise price under a purchase option that the Group is reasonably certain to exercise, lease payments in an optional renewal period if the Group is reasonably certain to exercise an extension option, and penalties for early termination of a lease unless the Group is reasonably certain not to terminate early. The lease liability is measured at amortized cost using the effective interest method. It is remeasured when there is a change in future lease payments arising from a change in an index or rate, if there is a change in the Group’s estimate of the amount expected to be payable under a residual value guarantee, if the Group changes its assessment of whether it will exercise a purchase, extension or termination option or if there is a revised in-substance fixed lease payment. When the lease liability is remeasured in this way, a corresponding adjustment is made to the carrying amount of the right-of-use asset, or is recorded in profit or loss if the carrying amount of the right-of-use asset has been reduced to zero. The Group other current liabilities’ ‘other non-current liabilities’ consolidated The Group has elected not to recognize right-of-use assets and lease liabilities for leases of low-value assets and short-term leases. The Group recognizes the lease payments associated with these leases as an expense on a straight-line basis over the lease term. ii) As a Lessor At inception or on modification of a contract that contains a lease component, the Group allocates the consideration in the contract to each lease component on the basis of their relative stand-alone prices. When the Group acts as a lessor, it determines at lease inception whether each lease is a finance lease or an operating lease. To classify each lease, the Group makes an overall assessment of whether the lease transfers substantially all of the risks and rewards incidental to ownership of the underlying asset. If this is the case, then the lease is a finance lease; if not, then it is an operating lease. As part of this assessment, the Group considers certain indicators such as whether the lease is for the major part of the economic life of the asset. When the Group is an intermediate lessor, it accounts for its interests in the head lease and the sub-lease separately. It assesses the lease classification of a sub-lease with reference to the right-of-use asset arising from the head lease, not with reference to the underlying asset. If a head lease is a short-term lease to which the Group applies the exemption described above, then it classifies the sub-lease as an operating lease. If an arrangement contains lease and non-lease components, then the Group applies IFRS 15 to allocate the consideration in the contract. The Group applies the derecognition and impairment requirements in IFRS 9 to the net investment in the lease. The Group further regularly reviews estimated unguaranteed residual values used in calculating the gross investment in the lease. The Group recognizes lease payments received under operating leases as income on a straight-line basis over the lease term as part of ‘other revenue’. Financial Liabilities Classification and Measurement The Group’s financial liabilities at fair value through profit or loss are financial instruments held for trading. A financial liability is held for trading if it is incurred principally for the purpose of repurchasing in the near term. A derivative that is not a designated as hedging instruments and an embedded derivative that is separated are also classified as held for trading. The Group classifies non-derivative financial liabilities, except for financial liabilities at fair value through profit or loss, financial guarantee contracts and financial liabilities that arise when a transfer of financial assets does not qualify for derecognition, as financial liabilities carried at amortized cost and present as ‘account payables,’ ‘other current liabilities,’ and ‘other non-current liabilities’ in the consolidated statement of financial position. Derecognition Financial liabilities are removed from the consolidated statement of financial position when they are extinguished; for example, when the obligation specified in the contract is discharged or cancelled or expired or when the terms of an existing financial liability are substantially modified. The difference between the carrying amount of a financial liability extinguished or transferred to another party and the consideration paid (including any non-cash assets transferred or liabilities assumed) is recognized in profit or loss. Provisions and Contingencies Provisions for legal claims, service warranties and make good obligations Group obligation an outflow of resources the amount reliably estimated Provisions are measured at the present value of management's best estimate of the required to settle the present obligation at the end of the reporting period. The discount rate used reflects current market assessments of the time value of money and the risks specific to the liability. In addition, when there is a possible obligation that arises from past events and whose existence will be confirmed only by the occurrence or non-occurrence of one or more uncertain future events not wholly within the control of the entity or a present obligation that arises from past events but is not recognized because it is not probable that an outflow of resources embodying economic benefits will be required to settle the obligation or the amount of the obligation cannot be measured with sufficient reliability, a disclosure regarding the contingent liabilities is made in the notes to the financial statements. Foreign Currency Translation Functional and Presentation Currency Items included in the consolidated of each Foreign Operations If the presentation currency of the Group is different from a foreign operation’s functional currency, the financial statements of the foreign operation are translated into the presentation currency using the following methods: The assets and liabilities of foreign operations, whose functional currency is not the currency of a hyperinflationary economy, are translated to presentation currency at exchange rates at the end of reporting period. The income and expenses of foreign operations are translated to functional currency at exchange rates at the dates of the transactions. Foreign currency differences are recognized in other comprehensive income. Any goodwill arising on the acquisition of a foreign operation and any fair value adjustments to the carrying amounts of assets and liabilities arising on the acquisition of that foreign operation is treated as assets and liabilities of the foreign operation. Thus, they are expressed in the functional currency of the foreign operation and translated at the exchange rates at the end of reporting date. When a foreign operation is disposed of, the relevant amount in the translation is transferred to profit or loss as part of the profit or loss on disposal. On the partial disposal of a subsidiary that includes a foreign operation, the relevant proportion of such cumulative amount is reattributed to non-controlling interest. In any other partial disposal of a foreign operation, the relevant proportion is reclassified to profit or loss. Transactions and Balances Foreign currency transactions are translated into the functional currency using the exchange rates at the dates of the transactions. Foreign exchange gains and losses resulting from the settlement of such transactions and from the translation of monetary assets and liabilities denominated in foreign currencies at the exchange rate at the reporting date are generally recognized in profit or loss. They are recognized in other comprehensive income if they relate to qualifying cash flow hedges and qualifying effective portion of net investment hedges, or are attributable to monetary part of the net investment in a foreign operation. Exchange differences arising on non-monetary financial assets and liabilities such as equity instruments at fair value through profit or loss and equity instruments at fair value through other comprehensive income are recognized in profit or loss and other comprehensive income, respectively, as part of the fair value gain or loss. Statement of Cash Flow s The Group has elected to present cash flows from operating activities using the indirect method. Cash flows denominated in a foreign currency are reported using average exchange rate during the fiscal year. Revenue from Contracts with Customers The Group engages in game licensing, IP licensing and game publishing businesses. Revenue is measured at the fair value of the consideration received or receivable for the sale of goods or rendering of services arising from the normal course of the business. Amounts recognized as revenue are net of value added taxes, returns, rebates and discounts. Revenue from Micro-transaction and Subscription The Group recognizes micro-transaction revenue of online and mobile games when the Group satisfies its performance obligations. When the performance obligations are satisfied depends on the natures of virtual currency and in-game virtual items. Items are categorized into consumable, periodic, and permanent in-game virtual items. Consumable in-game virtual items are items that are consumed by the specific action of a game user, and periodic in-game virtual items are items that can be used by game users repeatedly during a specified effective period. Permanent in-game virtual items are items that can be used by game users repeatedly without an effective period. The accounting policy on revenue recognition is described below in relation to micro-transaction revenue from the sales of virtual currency and items. i) Online Games At the end of the reporting period, the Group defers the total amount of remaining virtual currency as the Group has the obligation to refund for remaining virtual currency. For consumable in-game virtual items, the related revenue is recognized when the in-game virtual item is consumed. The Group defers the revenue for remaining amounts of virtual items owned by active users within the estimated user life cycle at the end of the reporting period. For periodic in-game virtual items, the related revenue is recognized ratably over the effective period. The Group defers the revenue for remaining effective period. For permanent in-game virtual items, revenue is recognized ratably over the estimated user life cycle. The Group defers the revenue for remaining period of estimated user life cycle at the end of the reporting period. The Group recognizes online subscription revenue as game users make use of in-game premium features. Subscription revenue comes from subscription fee for internet cafés. Prepaid subscription fees from internet cafés are deferred and recognized as revenue monthly based on actual hours used. ii) Mobile Games Mobile game users purchase virtual currency that can be used to purchase in-game items. The Group has no refund obligation after the game users purchase virtual currency. At the end of the reporting period, the Group defers the revenue for the remaining virtual currency possessed by active paying users within the estimated user life cycle. For consumable in-game virtual items, revenue is recognized when the in-game virtual item is consumed. The Group defers the revenue for remaining amount of virtual items possessed by active users within the estimated user life cycle at the end of the reporting period. For periodic in-game virtual items, revenue is recognized ratably over the effective period. The Group defers the revenue for remaining effective period. For permanent in-game virtual items, revenue is recognized ratably over the estimated user life cycle. The Group defers the revenue for remaining period of estimated user life cycle at the end of the reporting period. Online and Mobile games - Royalties and License Fees In connection with the Group’s online and mobile games, the Group enters into license agreement in connection with the right to access the intellectual property, such as game character images and stories. The Group believes that the agreement is a promise to provide a right to the customer to access the related IP because the Group will undertake activities that significantly affect the intellectual property to which the customer has rights, the rights granted by the license directly expose the customer to any positive or negative effects of the Group’s activities, and those activities do not result in the transfer of a good or a service to the customer as those activities occur. Therefore, the Group’s performance obligations in connection with these agreements are satisfied over time. Since the nature of the license promise is to provide customers with access to the intellectual property of the Group during the license period, the Group's performance obligation corresponds to the performance obligation satisfied over time, and revenue is recognized over the license period. The Group recognizes revenue for the license fee through the straight-line method during the contract period, and for the running royalty revenue, the revenue is recognized on an accrual basis at the time the revenue distribution is established in accordance with the terms of the contract. When the running royalty revenue based on the contractual royalty rate and the actual revenue of the licensee exceeds the ratably recognized minimum guarantee, the excess amount is then recognized as revenue and accounts receivable. Other Revenue Other revenue consists of revenue from sales of console games, game character merchandise, animation and other services, including website development and operation services for third parties. Revenues from are recognized by measuring progress is measured by reference to the costs incurred up to the end of the reporting period as a percentage of total estimated costs for each contract. Incremental Costs of Obtaining Contract The Group pays platform processing fees to operate mobile games on third party platforms. These fees are charged based on the game users’ purchases in cash, and considered as incremental cost of obtaining contracts with customer and therefore capitalized. The Group presents these costs as prepaid expense and amortizes them to costs of revenue at the same time when the related revenue of the services provided to the game users are recognized. Earnings per Share Basic earnings per share is calculated by dividing profit attributable to owners of the Parent by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding during the period. Diluted earnings per share is computed by dividing net earnings by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding, increased by common stock equivalents. However, for the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019, there have been no common stock equivalents outstanding. Current and Deferred Tax The tax expense for the period consists of current and deferred tax. Current and deferred tax is recognized in profit or loss, except to the extent that it relates to items recognized in other comprehensive income or directly in equity. The tax expense is measured at the amount expected to be paid to the taxation authorities, using the tax rates (and tax laws) that have been enacted or substantively enacted by the end of the reporting period. Deferred income tax is provided in full, using the liability method, on temporary differences arising between the tax bases of assets and liabilities and their carrying amounts in the consolidated financial statements. However, deferred income tax is not accounted for if it arises from initial recognition of an asset or liability in a transaction other than a business combination that at the time of the transaction affects neither accounting nor taxable profit or loss. Deferred tax assets are recognized only if it is probable that future taxable income will be available to utilize those temporary differences and tax credit. The Group recognizes a deferred tax liability all taxable temporary differences associated with investments in subsidiaries, associates, and interests in joint arrangements, except to the extent that the Group is able to control the timing of the reversal of the temporary difference and it is probable that the temporary difference will not reverse in the foreseeable future. In addition, The Group recognizes a deferred tax asset for all deductible temporary differences arising from such investments to the extent that it is probable the temporary difference will reverse in the foreseeable future and taxable profit will be available against which the temporary difference can be utilized. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are offset when there is a legally enforceable right to offset current tax assets and liabilities and when the deferred tax balances relate to the same taxation authority. Current tax assets and tax liabilities are offset where the entity has a legally enforceable right to offset and intends to settle on a net basis. Employee Benefits Short-term Employee Benefits Short-term employee benefits are employee benefits that are due to be settled within 12 months after the end of the period in which the employees render services. When an employee has rendered a to the Group during an accounting period, the Group recognizes the undiscounted of short-term employee benefits in exchange for that Defined Contribution Pensio |
