Significant Accounting Policies | 2. Significant Accounting Policies Basis of Presentation The consolidated financial statements are presented in U.S. dollars in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States (“U.S. GAAP”) and include the accounts of pSivida Corp. and its wholly-owned subsidiaries. All intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated. The Company’s fiscal year ends on June 30 of each year. The years ended June 30, 2017, 2016 and 2015 may be referred to herein as fiscal 2017, fiscal 2016 and fiscal 2015, respectively. Use of Estimates The preparation of consolidated financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make certain estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts and disclosure of assets and liabilities at the date of the consolidated financial statements and the reported amounts and disclosure of revenues and expenses during the reporting periods. Significant management estimates and assumptions include, among others, those related to revenue recognition for multiple-deliverable arrangements, recognition of expense in outsourced clinical trial agreements, realization of deferred tax assets and the valuation of stock option and other equity awards. Actual results could differ from these estimates. Foreign Currency The functional currency of the Company and each of its subsidiaries is the currency of the primary economic environment in which that entity operates - the U.S. dollar or the Pound Sterling. Assets and liabilities of the Company’s foreign subsidiary are translated at period-end exchange rates. Amounts included in the statements of comprehensive (loss) income and cash flows are translated at the weighted average exchange rates for the period. Gains and losses from currency translation are included in accumulated other comprehensive income as a separate component of stockholders’ equity in the consolidated balance sheets. The balance of accumulated other comprehensive income attributable to foreign currency translation was $833,000 at June 30, 2017 and $854,000 at June 30, 2016. Foreign currency gains or losses arising from transactions denominated in foreign currencies, whether realized or unrealized, are recorded in interest and other income, net in the consolidated statements of comprehensive (loss) income and were not significant for all periods presented. Cash Equivalents Cash equivalents represent highly liquid investments with maturities of three months or less at the date of purchase, principally consisting of institutional money market funds. Marketable Securities Marketable securities consist of investments with an original or remaining maturity of greater than three months at the date of purchase. The Company has classified its marketable securities as available-for-sale. Accordingly, the Company records these investments at fair value, with unrealized gains and losses excluded from earnings and reported, net of tax, in accumulated other comprehensive income, which is a component of stockholders’ equity. If the Company determines that a decline of any investment is other-than-temporary, the investment is written down to fair value. As of June 30, 2017 and 2016, there were no investments in a significant unrealized loss position. The fair value of marketable securities is determined based on quoted market prices at the balance sheet date of the same or similar instruments. The amortized cost of debt securities is adjusted for amortization of premiums and accretion of discounts through to the earlier of sale or maturity. Such amortization and accretion amounts are included in interest and other income, net in the consolidated statements of comprehensive (loss) income. The cost of marketable securities sold is determined by the specific identification method. Concentrations of Risk Financial instruments that potentially subject the Company to concentrations of credit risk consist principally of cash, cash equivalents and marketable securities. At June 30, 2017, a total of $13.5 million, representing all of the Company’s interest-bearing cash equivalent balances, were concentrated in one U.S. Government institutional money market fund that has investments consisting primarily of U.S. Government Agency debt, U.S. Treasury Repurchase Agreements and U.S. Government Agency Repurchase Agreements. Generally, these deposits may be redeemed upon demand and, therefore, the Company believes they have minimal risk. The Company had no marketable security investments at June 30, 2017. Marketable securities at June 30, 2016 consisted of investment-grade corporate bonds and commercial paper. The Company’s investment policy, approved by the Board of Directors, includes guidelines relative to diversification and maturities designed to preserve principal and liquidity. Revenues from Alimera accounted for $659,000, or 9% of total revenues in fiscal 2017, $233,000, or 14% of total revenues in fiscal 2016 and $25.1 million, or 95% of total revenues in fiscal 2015. Revenues from Pfizer accounted for $5.6 million, or 74% of total revenues in fiscal 2017 and were inconsequential in each of fiscal 2016 and fiscal 2015. Revenues from Bausch & Lomb accounted for $984,000, or 13% of total revenues in fiscal 2017, $1.3 million, or 77% of total revenues in fiscal 2016 and $1.2 million, or 5% of total revenues in fiscal 2015. Revenues from feasibility study agreements accounted for $211,000, or 3%, of total revenues in fiscal 2017 and were inconsequential in each of fiscal 2016 and fiscal 2015. Accounts receivable from Bausch & Lomb accounted for $246,000, or 98%, of total accounts receivable at June 30, 2017 and $288,000, or 59%, of total accounts receivable at June 30, 2016. Fair Value of Financial Instruments The carrying amounts of cash equivalents, accounts receivable, accounts payable and accrued expenses approximate fair value because of their short-term maturity. Accounts and Other Receivables Receivables consist primarily of: (i) quarterly royalties earned; (ii) U.K. research and development tax credits; and (iii) accrued interest on marketable securities. Debt and Equity Instruments Debt and equity instruments are classified as either liabilities or equity in accordance with the substance of the contractual arrangement. Property and Equipment Property and equipment are recorded at cost and depreciated over their estimated useful lives (generally three to five years) using the straight-line method. Leasehold improvements are amortized on a straight-line basis over the shorter of the remaining non-cancellable lease term or their estimated useful lives. Repair and maintenance costs are expensed as incurred. When assets are retired or sold, the assets and accumulated depreciation are derecognized from the respective accounts and any gain or loss is recognized. Leases The Company leases real estate and office equipment under operating leases. Its primary real estate lease contains rent holiday and rent escalation clauses. The Company recognizes the rent holiday and scheduled rent increases on a straight-line basis over the lease term, with the excess of cumulative rent expense over cash payments recorded as a deferred rent liability. Impairment of Intangible Assets The Company’s finite life intangible assets include its acquired Durasert and Tethadur patented technologies, which are being amortized on a straight-line basis over twelve years and will be fully amortized as of December 31, 2017. The intangible asset lives were determined based upon the anticipated period that the Company will derive future cash flows from the intangible assets, considering the effects of legal, regulatory, contractual, competitive and other economic factors. The Company continually monitors whether events or circumstances have occurred that indicate that the remaining estimated useful life of its intangible assets may warrant revision. The Company assesses potential impairments to its intangible assets when there is evidence that events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset may not be recoverable. An impairment loss is recognized when the future undiscounted net cash flows expected to result from the use of an asset are less than its carrying value. If the Company considers an asset to be impaired, the impairment charge to be recognized is measured by the amount by which the carrying value of the asset exceeds its estimated fair value. Revenue Recognition Collaborative Research and Development and Multiple-Deliverable Arrangements The Company enters into collaborative arrangements with strategic partners for the development and commercialization of product candidates utilizing the Company’s technologies. The terms of these agreements have typically included multiple deliverables by the Company (for example, license rights, research and development services and manufacturing of clinical materials) in exchange for consideration to the Company of some combination of non-refundable license fees, research and development funding, payments based upon achievement of clinical development or other milestones and royalties in the form of a designated percentage of product sales or profits. Revenue is recognized when there is persuasive evidence that an arrangement exists, delivery has occurred, the price is fixed and determinable, and collection is reasonably assured. Multiple-deliverable arrangements, such as license and development agreements, are analyzed to determine whether the deliverables can be separated or whether they must be accounted for as a single unit of accounting. When deliverables are separable, consideration received is allocated to the separate units of accounting based on the relative selling price method using management’s best estimate of the standalone selling price of deliverables when vendor-specific objective evidence or third-party evidence of selling price is not available. Allocated consideration is recognized as revenue upon application of the appropriate revenue recognition principles to each unit. When the Company determines that an arrangement should be accounted for as a single unit of accounting, it must determine the period over which the performance obligations will be performed and revenue will be recognized. The Company estimates its performance period used for revenue recognition based on the specific terms of each agreement, and adjusts the performance periods, if appropriate, based on the applicable facts and circumstances. Significant management judgment may be required to determine the level of effort required under an arrangement and the period over which the Company is expected to complete its performance obligations under the arrangement. If the Company cannot reasonably estimate when its performance obligations either are completed or become inconsequential, then revenue recognition is deferred until the Company can reasonably make such estimates. Revenue is then recognized over the remaining estimated period of performance using the cumulative catch-up method. Royalties Royalty income is recognized upon the sale of the related products, provided that the royalty amounts are fixed or determinable, collection of the related receivable is reasonably assured and the Company has no remaining performance obligations under the arrangement. Such revenues are included as royalty income. If royalties are received when the Company has remaining performance obligations, the royalty payments would be attributed to the services being provided under the arrangement and therefore revenue would be recognized as such performance obligations are performed. Any such revenues are included as collaborative research and development revenues. Reimbursement of Costs The Company may provide research and development services and incur maintenance costs of licensed patents under collaboration arrangements to assist in advancing the development of licensed products. The Company acts primarily as a principal in these transactions and, accordingly, reimbursement amounts received are classified as a component of revenue to be recognized consistent with the revenue recognition policy summarized above. The Company records the expenses incurred and reimbursed on a gross basis. Deferred Revenue Amounts received prior to satisfying the above revenue recognition criteria are recorded as deferred revenue in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets. Amounts not expected to be recognized within one year following the balance sheet date are classified as non-current deferred revenue. Research and Development Research and development costs are charged to operations as incurred. These costs include all direct costs, including cash compensation, stock-based compensation and benefits for research and development personnel, amortization of intangible assets, third-party costs and services for clinical trials, clinical materials, pre-clinical programs, regulatory affairs, external consultants, and other operational costs related to the Company’s research and development of its product candidates. Stock-Based Compensation The Company may award stock options and other equity-based instruments to its employees, directors and consultants pursuant to stockholder-approved plans. In the fourth quarter of fiscal 2017, the Company early adopted ASU 2016-09, Compensation—Stock Compensation (Topic 718): Improvements to Employee Share-Based Payment Compensation cost related to such share-based payment awards is based on the fair value of the instrument on the grant date and is recognized on a graded vesting basis over the requisite service period for each separately vesting tranche of the awards. The Company may also grant share-based payment awards that are subject to objectively measurable performance and service criteria. Compensation expense for performance-based awards begins at such time as it becomes probable that the respective performance conditions will be achieved. The Company continues to recognize the grant date fair value of performance-based awards through the vesting date of the respective awards so long as it remains probable that the related performance conditions will be satisfied. The Company estimates the fair value of stock option awards using the Black-Scholes option valuation model and the fair value of restricted stock units based on the observed grant date fair value of the underlying common stock. Net (Loss) Income per Share Basic net (loss) income per share is computed by dividing net (loss) income by the weighted-average number of common shares outstanding during the period. For periods in which the Company reports net income, diluted net income per share is determined by adding to the weighted-average number of common shares outstanding the average number of dilutive common equivalent shares using the treasury stock method, unless the effect is anti-dilutive. The following table reconciles the number of shares used to compute basic and diluted net (loss) income per share: Year Ended June 30, 2017 2016 2015 Number of common shares – basic 35,343,765 31,623,473 29,378,250 Effect of dilutive securities: Stock options — — 956,441 Warrants — — 249,449 Number of common shares – diluted 35,343,765 31,623,473 30,584,140 Potential common stock equivalents excluded from the calculation of diluted earnings per share because the effect would have been anti-dilutive were as follows: Year Ended June 30, 2017 2016 2015 Options outstanding 6,895,685 4,981,421 2,010,793 Warrants outstanding 623,605 623,605 552,500 Restricted stock units outstanding 948,500 — — Performance stock units outstanding 210,000 — — 8,677,790 5,605,026 2,563,293 Comprehensive (Loss) Income Comprehensive (loss) income is comprised of net (loss) income, foreign currency translation adjustments and unrealized gains and losses on available-for-sale marketable securities. Income Tax The Company accounts for income taxes under the asset and liability method. Deferred income tax assets and liabilities are computed for the expected future impact of differences between the financial reporting and income tax bases of assets and liabilities and for the expected future benefit to be derived from tax credits and loss carry forwards. Such deferred income tax computations are measured based on enacted tax laws and rates applicable to the years in which these temporary differences are expected to be recovered or settled. A valuation allowance is provided against net deferred tax assets if, based on the available evidence, it is more likely than not that some or all of the net deferred tax assets will not be realized. The Company determines whether it is more likely than not that a tax position will be sustained upon examination. If it is not more likely than not that a position will be sustained, none of the benefit attributable to the position is recognized. The tax benefit to be recognized for any tax position that meets the more likely than not recognition threshold is calculated as the largest amount that is more than 50% likely of being realized upon resolution of the uncertainty. The Company accounts for interest and penalties related to uncertain tax positions as part of its income tax benefit. Recently Adopted and Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements New accounting pronouncements are issued periodically by the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) and are adopted by the Company as of the specified effective dates. Unless otherwise disclosed below, the Company believes that the impact of recently issued and adopted pronouncements will not have a material impact on the Company’s financial position, results of operations and cash flows or do not apply to the Company’s operations. In May 2014, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update No. 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers In February 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-02, Leases In March 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-09, Compensation – Stock Compensation (Topic 718): Improvements to Employee Share-Based Payment Accounting |