Fair Value | Fair Value The following fair value amounts have been determined by the Bank using available market information and the Bank’s best judgment of appropriate valuation methods. These estimates are based on pertinent information available to the Bank at September 30, 2015 , and December 31, 2014 . Although the Bank uses its best judgment in estimating the fair value of these financial instruments, there are inherent limitations in any estimation technique or valuation methodology. For example, because an active secondary market does not exist for a portion of the Bank’s financial instruments, in certain cases fair values cannot be precisely quantified or verified and may change as economic and market factors and evaluation of those factors change. The Bank continues to refine its valuation methodologies as markets and products develop and the pricing for certain products becomes more or less transparent. While the Bank believes that its valuation methodologies are appropriate and consistent with those of other market participants, the use of different methodologies or assumptions to determine the fair value of certain financial instruments could result in a materially different estimate of fair value as of the reporting date. Therefore, the fair values are not necessarily indicative of the amounts that would be realized in current market transactions, although they do reflect the Bank’s judgment as to how a market participant would estimate the fair values. The fair value summary table does not represent an estimate of the overall market value of the Bank as a going concern, which would take into account future business opportunities and the net profitability of total assets and liabilities. The following tables present the carrying value, the estimated fair value, and the fair value hierarchy level of the Bank’s financial instruments at September 30, 2015 , and December 31, 2014 . September 30, 2015 Carrying Value Estimated Fair Value Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Netting Adjustments (1) Assets Cash and due from banks $ 2,201 $ 2,201 $ 2,201 $ — $ — $ — Securities purchased under agreements to resell 10,500 10,500 — 10,500 — — Federal funds sold 2,762 2,762 — 2,762 — — Trading securities 1,659 1,659 — 1,659 — — AFS securities 5,656 5,656 — — 5,656 — HTM securities 11,432 11,570 — 9,763 1,807 — Advances 50,793 50,728 — 50,728 — — Mortgage loans held for portfolio, net of allowance for credit losses on mortgage loans 668 712 — 712 — — Accrued interest receivable 55 55 — 55 — — Derivative assets, net (1) 60 60 — 421 — (361 ) Other assets (2) 10 10 10 — — — Liabilities Deposits 173 173 — 173 — — Consolidated obligations: Bonds 49,815 49,820 — 49,820 — — Discount notes 30,042 30,044 — 30,044 — — Total consolidated obligations 79,857 79,864 — 79,864 — — Mandatorily redeemable capital stock 514 514 514 — — — Accrued interest payable 143 143 — 143 — — Derivative liabilities, net (1) 6 6 — 215 — (209 ) Other Standby letters of credit 15 15 — 15 — — Commitments to fund advances (3) — 1 — 1 — — Commitments to issue consolidated obligation bonds (3) — 1 — 1 — — December 31, 2014 Carrying Value Estimated Fair Value Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Netting Adjustments (1) Assets Cash and due from banks $ 3,920 $ 3,920 $ 3,920 $ — $ — $ — Securities purchased under agreements to resell 1,000 1,000 — 1,000 — — Federal funds sold 7,503 7,503 — 7,503 — — Trading securities 3,524 3,524 — 3,524 — — AFS securities 6,371 6,371 — — 6,371 — HTM securities 13,551 13,657 — 11,521 2,136 — Advances 38,986 39,060 — 39,060 — — Mortgage loans held for portfolio, net of allowance for credit losses on mortgage loans 708 769 — 769 — — Accrued interest receivable 67 67 — 67 — — Derivative assets, net (1) 59 59 — 455 — (396 ) Other assets (2) 11 11 11 — — — Liabilities Deposits 160 160 — 160 — — Consolidated obligations: Bonds 47,045 47,021 — 47,021 — — Discount notes 21,811 21,811 — 21,811 — — Total consolidated obligations 68,856 68,832 — 68,832 — — Mandatorily redeemable capital stock 719 719 719 — — — Accrued interest payable 95 95 — 95 — — Derivative liabilities, net (1) 20 20 — 233 — (213 ) Other Standby letters of credit 12 12 — 12 — — Commitments to fund advances (3) — 2 — 2 — — (1) Amounts include the netting of derivative assets and liabilities by counterparty, including cash collateral and related accrued interest, where the netting requirements have been met . (2) Represents publicly traded mutual funds held in a grantor trust. (3) Estimated fair values of these commitments are presented as a net gain or (loss). For more information regarding these commitments, see Note 17 – Commitments and Contingencies . Fair Value Hierarchy. The fair value hierarchy is used to prioritize the fair value methodologies and valuation techniques as well as the inputs to the valuation techniques used to measure fair value for assets and liabilities carried at fair value on the Statements of Condition. The inputs are evaluated and an overall level for the fair value measurement is determined. This overall level is an indication of market observability of the fair value measurement for the asset or liability. The fair value hierarchy gives the highest priority to unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities (Level 1 measurements) and the lowest priority to unobservable inputs (Level 3 measurements). An entity must disclose the level within the fair value hierarchy in which the measurements are classified for all financial assets and liabilities measured on a recurring or non-recurring basis. The application of the fair value hierarchy to the Bank’s financial assets and financial liabilities that are carried at fair value either on a recurring or non-recurring basis is as follows: • Level 1 – Quoted prices (unadjusted) for identical assets or liabilities in an active market that the reporting entity can access on the measurement date. • Level 2 – Inputs other than quoted prices within Level 1 that are observable inputs for the asset or liability, either directly or indirectly. If the asset or liability has a specified (contractual) term, a Level 2 input must be observable for substantially the full term of the asset or liability. Level 2 inputs include the following: (1) quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities in active markets; (2) quoted prices for identical or similar assets or liabilities in markets that are not active; (3) inputs other than quoted prices that are observable for the asset or liability (e.g., interest rates and yield curves that are observable at commonly quoted intervals, and implied volatilities); and (4) inputs that are derived principally from or corroborated by observable market data by correlation or other means. • Level 3 – Unobservable inputs for the asset or liability. A financial instrument’s categorization within the valuation hierarchy is based on the lowest level of input that is significant to the fair value measurement. The following assets and liabilities, including those for which the Bank has elected the fair value option, are carried at fair value on the Statements of Condition as of September 30, 2015 : • Trading securities • AFS securities • Certain advances • Derivative assets and liabilities • Certain consolidated obligation bonds • Certain other assets For instruments carried at fair value, the Bank reviews the fair value hierarchy classifications on a quarterly basis. Changes in the observability of the valuation inputs may result in a reclassification of certain assets or liabilities. Such reclassifications are reported as transfers in or out as of the beginning of the quarter in which the changes occur. For the periods presented, the Bank did not have any reclassifications for transfers in or out of the fair value hierarchy levels. Summary of Valuation Methodologies and Primary Inputs. Cash and Due from Banks – The estimated fair value equals the carrying value. Federal Funds Sold and Securities Purchased Under Agreements to Resell – The estimated fair value of overnight Federal funds sold and securities purchased under agreements to resell approximates the carrying value. The estimated fair value of term Federal funds sold and term securities purchased under agreements to resell has been determined by calculating the present value of expected cash flows for the instruments and reducing the amount for accrued interest receivable. The discount rates used in these calculations are the replacement rates for comparable instruments with similar terms. Investment Securities – Certificates of Deposit – The estimated fair values of these investments are determined by calculating the present value of expected cash flows and reducing the amount for accrued interest receivable, using market-observable inputs as of the last business day of the period or using industry standard analytical models and certain actual and estimated market information. The discount rates used in these calculations are the replacement rates for comparable instruments with similar terms. Investment Securities – MBS – To value its MBS, the Bank obtains prices from four designated third-party pricing vendors when available. The pricing vendors use various proprietary models to price these securities. The inputs to those models are derived from various sources including, but not limited to: benchmark yields, reported trades, dealer estimates, issuer spreads, prices on benchmark securities, bids, offers, and other market-related data. Since many securities do not trade on a daily basis, the pricing vendors use available information as applicable, such as benchmark yield curves, benchmarking of like securities, sector groupings, and matrix pricing, to determine the prices for individual securities. Each pricing vendor has an established challenge process in place for all security valuations, which facilitates resolution of price discrepancies identified by the Bank. At least annually, the Bank conducts reviews of the four pricing vendors to update and confirm its understanding of the vendors’ pricing processes, methodologies, and control procedures. The Bank’s valuation technique for estimating the fair values of its MBS first requires the establishment of a median vendor price for each security. If four vendor prices are received, the average of the middle two prices is the median price; if three prices are received, the middle price is the median price; if two prices are received, the average of the two prices is the median price; and if one price is received, it is the median price (and also the default fair value) subject to additional validation. All vendor prices that are within a specified tolerance threshold of the median price are included in the cluster of vendor prices that are averaged to establish a default fair value. All vendor prices that are outside the threshold (outliers) are subject to further analysis including, but not limited to, comparison to prices provided by an additional third-party valuation service, prices for similar securities and/or dealer estimates, or use of internal model prices, which are deemed to be reflective of all relevant facts and circumstances that a market participant would consider. Such analysis is also applied in those limited instances where no third-party vendor price or only one third-party vendor price is available in order to arrive at an estimated fair value. If an outlier (or some other price identified in the analysis) is determined to be a better estimate of fair value, then the outlier (or the other price, as appropriate) is used as the fair value rather than the default fair value. If, instead, the analysis confirms that an outlier is (or outliers are) not representative of fair value and the default fair value is the best estimate, then the default fair value is used as the fair value. If all vendor prices received for a security are outside the tolerance threshold level of the median price, then there is no default fair value, and the fair value is determined by an evaluation of all outlier prices (or the other prices, as appropriate) as described above. As of September 30, 2015 , four vendor prices were received for most of the Bank’s MBS, and the fair value estimates for most of those securities were determined by averaging the four vendor prices. Based on the Bank’s reviews of the pricing methods employed by the third-party pricing vendors and the relative lack of dispersion among the vendor prices (or, in those instances in which there were outliers or significant yield variances, the Bank’s additional analyses), the Bank believes that its fair value estimates are reasonable and that the fair value measurements are classified appropriately in the fair value hierarchy. Based on limited market liquidity for PLRMBS, the fair value measurements for these securities were classified as Level 3 within the fair value hierarchy. As an additional step, the Bank reviewed the fair value estimates of its PLRMBS as of September 30, 2015 , for reasonableness using a market-implied yield test. The Bank calculated a market-implied yield for each of its PLRMBS using the estimated fair value derived from the process described above and the security’s projected cash flows from the Bank’s OTTI process and compared the market-implied yield to the yields for comparable securities according to dealers and other third-party sources to the extent comparable market yield data was available. This analysis did not indicate that any adjustments to the fair value estimates were necessary. Investment Securities – FFCB Bonds and CalHFA Bonds – The Bank estimates the fair values of these securities using the methodology described above for Investment Securities – MBS . Advances – Because quoted prices are not available for advances, the fair values are measured using model-based valuation techniques (such as calculating the present value of future cash flows and reducing the amount for accrued interest receivable). The Bank’s primary inputs for measuring the fair value of advances are market-based consolidated obligation yield curve (CO Curve) inputs obtained from the Office of Finance. The CO Curve is then adjusted to reflect the rates on replacement advances with similar terms and collateral. These spread adjustments are not market-observable and are evaluated for significance in the overall fair value measurement and the fair value hierarchy level of the advance. The Bank obtains market-observable inputs from derivative dealers for complex advances. These inputs may include volatility assumptions, which are market-based expectations of future interest rate volatility implied from current market prices for similar options (swaption volatility and volatility skew). The discount rates used in these calculations are the replacement advance rates for advances with similar terms. Pursuant to the Finance Agency’s advances regulation, advances with an original term to maturity or repricing period greater than six months generally require a prepayment fee sufficient to make the Bank financially indifferent to the borrower’s decision to prepay the advances. The Bank determined that no adjustment is required to the fair value measurement of advances for prepayment fees. In addition, the Bank did not adjust its fair value measurement of advances for creditworthiness primarily because advances were fully collateralized. Mortgage Loans Held for Portfolio – The estimated fair value for seasoned mortgage loans represents modeled prices based on observable market prices for seasoned agency mortgage-backed passthrough securities adjusted for differences in coupon, average loan rate, credit, and cash flow remittance between the Bank’s mortgage loans and the referenced instruments, while the estimated fair value for newly originated mortgage loans represents modeled prices based on MPF commitment rates. Market prices are highly dependent on the underlying prepayment assumptions. Changes in the prepayment speeds often have a material effect on the fair value estimates. These underlying prepayment assumptions are susceptible to material changes in the near term because they are made at a specific point in time. Loans to Other FHLBanks – Because these are overnight transactions, the estimated fair value approximates the recorded carrying value. Accrued Interest Receivable and Payable – The estimated fair value approximates the carrying value of accrued interest receivable and accrued interest payable. Other Assets – The estimated fair value of grantor trust assets is based on quoted market prices. Derivative Assets and Liabilities – In general, derivative instruments transacted and held by the Bank for risk management activities are traded in over-the-counter markets where quoted market prices are not readily available. These derivatives are interest rate-related. For these derivatives, the Bank measures fair value using internally developed discounted cash flow models that use market-observable inputs, such as the overnight index swap (OIS) curve; volatility assumptions, which are market-based expectations of future interest rate volatility implied from current market prices for similar options (swaption volatility and volatility skew) adjusted for counterparty credit risk, as necessary; and prepayment assumptions. The Bank is subject to credit risk because of the risk of potential nonperformance by its derivative counterparties. To mitigate this risk, the Bank executes uncleared derivative transactions only with highly rated derivative dealers and major banks (derivative dealer counterparties) that meet the Bank’s eligibility criteria. In addition, the Bank has entered into master netting agreements and bilateral credit support agreements with all active derivative dealer counterparties that provide for delivery of collateral at specified levels to limit the Bank’s net unsecured credit exposure to these counterparties. Under these policies and agreements, the amount of unsecured credit exposure to an individual derivative dealer counterparty is either (i) limited to an absolute dollar credit exposure limit according to the counterparty’s long-term debt or deposit credit rating, as determined by rating agencies or (ii) set at zero (subject to a minimum transfer amount). The Bank clears its cleared derivative transactions only through clearing agents that meet the Bank’s eligibility requirements, and the Bank’s credit exposure to the clearinghouse is secured by variation margin received from the clearinghouse. All credit exposure from derivative transactions entered into by the Bank with member counterparties that are not derivative dealers must be fully secured by eligible collateral. The Bank evaluated the potential for the fair value of the instruments to be affected by counterparty credit risk and determined that no adjustments to the overall fair value measurements were required. The fair values of the derivative assets and liabilities include accrued interest receivable/payable and cash collateral remitted to/received from counterparties. The estimated fair values of the accrued interest receivable/payable and cash collateral approximate their carrying values because of their short-term nature. The fair values of derivatives that met the netting requirements are presented on a net basis. If these netted amounts are positive, they are classified as an asset and, if negative, they are classified as a liability. Deposits – The fair value of deposits is generally equal to the carrying value of the deposits because the deposits are primarily overnight deposits or due on demand. The Bank determines the fair values of term deposits by calculating the present value of expected future cash flows from the deposits and reducing the amount for accrued interest payable. The discount rates used in these calculations are the cost of deposits with similar terms. Consolidated Obligations – Because quoted prices in active markets are not generally available for identical liabilities, the Bank measures fair values using internally developed models that use primarily market-observable inputs. The Bank’s primary inputs for measuring the fair value of consolidated obligation bonds are market-based CO Curve inputs obtained from the Office of Finance. The Office of Finance constructs the CO Curve using the Treasury yield curve as a base curve, which may be adjusted by indicative spreads obtained from market-observable sources. These market indications are generally derived from pricing indications from dealers, historical pricing relationships, and market activity for similar liabilities, such as recent GSE trades or secondary market activity. For consolidated obligation bonds with embedded options, the Bank also obtains market-observable quotes and inputs from derivative dealers. These inputs may include volatility assumptions, which are market-based expectations of future interest rate volatility implied from current market prices for similar options (swaption volatility and volatility skew). Adjustments may be necessary to reflect the Bank’s credit quality or the credit quality of the FHLBank System when valuing consolidated obligation bonds measured at fair value. The Bank monitors its own creditworthiness and the creditworthiness of the other FHLBanks and the FHLBank System to determine whether any adjustments are necessary for creditworthiness in its fair value measurement of consolidated obligation bonds. The credit ratings of the FHLBank System and any changes to the credit ratings are the basis for the Bank to determine whether the fair values of consolidated obligations have been significantly affected during the reporting period by changes in the instrument-specific credit risk. Mandatorily Redeemable Capital Stock – The estimated fair value of capital stock subject to mandatory redemption is generally at par value as indicated by contemporaneous purchases, redemptions, and repurchases at par value. Fair value includes estimated dividends earned at the time of reclassification from capital to liabilities, until such amount is paid, and any subsequently declared capital stock dividend. The Bank’s capital stock can only be acquired by members at par value and redeemed or repurchased at par value, subject to statutory and regulatory requirements. The Bank’s capital stock is not traded, and no market mechanism exists for the exchange of Bank capital stock outside the cooperative ownership structure. Commitments – The estimated fair value of standby letters of credit is based on the present value of fees currently charged for similar agreements and is recorded in other liabilities. The estimated fair value of off-balance sheet fixed rate commitments to fund advances and commitments to issue consolidated obligations takes into account the difference between current and committed interest rates. Subjectivity of Estimates Related to Fair Values of Financial Instruments. Estimates of the fair value of financial assets and liabilities using the methodologies described above are subjective and require judgments regarding significant matters, such as the amount and timing of future cash flows, prepayment speed assumptions, expected interest rate volatility, methods to determine possible distributions of future interest rates used to value options, and the selection of discount rates that appropriately reflect market and credit risks. Changes in these judgments often have a material effect on the fair value estimates. Fair Value Measurements. The tables below present the fair value of assets and liabilities, which are recorded on a recurring or nonrecurring basis at September 30, 2015 , and December 31, 2014 , by level within the fair value hierarchy. September 30, 2015 Fair Value Measurement Using: Netting Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Adjustments (1) Total Recurring fair value measurements – Assets: Trading securities: GSEs – FFCB bonds $ — $ 1,649 $ — $ — $ 1,649 MBS: Other U.S. obligations – Ginnie Mae — 10 — — 10 Total trading securities — 1,659 — — 1,659 AFS securities: PLRMBS — — 5,656 — 5,656 Total AFS securities — — 5,656 — 5,656 Advances (2) — 3,904 — — 3,904 Derivative assets, net: interest rate-related — 421 — (361 ) 60 Other assets 10 — — — 10 Total recurring fair value measurements – Assets $ 10 $ 5,984 $ 5,656 $ (361 ) $ 11,289 Recurring fair value measurements – Liabilities: Consolidated obligation bonds (3) $ — $ 5,489 $ — $ — $ 5,489 Derivative liabilities, net: interest rate-related — 215 — (209 ) 6 Total recurring fair value measurements – Liabilities $ — $ 5,704 $ — $ (209 ) $ 5,495 Nonrecurring fair value measurements – Assets: (4) REO $ — $ — $ 1 $ 1 Impaired mortgage loans held for portfolio — — 4 4 Total nonrecurring fair value measurements – Assets $ — $ — $ 5 $ 5 December 31, 2014 Fair Value Measurement Using: Netting Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Adjustments (1) Total Recurring fair value measurements – Assets: Trading securities: GSEs – FFCB bonds $ — $ 3,513 $ — $ — $ 3,513 MBS: Other U.S. obligations – Ginnie Mae — 11 — — 11 Total trading securities — 3,524 — — 3,524 AFS securities: PLRMBS — — 6,371 — 6,371 Total AFS securities — — 6,371 — 6,371 Advances (2) — 5,137 — — 5,137 Derivative assets, net: interest rate-related — 455 — (396 ) 59 Other assets 11 — — — 11 Total recurring fair value measurements – Assets $ 11 $ 9,116 $ 6,371 $ (396 ) $ 15,102 Recurring fair value measurements – Liabilities: Consolidated obligation bonds (3) $ — $ 6,717 $ — $ — $ 6,717 Derivative liabilities, net: interest rate-related — 233 — (213 ) 20 Total recurring fair value measurements – Liabilities $ — $ 6,950 $ — $ (213 ) $ 6,737 Nonrecurring fair value measurements – Assets: REO $ — $ — $ 1 $ 1 (1) Amounts represent the netting of derivative assets and liabilities by counterparty, including cash collateral, where the netting requirements have been met. (2) Represents advances recorded under the fair value option at September 30, 2015 , and December 31, 2014 . (3) Represents consolidated obligation bonds recorded under the fair value option at September 30, 2015 , and December 31, 2014 . (4) The fair value information presented is as of the date the fair value adjustment was recorded during the nine months ended September 30, 2015 . The following table presents a reconciliation of the Bank’s AFS PLRMBS that are measured at fair value on a recurring basis using significant unobservable inputs (Level 3) for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2015 and 2014 . Three Months Ended September 30, 2015 September 30, 2014 Balance, beginning of the period $ 5,950 $ 6,776 Total gain/(loss) realized and unrealized included in: Interest income 20 17 Net OTTI loss, credit-related (4 ) (1 ) Unrealized gain/(loss) of other-than-temporarily impaired securities included in AOCI (25 ) 77 Net amount of OTTI loss reclassified to/(from) other income/(loss) (2 ) — Settlements (283 ) (245 ) Transfers of HTM securities to AFS securities — — Balance, end of the period $ 5,656 $ 6,624 Total amount of gain/(loss) for the period included in earnings attributable to the change in unrealized gains/losses relating to assets and liabilities still held at the end of the period $ 16 $ 15 Nine Months Ended September 30, 2015 September 30, 2014 Balance, beginning of the period $ 6,371 $ 7,047 Total gain/(loss) realized and unrealized included in: Interest income 61 47 Net OTTI loss, credit-related (12 ) (3 ) Unrealized gain/(loss) of other-than-temporarily impaired securities included in AOCI (7 ) 237 Net amount of OTTI loss reclassified to/(from) other income/(loss) (13 ) (2 ) Settlements (748 ) (702 ) Transfers of HTM securities to AFS securities 4 — Balance, end of the period $ 5,656 $ 6,624 Total amount of gain/(loss) for the period included in earnings attributable to the change in unrealized gains/losses relating to assets and liabilities still held at the end of the period $ 49 $ 44 Fair Value Option. The fair value option provides an entity with an irrevocable option to elect fair value as an alternative measurement for selected financial assets, financial liabilities, unrecognized firm commitments, and written loan commitments not previously carried at fair value. It requires an entity to display the fair value of those assets and liabilities for which the entity has chosen to use fair value on the face of the Statements of Condition. Fair value is used for both the initial and subsequent measurement of the designated assets, liabilities, and commitments, with the changes in fair value recognized in net income. Interest income and interest expense on advances and consolidated bonds carried at fair value are recognized solely on the contractual amount of interest due or unpaid. Any transaction fees or costs are immediately recognized in non-interest income or non-interest expense. For more information on the Bank’s election of the fair value option, see “Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data – Note 19 – Fair Values” in the Bank’s 2014 Form 10-K. The Bank has elected the fair value option for certain financial instruments to assist in mitigating potential earnings volatility that can arise from economic hedging relationships in which the carrying value of the hedged item is not adjusted for changes in fair value. The potential earnings volatility associated with using fair value only for the derivative is the Bank’s primary reason for electing the fair value option for financial assets and liabilities that do not qualify for hedge accounting or that have not previously met or may be at risk for not meeting the hedge effectiveness requirements. The following table summarizes the activity related to financial assets and liabilities for which the Bank elected the fair value option during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2015 and 2014 : Three Months Ended September 30, 2015 September 30, 2014 Advances Consolidated Obligation Bonds Advances Consolidated Obligation Bonds Balance, beginning of the period $ 4,978 $ 6,203 $ 6,341 $ 7,080 New transactions elected for fair value option 502 600 235 641 Maturities and terminations (1,592 ) (1,331 ) (1,399 ) (568 ) Net gain/(loss) on advances and net (gain)/loss on consolidated obligation bonds held under fair value option 19 16 (25 ) (12 ) Change in accrued interest (3 ) 1 (3 ) 4 Balance, end of the period $ 3,904 $ 5,489 $ 5,149 $ 7,145 Nine Months Ended September 30, 2015 September 30, 2014 Advances Consolidated Obligation Bonds Advances Consolidated Obligation Bonds Balance, beginning of the period $ 5,137 $ 6,717 $ 7,069 $ 10,115 New transactions elected for fair value option 948 2,405 583 2,819 Maturities and terminations (2,180 ) (3,664 ) (2,486 ) (5,863 ) Net gain/(loss) on advances and net (gain)/loss on consolidated obligation bonds held under fair value option 3 33 (13 ) 69 Change in accrued interest (4 ) (2 ) (4 ) 5 Balance, end of the period $ 3,904 $ 5,489 $ 5,149 $ 7,145 For instruments for which the fair value option has been elected, the related contractual interest income and contractual interest expense are recorded as part of net interest income on the Statements of Income. The remaining changes in fair value for instruments for which the fair value option has been elected are recorded as net gains/ (losses) on financial instruments held under the fair value option in the Statements of Income. The change in fair value does not include changes in instrument-specific credit risk. For advances and consolidated obligations recorded under the fair value option, the Bank determined that no adjustments to the fair values of these instruments for instrument-specific credit risk were necessary for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2015 and 2014 . The following table presents the difference between the aggregate remaining contractual principal balance outstanding and aggregate fair value of advances and consolidated obligation bonds for which the Bank elected the fair value option at September 30, 2015 , and December 31, 2014 : September 30, 2015 December 31, 2014 Principal Balance Fair Value Fair Value Over/(Under) Principal Balance Principal Balance Fair Value Fair Value Over/(Under) Principal Balance Advances (1) $ 3,829 $ 3,904 $ 75 $ 5,048 $ 5,137 $ 89 Consolidated obligation bonds 5,490 5,489 (1 ) 6,748 6,717 (31 ) (1) At September 30, 2015 , and December 31, 2014 , none of these advances were 90 days or more past due or had been placed on nonaccrual status. |