| Organization and Significant Accounting Policies | 1 — Organization and Significant Accounting Policies
Organization
IRADIMED CORPORATION (“IRADIMED”, the “Company”, “we”, “our”) was incorporated in Oklahoma in July 1992 and reincorporated in Delaware in April 2014. We develop, manufacture, market and distribute a Magnetic Resonance Imaging (“MRI”) compatible intravenous (“IV”) infusion pump system and a MRI compatible patient vital signs monitoring system and related accessories and services.
Today, we are the only known provider of non-magnetic intravenous (“IV”) infusion pump systems that are specifically designed to be safe for use during MRI procedures. We were the first to develop an infusion delivery system that largely eliminates many of the dangers and problems present during MRI procedures. Standard infusion pumps contain magnetic and electronic components which can create radio frequency (“RF”) interference and are dangerous to operate in the presence of the powerful magnet that drives an MRI system. Our patented MRidium® MRI compatible IV infusion pump system has been designed with a non-magnetic ultrasonic motor, uniquely-designed non-ferrous parts and other special features in order to safely and predictably deliver anesthesia and other IV fluids during various MRI procedures. Our pump solution provides a seamless approach that enables accurate, safe and dependable fluid delivery before, during and after an MRI scan, which is important to critically-ill patients who cannot be removed from their vital medications, and children and infants who must generally be sedated in order to remain immobile during an MRI scan.
Our 3880 MRI compatible patient vital signs monitoring system (“3880 Monitor”) has been designed with non-magnetic components and other special features in order to safely and accurately monitor a patient’s vital signs during various MRI procedures. The 3880 Monitor system operates dependably in magnetic fields up to 30,000 gauss, which means it can operate virtually anywhere in the MRI scanner room, including in very close proximity to the MRI scanner bore. Our 3880 Monitor has a compact, lightweight design allowing it to travel with the patient from their critical care unit, to the MRI and back, resulting in increased patient safety through uninterrupted vital signs monitoring and decreasing the amount of time critically ill patients are away from critical care units. Other MRI compatiable patient vital signs monitors are large and heavy, creating workflow issues for users. The features of the IRADIMED 3880 Monitor include: wireless ECG with dynamic gradient filtering; wireless SpO2 using Masimo® algorithms; non-magnetic respiratory CO2; non-invasive blood pressure; patient temperature, and; optional advanced multi-gas anesthetic agent unit featuring continuous Minimum Alveolar Concentration measurements. The 3880 Monitor has an easy-to-use design and allows for the effective communication of patient vital signs information to clinicians.
Our headquarters are in Winter Springs, Florida.
Use of Estimates
The preparation of financial statements in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (U.S. GAAP) requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities in the financial statements and the reported amount of revenue and expenses during the reporting period. Such estimates include allowances for potentially uncollectible accounts receivable, valuation of inventory, intangible assets, allocation of revenue arrangement consideration, stock-based compensation, deferred income taxes, reserves for warranty obligations, and the provision for income taxes. Actual results could differ from those estimates.
FDA Warning Letter
The FDA conducted a routine inspection of our prior facility between April 7 and April 16, 2014. This was the first FDA inspection of our facility since the voluntary product recall in August 2012 of certain infusion sets and the voluntary recall in July 2013 of our DERS software. The FDA issued a Form 483 on April 16, 2014 that identified eight observations. The majority of the observations related to procedural and documentation issues associated with the design, development, validation testing and documentation of software used in certain of our products. Other observations were related to the design validation of pump labeling, design analysis of tube stretching, procedures for post-market design review, and control and procedures related to handling certain reported complaints. We submitted a response to the Form 483 in May 2014 and June 2014 in which we described our proposed corrective and preventative actions to address each of the FDA’s observations.
On September 2, 2014, we received a warning letter from the FDA relating to this inspection (the “Warning Letter”). The Warning Letter stated that the FDA accepted as adequate several of our responses to Form 483 observations, identified two responses whose accuracy will be determined in the next scheduled inspection of our facility and identified issues for which our response was determined to be inadequate. The issues identified as inadequate concern our procedures for validating device design primarily related to software quality assurance.
Also, the Warning Letter raised a new issue. The Warning Letter stated that modifications made to software on our previously cleared infusion pumps, the MRidium 3860 and MRidium 3850, were “significant” and required submission of new premarket notifications under Section 510(k) (a “510(k) submission”) of the FDC Act. These modifications were made over time. We believe they were insignificant and did not require premarket notification submissions. However, the FDA indicated that the modifications of the software for the MRidium 3860 and the software for the MRidium 3850 were “significant” modifications because they could significantly affect the safety or effectiveness of these devices. As a result, the Warning Letter states that the products being sold by us are “adulterated” and “misbranded” under the FDC Act. The Warning Letter also indicates that the MRidium 3860+ infusion pump requires separate FDA clearance from the MRidium 3860 and MRidium 3850.
The Warning Letter requested that we immediately cease activities that result in the misbranding or adulteration of the MRidium 3860 MRI infusion pump, MRidium 3850 MRI infusion pump, and the MRidium 3860+ MRI infusion pump, including the commercial distribution of the devices. We immediately complied with the Warning Letter and ceased sale and distribution of the identified products in the United States.
On September 4, 2014, we submitted to the FDA our initial response to the Warning Letter and on September 17, 2014 we sent an additional response that included supplemental information related to the Form 483 inspection observations for which the FDA considered our initial responses inadequate.
On November 25, 2014, we announced that we filed the 510(k) submission related to our MRidium 3860+ MRI IV infusion pumps and on December 12, 2014 we were notified that our 510(k) submission had been formally accepted for review by the FDA. On December 22, 2014, under FDA enforcement discretion, we announced that we resumed domestic distribution of our MRI compatible MRidium 3860+ MRI IV infusion pump systems, without the DERS option. On January 28, 2015, under FDA enforcement discretion, we announced that we resumed domestic distribution of our DERS option. On December 9, 2015, we met with the FDA to review responses to the agency’s additional information letter.
On December 15, 2016, we received FDA 510(k) clearance for our MRidium 3860+ MRI IV infusion pump system, including the DERS software feature. See Note 14. We continue to work with FDA to close out the Warning Letter, however, as of December 31, 2016, the Warning Letter remains open.
Initial Public Offering
On July 21, 2014, the Company completed an initial public offering (“IPO”) of its common stock and sold 2,318,400 shares of common stock (including 302,400 shares sold upon the underwriters’ exercise of their over-allotment option to purchase additional shares) at a price of $6.25 per share. The IPO generated net proceeds of approximately $12.4 million after deducting underwriting discounts and expenses of approximately $2.0 million. These expenses were recorded against the proceeds received from the IPO. Concurrent with the closing of the IPO, all outstanding preferred stock was automatically converted into common stock on a 1:1 basis.
Associated with our IPO, we issued the underwriters warrants to purchase up to a total of 201,600 shares of our common stock. The grant date aggregate fair value of the warrants was $611,000. The warrants are exercisable, in whole or in part, commencing July 21, 2015 through July 21, 2017. The warrants are exercisable at a per share price equal to $8.13 per share, or 130% of the public offering price per share of our common stock in the IPO. The exercise price and number of warrant shares may be adjusted upon (1) voluntarily at our discretion, or (2) if we undertake a stock split, stock dividend, recapitalization or reorganization of our common stock into a lesser / greater number of shares, the warrant exercise price will be proportionately reduced / increased and the number of warrant shares will be proportionately increased / decreased. The warrants may only be settled through the issuance of our common stock in exchange for cash. As of December 31, 2016, warrants to purchase 20,000 shares of our common stock were exercised. We have classified the warrants as equity and incremental direct costs associated with our IPO. Accordingly, the issuance of the warrants does not impact our financial statements.
Revenue Recognition
Revenue is recognized when persuasive evidence of an arrangement exists, the price is fixed or determinable, delivery has occurred and title and risk of loss has transferred and collection of the resulting receivable is reasonably assured. Terms of sale for most domestic sales are FOB destination, reflecting that title and risk of loss are assumed by the purchaser upon delivery. Terms of sales to international distributors are FOB shipping point, reflecting that title and risk of loss are assumed by the distributor at the shipping point.
Under the revenue recognition rules for tangible products, we allocate revenue from arrangements with multiple deliverables to each of the deliverables based upon their relative selling prices as determined by a selling-price hierarchy. A deliverable in an arrangement qualifies as a separate unit of accounting if 1) the delivered item has value to the customer on a stand-alone basis, and 2) the arrangement includes a general right of return relative to the delivered item, delivery or performance of the undelivered items is considered probable and substantially in control of the vendor. The principal deliverables in our multiple deliverable arrangements that qualify as separate units of accounting consist of (i) sales of medical devices and supplies, (ii) training and other services, and (iii) extended warranty agreements.
We use a hierarchy to determine the selling price to be used for allocating revenue to deliverables as follows: (i) vendor-specific objective evidence of fair value (“VSOE”), (ii) third-party evidence of selling price (“TPE”), and (iii) best estimate of the selling price (“ESP”). VSOE of fair value is defined as the price charged when the same element is sold separately, or if the element has not yet been sold separately, the price for the element established by management having the relevant authority when it is probable that the price will not change before the introduction of the element into the marketplace. VSOE generally exists only when we sell the deliverable separately and is the price actually charged for that deliverable. For certain sales under Group Purchasing Organization (“GPO”) contracts, we have established VSOE for all of the elements in our multiple element arrangements. This determination is based on the volume of sales to these customers in relation to our total sales and the discount tier in which those sales are made. For all other sales we rely on ESP, reflecting our best estimates of what the selling prices of elements would be if they were sold regularly on a stand-alone basis, to establish the amount of revenue to allocate to the undelivered elements. TPE generally does not exist for our products because of their uniqueness.
For products shipped under FOB shipping point terms, delivery is generally considered to have occurred when shipped. Undelivered elements in our sales arrangements, which are not considered to be essential to the functionality of a product, generally include training and other services that are performed after the related products have been delivered and extended warranty agreements. Revenue related to undelivered training and other services is deferred until such time as those services are complete, which is typically within 30 days of the related products being delivered to the customer’s location. Revenue and direct acquisition costs related to undelivered extended warranty agreements are deferred and recognized ratably over the service period, which is between one and four years. Deferred revenue for extended warranty agreements is based on the price charged when the service is sold separately.
Shipping and handling charges billed to customers are included in revenue and shipping and handling related expenses are charged to cost of revenue. Advance payments from customers are recorded as deferred revenue and recognized as revenue as otherwise described above. Most of our sales are subject to 30 to 60 day customer-specified acceptance provisions. These provisions require us to estimate the amount of future returns and recognize revenue net of these potential returns.
In certain states we are required to collect sales taxes from our customers. These amounts are excluded from revenue and recorded as a liability until remitted to the taxing authority.
GPOs negotiate volume purchase prices for hospitals, group practices and other clinics that are members of a GPO. Our agreements with GPOs typically include the following provisions:
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Negotiated pricing for all group members;
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Volume discounts and other preferential terms on their members’ purchases from us;
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Promotion of our products by the GPO to its members;
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Payment of administrative fees by us to the GPO, based on purchases of our products by group members.
We do not sell to GPOs. Hospitals, group practices and other acute care facilities that are members of a GPO purchase products directly from us under the terms negotiated by the GPO. Negotiated pricing and discounts are recognized as a reduction of the selling price of products at the time of the sale. Revenue from sales to members of GPOs is otherwise consistent with revenue recognition policies described above.
Cash Equivalents
All highly liquid instruments purchased with an original maturity of three months or less are classified as cash equivalents.
Accounts Receivable and Allowance for Doubtful Accounts
Accounts receivable is recorded at the sales price of the related products and services. We assess the sufficiency of the allowance for estimated uncollectible accounts receivable. Estimates are based on historical collection experience and other customer-specific information, such as bankruptcy filings or liquidity problems of our customers. When it is determined that an account receivable is uncollectible, it is written off and relieved from the allowance. Any future determination that the allowance for estimated uncollectible accounts receivable is not properly stated could result in changes in operating expense and results of operations. As of December 31, 2016 and 2015, our allowance for doubtful accounts was $44,308 and $31,672, respectively.
Investments
Our investments consist of corporate debt securities and are considered available-for-sale. The specific identification method is used to determine the cost basis of investments sold. Our investments are recorded in our balance sheets at fair value. We classify our investments as current based on the nature of the investments and their availability for use in current operations. Unrealized gains and losses on our investments are included in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax. Realized gains or losses are recorded in other income (expense), net and impairment losses that are determined to be other-than-temporary are recorded in investment impairment losses in our Statements of Operations.
Fair Value Measurements
Fair value is the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in the principal or most advantageous market in an orderly transaction between market participants on the measurement date. A three-level valuation hierarchy requires an entity to maximize the use of observable inputs and minimize the use of unobservable inputs when measuring fair value.
The valuation hierarchy is based upon the transparency of inputs to the valuation of an asset or liability on the measurement date. The three levels of inputs are:
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Level 1 — quoted prices (unadjusted) in active markets for an identical asset or liability.
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Level 2 — quoted prices for a similar asset or liability in an active market or model-derived valuations in which all significant inputs are observable for substantially the full term of the asset or liability.
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Level 3 — unobservable and significant to the fair value measurement of the asset or liability.
Financial instruments include cash and cash equivalents, investments, accounts receivable, accounts payable and accrued expenses. Cash and cash equivalents and investments are reported at their respective fair values on the balance sheet dates. The recorded carrying amount of accounts receivable, accounts payable and accrued expenses approximates their fair values due to their short-term maturities.
Inventory
Inventory is stated at the lower of standard cost, which approximates actual cost on a first-in, first-out basis, or market. We may be exposed to a number of factors that could result in portions of our inventory becoming either obsolete or in excess of anticipated usage. These factors include, but are not limited to, technological changes, competitive pressures in products and prices, and the introduction of new product lines. We regularly evaluate our ability to realize the value of inventory based on a combination of factors, including historical usage rates, forecasted sales, product life cycles, and market acceptance of new products. When inventory that is obsolete or in excess of anticipated usage is identified, it is written down to realizable salvage value or an inventory valuation allowance is established.
Property and Equipment
Property and equipment are stated at cost less accumulated depreciation. Depreciation expense is computed using the straight-line method over estimated useful lives of the respective assets, which are three to five years for computer software and hardware; five to seven years for furniture, fixtures, machinery and equipment. Leasehold improvements are amortized over the shorter of the lease term or the estimated useful life of the improvements.
Repair and maintenance costs that do not extend the useful life of our property and equipment are expensed as incurred.
Intangible Assets
Intangible assets include application and legal costs incurred to obtain patents. We capitalize these costs when we determine that probable future economic benefits exist. In making this determination, we consider the projected future operating results associated with the patents, industry and economic trends, and the entry of new products in the market. Costs incurred prior to this determination are expensed in the period they are incurred. We amortize capitalized patent costs using the straight-line method over their useful lives, which is typically 17 years. Periodic costs incurred to maintain existing patents are expensed as incurred.
Research & Development and Capitalized Software Development Costs
Research and development costs are expensed as incurred. Some of our products include embedded software which is essential to the products’ functionality. Costs incurred in the research and development of new software components and enhancements to existing software components are expensed as incurred until technological feasibility has been established. We capitalize software development costs when the project reaches technological feasibility and cease capitalization when the project is ready for release. Capitalized software development costs are included in intangible assets and are amortized on a straight-line basis over the estimated useful life of the product and included in cost of revenue. Amortization begins when the product is available for general release to the customer.
Long-lived Assets
Long-lived assets are tested for impairment whenever changes in circumstances indicate the carrying value of these assets may be impaired. Impairment indicators include, but are not limited to, technological obsolescence, unfavorable court rulings, significant negative industry and economic trends, and significant underperformance relative to historical and projected future operating results. Impairment is considered to have occurred when the estimated undiscounted future cash flows related to the asset groups are less than its carrying value. Estimates of future cash flows involve consideration of many factors including the marketability of new products, product acceptance and lifecycle, competition, appropriate discount rates, and operating margins. An impairment is recognized as the amount by which the carrying value is less than the fair value of the asset or asset group.
Warranty
We provide for the estimated cost of product warranties at the time revenue is recognized. While we engage in product quality programs and processes, including actively monitoring and evaluating the quality of our suppliers, the estimated warranty obligation is affected by ongoing product failure rates, material usage costs and direct labor incurred in correcting a product failure. Actual product failure rates, material usage costs and the amount of labor required to repair products that differ from estimates result in revisions to the estimated liability. We warrant for a limited period of time that our products will be free from defects in materials and workmanship. We estimate warranty allowances based on historical warranty experience. The estimates we use in projecting future product warranty costs may prove to be incorrect. Any future determination that our provision for product warranty is understated could result in increases to our cost of revenue and a reduction in our operating profits and results of operations. Historically, warranty expenses have not been material to our financial statements.
Advertising and Marketing
For the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014, these costs were $136,170, $66,722 and $65,369, respectively. Advertising and marketing costs are expensed as incurred and included in sales and marketing expense.
Medical Device Excise Taxes
Prior to January 1, 2016, we were subject to the Medical Device Excise Tax applicable to sales of listed medical devices under the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (“ACA”) enacted in 2010. The ACA required us to pay 2.3% of the taxable sales value of devices sold. Qualifying sales were recorded on a gross basis. For the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014, we recorded medical device excise taxes of $364,870 and $200,496, respectively. Medical device excise taxes are included as a component of general and administrative expense. On December 18, 2015, under the Consolidated Appropriations Act of 2015, the medical device excise tax was suspended for two years beginning on January 1, 2016.
Stock-Based Compensation
We have granted two types of employee equity awards, stock options and restricted stock units.
We recognize stock-based compensation expense associated with employee equity awards on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period for the entire award, which is generally four years for employees and two years for the board of directors.
The maximum contractual life of our stock options is ten years from the grant date. We utilize the Black-Scholes option pricing model to estimate the grant date fair value of those awards. The Black-Scholes option pricing model requires the input of certain assumptions including stock price, dividend yield, expected volatility, risk-free interest rate, and expected option life. Changes in these assumptions can materially affect the estimated fair value of our employee stock options.
The grant date stock price was based on our closing stock price on the date of grant; dividend yield was based on our expectation of dividend payments over the expected life of the option; expected volatility was based on a study of comparable, publicly traded companies with similar products and product life cycles; risk-free interest rate was the rate available on zero coupon U.S. government obligations with a term approximating the expected option life; the expected option life was calculated using the simplified method.
The grant date fair value of our restricted stock units is based on the closing price of our common stock on the date of grant.
We issue new shares of common stock upon exercise of stock options or vesting of restricted stock units.
Forfeitures of employee equity awards are estimated at the time of grant and revised, if necessary, in subsequent periods if actual forfeitures differ from initial estimates. Stock-based compensation expense is recorded net of estimated forfeitures, such that expense is recorded only for those stock-based awards that are expected to vest.
The cash flow resulting from the tax benefits from tax deductions in excess of the compensation cost recognized for our employee equity awards (excess tax benefits) is classified as a cash inflow from financing activities and a cash outflow from operating activities in our statements of cash flows. We treat tax deductions from certain stock option exercises as being realized when they reduce taxes payable in accordance with relevant tax law.
Income Taxes
We account for income taxes under the asset and liability method, which requires the recognition of deferred tax assets and liabilities for the expected future tax consequences of events that have been included in the financial statements. Under this method, deferred tax assets and liabilities are determined based on the differences between the financial statements and tax basis of assets and liabilities using enacted tax rates in effect for the year in which the differences are expected to reverse. The effect of a change in tax rates on deferred tax assets and liabilities is recognized in income in the period that includes the enactment date.
We record net deferred tax assets to the extent we believe these assets will more likely than not be realized. In making such determination, we consider all available positive and negative evidence, including future reversals of existing taxable temporary differences, projected future taxable income, tax planning strategies and recent financial operations. A valuation allowance is recorded to offset net deferred tax assets if, based upon the available evidence, it is more likely than not that some or all of the deferred tax assets will not be realized.
We recognize the tax benefit of uncertain tax positions in the financial statements based on the technical merits of the position. When the tax position is deemed more likely than not of being sustained, we recognize the largest amount of tax benefit that is greater than 50 percent likely of being ultimately realized upon settlement.
Foreign Currency
Gains and losses from transactions denominated in currencies other than our functional currency are included in other income (expense), net. For the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014, net foreign currency transaction losses were $7,734, $23,999 and $56,969, respectively. Foreign currency gains and losses result primarily from fluctuations in the exchange rate between the U.S. Dollar and the Japanese Yen.
Comprehensive Income
Comprehensive income includes net income and other comprehensive income items that are excluded from net income under U.S. generally accepted accounting principles. Comprehensive income includes unrealized gains and losses on our investments classified as available for sale.
Basic and Diluted Net Income per Share
Basic net income per share is based upon the weighted-average number of common shares outstanding during the period. Diluted net income per share reflects the potential dilution that could occur if securities or other contracts to issue common stock were exercised or converted into common stock. As discussed further in Note 15, the effect of our 1.75:1 stock split and recapitalization is reflected in the number of outstanding shares and per share information in the table below. The Underwriters’ warrants, stock options and restricted stock units granted by us and preferred stock represent the only dilutive effect reflected in diluted weighted-average shares outstanding.
The following table presents the computation of basic and diluted net income per share:
For the Years Ended December, 31
2016
2015
2014
Net income
$
$
$
Weighted-average shares outstanding — Basic
Effect of dilutive securities:
Underwriters’ warrants
—
Stock options
Restricted stock units
—
—
Preferred stock
—
—
Weighted-average shares outstanding — Diluted
Basic net income per share
$
$
$
Diluted net income per share
$
$
$
Stock options and warrants to purchase shares of our common stock and restricted stock units excluded from the calculation of diluted net income per share because the effect would have been anti-dilutive are as follows:
As of December, 31
2016
2015
2014
Anti-dilutive stock options and restricted stock units
Certain Significant Risks and Uncertainties
We market our products to end users in the United States and to distributors internationally. Sales to end users in the United States are generally made on open credit terms. Management maintains an allowance for potential credit losses. As of December 31, 2014, two international customers accounted for approximately 35% of gross accounts receivable. No such concentrations existed as of December 31, 2016 or 2015.
We have deposited our cash and cash equivalents with various financial institutions. Our cash and cash equivalents balances exceed federally insured limits throughout the year. We have not incurred any losses related to these balances.
Our products require clearance from the Food and Drug Administration and international regulatory agencies prior to commercialized sales. Our future products may not receive required approvals. If we were denied such approvals, or if such approvals were delayed, it would have a materially adverse impact on our business, results of operations and financial condition.
Certain key components of our products essential to their functionality are sole-sourced. Any disruption in the availability of these components would have a materially adverse impact on our business, results of operations and financial condition.
Recent Accounting Pronouncements
In May 2014, the FASB issued ASU No. 2014-09, Revenue (Topic 606): Revenue from Contracts with Customers (ASU 2014-09) . The new standard provides a single, principles-based five-step model to be applied to all contracts with customers while enhancing disclosures about revenue, providing additional guidance for transactions that were not previously addressed comprehensively and improving guidance for multiple-element arrangements. The five-step model includes: (i) identify the contract(s) with a customer; (ii) identify the performance obligations in the contract; (iii) determine the transaction price; (iv) allocate the transaction’s price to the separate performance obligations in the contract; and (v) recognize revenue when (or as) the entity satisfies a performance obligation. In addition, entities must disclose sufficient information to enable users of financial statements to understand the nature, amount, timing, and uncertainty of revenue and cash flows arising from contracts with customers. Qualitative and quantitative disclosures are required about: (i) the entity’s contracts with customers; (ii) |
