Summary of Significant Accounting Policies | 2. Summary of significant accounting policies The accompanying consolidated financial statements reflect the application of certain significant accounting policies as described in this note and elsewhere in the footnotes. (a) Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash Cash and cash equivalents The Company considers all highly liquid investments with a remaining maturity of 90 days or less at the date of purchase to be cash and cash equivalents. Cash and cash equivalents consist principally of deposit accounts and money market accounts at December 31, 2015 and 2014. (b) Reserve accounts Allowance for doubtful accounts and sales returns The allowance for doubtful accounts and sales returns is the Company’s best estimate of the amount of probable credit losses and returns in the Company’s existing accounts receivable. The Company determines the allowance for doubtful accounts and sales returns based on analysis of historical bad debts, customer concentrations, customer creditworthiness, credit history, return history and current economic trends. The Company reviews its allowances for doubtful accounts and sales returns quarterly. Past due balances over 90 days and specified other balances are reviewed individually for collectability. All other balances are reviewed on an aggregate basis. Account balances are written off against the allowance after all means of collection have been exhausted and the potential for recovery is considered remote. The Company does not sell its software with a right of return; however, the Company allows returns of hardware products in limited circumstances, primarily related to changes in configuration requirements. Significant judgments and estimates are made and used in connection with establishing allowances for doubtful accounts and sales returns in any accounting period and actual results may differ from these judgments and estimates. No significant differences from estimates have been experienced. The Company records adjustments to the allowance for doubtful accounts to general and administrative expense and adjustments to the allowance for sales returns as a reduction of revenue. Warranty reserves The Company maintains an allowance for warranty obligations that may be incurred under its limited warranty, which includes a hardware warranties ranging from one to three years. Factors that affect the Company’s allowance for warranty obligations include the number of installed units currently under warranty, historical and anticipated rates of warranty claims on those units, and the cost per claim to satisfy the Company’s warranty obligation. Excess and obsolete inventory reserves The Company establishes inventory reserves when conditions exist that indicate inventory may be in excess of anticipated demand or is obsolete based upon assumptions about future demand for the Company’s products or market conditions. The Company regularly evaluates the ability to realize the value of inventories based on combination of factors which may include forecasted sales or usage, estimated product end of life dates, estimated current and future market value and new product introductions. When recorded, inventory reserves are intended to reduce the carrying value of inventories to their net realizable value. The Company recorded immaterial charges for excess and obsolete inventories during the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 or 2013. (c) Property and equipment Property and equipment are recorded at cost. Depreciation and amortization are computed using the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the assets, which are three years. Leasehold improvements are amortized over the lesser of the term of the lease or the useful life of the asset. Repairs and maintenance costs are expensed as incurred, whereas major improvements are capitalized as additions to property and equipment. (d) Business combinations The Company allocates the fair value of the purchase consideration of its acquisitions to the tangible assets, liabilities, and intangible assets acquired, including in-process research and development (“IPR&D”), based on their estimated fair values. The excess of the fair value of purchase consideration over the fair values of these identifiable assets and liabilities is recorded as goodwill. IPR&D is initially capitalized at fair value as an intangible asset with an indefinite life and assessed for impairment thereafter. When a project underlying reported IPR&D is completed, the corresponding amount of IPR&D is reclassified as an amortizable purchased intangible asset and is amortized over the asset’s estimated useful life. Acquisition-related expenses are expensed as incurred. The allocation of the purchase price requires management to make significant estimates in determining the fair values of assets acquired and liabilities assumed, especially with respect to intangible assets. These estimates are based on information obtained from management of the acquired companies and historical experience. These estimates can include, but are not limited to, the cash flows that an asset is expected to generate in the future, and the cost savings expected to be derived from acquiring an asset. These estimates are inherently uncertain and unpredictable, and if different estimates were used, the purchase price for the acquisition could be allocated to the acquired assets and liabilities differently from the allocation that the Company has made. (e) Goodwill and purchased intangible assets Goodwill and purchased intangible assets with indefinite lives are not amortized, but tested for impairment on an annual basis in the fourth quarter and more frequently if events or changes in circumstances indicate that the asset may be impaired. The Company’s impairment tests are based on a single operating segment and reporting unit structure. In order to determine if goodwill is impaired, a test is performed. The test involves a two-step process. The first step involves comparing the fair value of the Company’s reporting unit to its carrying value, including goodwill. If the carrying value of the reporting unit exceeds its fair value, the second step of the test is performed by comparing the carrying value of the goodwill in the reporting unit to its implied fair value. An impairment charge is recognized for the excess of the carrying value of goodwill over its implied fair value. There have been no impairment charges recorded. In order to determine if indefinite-lived intangible assets are impaired, the Company first performs a qualitative assessment to determine whether it is more likely than not that the asset may be impaired. If the qualitative assessment determines that it is more likely than not that an indefinite-lived intangible asset may be impaired, the quantitative impairment test is performed. The quantitative impairment test for an indefinite-lived intangible asset compares the fair value of the asset with its carrying amount. If the carrying amount of an intangible asset exceeds its fair value, an impairment loss is recognized for the excess. After an impairment loss is recognized, the carrying amount of the intangible asset is adjusted. Finite-lived intangible assets are carried at cost and amortized on a straight-line basis over their estimated useful lives, which is four to ten years. The Company evaluates finite lived intangible assets for impairment by assessing the recoverability of these assets whenever adverse events or changes in circumstances or business climate indicate that expected undiscounted future cash flows related to such intangible assets may not be sufficient to support the net book value of such assets. An impairment charge is recognized in the period of identification to the extent the carrying amount of an asset exceeds the fair value of such asset. Significant judgments required in assessing the impairment of goodwill and intangible assets include the identification of reporting units, identifying whether events or changes in circumstances require an impairment assessment, estimating future cash flows, determining appropriate discount and growth rates and other assumptions. Changes in these estimates and assumptions could materially affect the determination of fair value as to whether an impairment exists and, if so, the amount of that impairment. (f) Long-lived assets Long-lived assets that are held and used by the Company are reviewed for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of the asset may not be recoverable. When such events occur, the Company compares the carrying amounts of the assets to their undiscounted expected future cash flows. If this comparison indicates that there is impairment, the amount of the impairment is determined as the difference between the carrying value and fair value. (g) Deferred offering costs The Company incurred approximately $3.4 million in costs related to its initial public offering. These offering expenses have been recorded as a reduction of the proceeds received on June 30, 2014, the closing of the Company’s IPO. There are no deferred offering costs included in Other assets in the accompanying balance sheet as of December 31, 2015 and 2014. (h) Revenue recognition The Company derives its revenue primarily from the licensing of software, devices, maintenance and services. Revenue is recognized when persuasive evidence of an arrangement exists, delivery has occurred, the fee is fixed or determinable, and collection is considered probable. Product revenue is recognized upon shipment, assuming all other revenue recognition criteria have been met. Services are considered delivered as the work is performed and maintenance is considered delivered over the contractual maintenance term. The Company has a limited number of customers who purchase its software on a term basis and recognizes these sales ratably over the term. Sales of the Company’s software that are sold through resellers are recognized as revenue based on the same criteria as direct sales and upon identification of the end user. For sales through resellers, the reseller assumes the risk of collection from the end user and the Company does not offer a right of return or price protection to any of its resellers. When arrangements contain software and non-software elements, the Company allocates the arrangement consideration to the software and non-software elements. The fair value of the elements is determined utilizing vendor-specific objective evidence of fair value, or VSOE, when available, third party evidence or the best estimate of selling price when VSOE of fair value is not determinable. The Company is currently unable to establish VSOE of fair value or third party evidence for its software elements as a group. Therefore the best estimate of selling price for the software elements is determined by considering various factors including but not limited to the Company’s standard software maintenance rates, the historical selling price of these deliverables in similar transactions, and its standard pricing practices along with geographies and customer class. After determining fair value for each deliverable, the arrangement consideration is allocated between the software elements, as a group, and the non-software elements using the relative selling price method. The non-software elements are then recognized upon delivery and when all other revenue recognition criteria are met. For software arrangements or elements that contain multiple deliverables where VSOE of fair value exists for all undelivered elements such as maintenance and services, the Company recognizes revenue for the delivered elements using the residual method. VSOE of fair value is determined based upon the price charged when the same element is sold separately. VSOE of fair value of maintenance on user based licenses is based on the price customers are charged when they purchase maintenance separately from other products. Separate sales of maintenance occur when customers make the decision to renew their contracts in years subsequent to the initial maintenance term. The Company analyzes its separate sales based on the “bell-shaped” curve method to ensure that the separate sales are sufficiently concentrated around a specific point and within a narrow enough range to enable a reasonable estimate of fair value. VSOE of fair value of maintenance on enterprise licenses is based on separately stated renewal rates in the arrangement that are substantive. For software arrangements containing multiple deliverables where VSOE of fair value does not exist for all undelivered elements, the Company defers revenue for the delivered and undelivered elements until VSOE of fair value is established for the entire undelivered element or all of the elements have been delivered, unless the only undelivered element is delivered over time (e.g., maintenance) where it would record revenue ratably over the delivery period. The Company recognizes maintenance ratably over the term of the maintenance contract, generally 12 months. The Company recognizes revenue allocated to professional service elements, such as installation and training, as the services are performed based on VSOE of fair value for each service performed. (i) Deferred cost of goods sold Deferred costs of goods sold consist primarily of costs associated with physical appliances and devices that were shipped during the period for which the revenue recognition criteria have not yet been met. Deferred cost of goods sold were $37,000 and $78,000 for the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014, respectively. The costs will be amortized to expense in conjunction with the recognition of the related deferred revenue. These costs are included in prepaid expenses and other current assets on the accompanying balance sheet. (j) Research and development and software development costs Research and development expenses consist primarily of salary and related expenses for the Company’s research and development staff, including benefits, bonuses and stock-based compensation; the cost of certain third-party contractor costs; and allocated overhead. Expenditures for research and development are expensed as incurred. Costs associated with the development of computer software for external sale are expensed prior to the establishment of technological feasibility of the software and capitalized thereafter until commercial release of the software. The Company has not historically incurred significant development costs after the establishment of technological feasibility, and as a result, no software development costs have been capitalized to date for external use software. Costs incurred during the application development stage of internal-use software projects, such as those used in the Company’s product offerings, are capitalized in accordance with the accounting guidance for costs of computer software developed for internal use. Capitalized costs include external consulting fees and payroll and payroll-related costs for employees in the Company’s research and development groups who are directly associated with, and who devote time to, the Company’s internal-use software projects during the application development stage. Capitalization begins when the planning stage is complete and the Company commits resources to software development. Capitalization ceases when the software has been developed, tested and is ready for its intended use. Amortization of the asset commences when the software is placed into service. The Company assesses the useful life of internal-use software once the development is complete and amortizes the completed costs on a straight line basis. Costs incurred during the planning, training and post-implementation stages of the software development life-cycle are expensed as incurred. Costs related to upgrades and enhancements of existing internal-use software that increase the functionality of the software are also capitalized. At December 31, 2015, the Company had $1.2 million in capitalized software development costs related to the internal-use software currently being developed. The capitalized software development costs have been recorded in intangible assets. (k) Shipping and handling costs Shipping and handling costs charged to customers are included in revenue and the associated expense is recorded in cost of products sold in the statements of operations for all periods presented. (l) Advertising costs Advertising costs are included in sales and marketing expense and are expensed as incurred. Advertising expenses were $317,000, $194,000, and $170,000 for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014, and 2013, respectively. (m) Income taxes The Company uses the asset and liability method for accounting for income taxes. Under this method, deferred tax assets and liabilities are recorded based on differences between the financial reporting and tax bases of assets and liabilities and for loss and credit carryforwards. The Company measures deferred tax asset and liabilities using the enacted tax rates and laws that will be in effect when the Company expects the differences to reverse. The Company records a valuation allowance to reduce its deferred tax assets to the amount that is more likely than not to be realized. The Company reviews its deferred tax assets for recoverability with consideration for such factors as historical losses, projected future taxable income, prudent and feasible tax planning strategies and the expected timing of the reversals of existing temporary differences. The Company maintains a full valuation allowance against its U.S. net deferred tax assets as a result of the uncertainty regarding the realization of these assets in the future. The Company accounts for uncertain tax positions recognized in the consolidated financial statements by prescribing a more-likely-than-not threshold for financial statement recognition and measurement. Interest and penalties associated with such uncertain tax positions are classified as a component of income tax expense. The Company did not have any material unrecognized tax benefits or accrued interest and penalties at December 31, 2015, 2014, or 2013. (n) Stock-based compensation The Company measures compensation cost for equity awards at their fair value. The measurement date for stock awards granted to employees is generally the date of grant. The measurement date for nonemployee awards is the date services are completed or the award is earned. Stock-based compensation is recognized on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period, which generally is the vesting period. The estimation of stock awards that will ultimately vest requires judgment and to the extent that actual results or updated estimates differ from current estimates, such amounts will be recorded as a cumulative adjustment in the period during which estimates are revised. Actual results and future changes in estimates may differ substantially from current estimates. See “Note 17. Stock award plans and stock-based compensation” for discussion of the Company’s key assumptions included in determining the fair value of its equity awards at grant date. (o) Recent accounting guidance Recently adopted accounting updates In September 2015, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) No. 2015-16 “Business Combinations (Topic 805): Simplifying the Accounting for Measurement-Period Adjustments.” The ASU eliminates the requirement for an acquirer in a business combination to account for measurement-period adjustments retrospectively. The new guidance requires that the cumulative impact of a measurement-period adjustment (including the impact on prior periods) be recognized in the reporting period in which the adjustment is identified. The guidance is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2015, and interim periods within those fiscal years. Early adoption is permitted for any interim and annual financial statements that have not yet been made available for issuance. The Company has elected early adoption of this guidance, effective in the third quarter ended September 30, 2015. During the year ended December 31, 2015, the Company recorded a measurement period adjustment which resulted in an immaterial impact. See “Note 3. Business combination” for additional information. In November 2015, the FASB issued ASU No. 2015-17 “Income Taxes (Topic 740): Balance Sheet Classification of Deferred Taxes.” The ASU requires companies to classify all deferred tax assets and liabilities as noncurrent on the balance sheet instead of separating deferred taxes into current and noncurrent amounts. The guidance is effective for financial statements issued for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2016 and interim periods within those annual periods. The guidance may be adopted on either a prospective or retrospective basis. Early adoption is permitted for any interim and annual financial statements that have not yet been issued. The Company has elected early adoption of this guidance on a prospective basis, effective in the fourth quarter and year ended December 31, 2015. The Company has elected early adoption of this guidance, effective in the fourth quarter and the year ended December 31, 2015. The adoption of this guidance had an immaterial impact on the Company’s balance sheet. See “Note 18. Income taxes” for additional information. Accounting standards or updates not yet effective In May 2014, the FASB issued ASU No. 2014-09, “Revenue from Contracts with Customers” (Topic 606) (ASU 2014-09). ASU 2014-09 outlines a single comprehensive model for entities to use in accounting for revenue arising from contracts with customers and supersedes most current revenue recognition guidance, including industry-specific guidance. In August 2015, the FASB issued ASU 2015-14, “Revenue from Contracts with Customers—Deferral of the Effective Date,” that defers by one year the effective date of ASU 2014-09, “Revenue from Contracts with Customers.” The guidance is effective for public companies with annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2017, including interim periods within that reporting period. Earlier adoption is permitted only as of annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2016, including interim reporting periods within that reporting period. Entities have the option of using either a full retrospective or a modified approach to adopt the guidance. This guidance could impact the timing and amounts of revenue recognized. In 2015, the FASB proposed amendments and clarifications to various aspects of the guidance. These amendments were proposed in three FASB exposure drafts. The Company is currently evaluating the effect that implementation of this guidance and any amendments will have on the Company’s consolidated financial statements upon adoption. Any changes to the guidance resulting from the proposed amendments could change the Company’s assessment of the impact that adoption might have on the Company’s consolidated financial statements and could impact the Company’s decision on whether or not to early adopt. In August 2014, the FASB issued ASU 2014-15, “ ” In April 2015, the FASB issued an ASU No. 2015-03, “Interest—Imputation of Interest (Subtopic 835-30): Simplifying the Presentation of Debt Issuance Costs,” requiring debt issuance costs related to a recognized debt liability to be presented in the balance sheet as a direct deduction from the carrying amount of that debt, consistent with debt discounts. The accounting standard update will be effective for the Company for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2015, and interim periods within those fiscal years on a retrospective basis, with early adoption permitted. As of December 31, 2015, the Company has not early adopted this guidance. The accounting standard update is a change in balance sheet presentation only and is not expected to have a material impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements. In April 2015, the FASB issued ASU 2015-05, “Intangibles – Goodwill and Other Internal-Use Software (Subtopic 350-40): Customer’s Accounting for Fees Paid in a Cloud Computing Arrangement.” This ASU provides guidance to customers about whether a cloud computing arrangement includes a software license. If a cloud computing arrangement includes a software license, the customer should account for the software license element of the arrangement consistent with the acquisition of other software licenses. If a cloud computing arrangement does not include a software license, the customer should account for the arrangement as a service contract. The new guidance does not change the accounting for a customer’s accounting for service contracts. ASU 2015-05 is effective for interim and annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2015. The Company anticipates that the adoption of this ASU will not have a material impact on its consolidated financial statements. In July 2015, the FASB issued ASU 2015-11, “Simplifying the Measurement of Inventory,” (Topic 330). ASU 2015-11 requires that inventory within the scope of the guidance be measured at the lower of cost and net realizable value. Inventory measured using last-in, first-out and the retail inventory method are not impacted by the new guidance. This guidance will be effective for public business entities in fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2016, including interim periods within those years. Prospective application is required. Early adoption is permitted as of the beginning of an interim or annual reporting period. The Company measures inventory using first-in, first out method and anticipates adopting this guidance. The Company does not believe the adoption of this guidance will have a material impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements. |