Stock Award Plans and Stock Based Compensation | 13. Stock award plans and stock based compensation (a) Equity incentive plan In May 2014, the Company’s 2014 Stock Option and Incentive Plan (“2014 Plan”), was adopted by the Company’s board of directors and approved by its stockholders and became effective in June 2014. The 2014 Plan replaced the Amended and Restated 2002 Stock Option and Incentive Plan (“2002 Plan”) as the Company’s board of directors has determined not to make additional awards under the 2002 Plan. The 2014 Plan allows the compensation committee to make equity-based incentive awards to the Company’s officers, employees, directors and other key persons (including consultants). Stock options expire no later than 10 years from the date of grant and generally vest over a period of four years. At the discretion of the Board of Directors, certain option grants may be immediately exercisable but subject to a right to repurchase, at cost, pursuant to the vesting schedule of the individual grant. During the six months ended June 30, 2016, the Company granted 1,917,750 options to purchase common stock at a weighted average exercise price of $11.63. At June 30, 2016, there were 1,401,315 shares available for future grant under the 2014 Plan. (b) Employee stock purchase plan In May 2014, the Company’s board of directors adopted and its stockholders approved the Employee Stock Purchase Plan (“ESPP”). Each employee who is a participant in the ESPP may purchase shares by authorizing payroll deductions of his or her base compensation during an offering period. Unless the participating employee has previously withdrawn from the offering, his or her accumulated payroll deductions will be used to purchase ordinary shares on the last business day of the offering period at a price equal to 85% of the fair market value of the common stock on the first business day or the last business day of the offering period, whichever is lower. All offering periods will be for six months and begin on March 1 st 1 st At February 29, 2016, the Company issued 66,179 shares of common stock at a purchase price of $9.81. At February 27, 2015, the Company issued 58,793 shares of common stock at a purchase price of $11.64. At August 31, 2015, the Company issued 45,969 shares of common stock at a purchase price of $11.63. At June 30, 2016, there were 765,596 shares available for future grant under the ESPP. (c) Early exercise of stock options The Company issues stock option agreements to Company executives and members of the Board of Directors, which may permit options to be exercised at any time. The Company may also include an early exercise provision for incentive stock option agreements at its discretion. The unvested shares of common stock exercised are subject to the Company’s right to repurchase at the original exercise price upon termination of employment or other relationship. At June 30, 2016 and December 31, 2015, a total of 13,125 and 21,875 shares of unvested stock options exercised were subject to repurchase at an aggregate price of $60,834 and $102,000, respectively. These amounts are recorded as accrued and other current liabilities in the Company’s consolidated balance sheets and will be reclassified to equity as the Company’s repurchase right lapses. During the three months ended June 30, 2016 and 2015, 4,375 and 4,375 stock options associated with the early exercise vested, respectively. During the six months ended June 30, 2016 and 2015, 8,750 and 9,577 stock options associated with the early exercise vested, respectively. (d) Valuation of share-based compensation The Company utilizes the Black-Scholes option-pricing model to estimate the fair value of stock options awarded to employees and rights to acquire stock under the ESPP, which requires several key assumptions to be made. Weighted average assumptions related to stock options used to apply this model were as follows: Three Months ended Six Months Ended June 30, June 30, 2016 2015 2016 2015 Risk-free interest rate(1) 1.39% - 1.74% 1.77 % 1.39% - 1.74% 1.77 % Expected life (years)(2) 6.02 6.02 6.02 6.02 Expected dividend yield(3) — % — % — % — % Expected volatility of underlying stock(4) 45% - 48% 47 % 45% - 48% 47 % The assumptions used to estimate the fair value of the rights to acquire stock under the ESPP during the offering periods are presented below: March 1, 2016 to August 31, 2016 September 1, 2015 to February 29, 2016 March 1, 2015 to August 31, 2015 June 25, 2014 to February 28, 2015 Risk-free interest rate(1) 0.50 % 0.26 % 0.07 % 0.08 % Expected life (years)(5) 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.68 Expected dividend yield(3) — % — % — % — % Expected volatility of underlying stock(4) 72 % 40 % 55 % 40 % (1) Risk-free interest rate (2) Expected life (3) Expected dividend yield (4) Expected volatility (5) Expected life-ESPP (e) Summary of share-based compensation expense The Company uses the straight-line attribution method to recognize expense for stock-based awards such that the expense associated with awards is evenly recognized throughout the period. Stock-based compensation included in costs and operating expenses related to the awards of stock options and the employee stock purchase plan are as follows: Three Months Ended Six Months Ended June 30, June 30, (in thousands) 2016 2015 2016 2015 Cost of maintenance and professional services $ 160 $ 102 $ 289 $ 162 Research and development 421 326 767 549 Sales and marketing 540 253 881 468 General and administrative 741 399 1,282 602 Total $ 1,862 $ 1,080 $ 3,219 $ 1,781 |