As filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on September 25, 2008
Registration No. 333-126087
UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549
Post-Effective Amendment No. 15 to
FORM S-11
on
Form S-3
REGISTRATION STATEMENT
Under
THE SECURITIES ACT OF 1933
KBS Real Estate Investment Trust, Inc.
(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)
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Maryland | | 20-2985918 |
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization) | | (I.R.S. employer identification number) |
620 Newport Center Drive, Suite 1300
Newport Beach, California 92660
(949) 417-6500
(Address, including zip code, and telephone number, including area code, of the registrant’s principal executive offices)
Charles J. Schreiber, Jr.
Chief Executive Officer
KBS Real Estate Investment Trust, Inc.
620 Newport Center Drive, Suite 1300
Newport Beach, California 92660
(949) 417-6500
(Name, address, including zip code, and telephone number, including area code, of agent for service)
Copies to:
Robert H. Bergdolt, Esq.
Carrie J. Hartley, Esq.
DLA Piper LLP (US)
4141 Parklake Avenue, Suite 300
Raleigh, North Carolina 27612-2350
(919) 786-2000
Approximate date of commencement of proposed sale to public: From time to time after this registration statement becomes effective.
If the only securities being registered on this form are being offered pursuant to dividend or interest reinvestment plans, please check the following box. þ
If any of the securities being registered on this form are to be offered on a delayed or continuous basis pursuant to Rule 415 under the Securities Act of 1933, other than securities offered only in connection with dividend or interest reinvestment plans, check the following box. ¨
If this form is filed to register additional securities for an offering pursuant to Rule 462(b) under the Securities Act, please check the following box and list the Securities Act registration number of the earlier effective registration statement for the same offering. ¨
If this form is a post-effective amendment filed pursuant to Rule 462(c) under the Securities Act, check the following box and list the Securities Act registration statement number of the earlier effective registration statement for the same offering. ¨
If this form is a registration statement pursuant to General Instruction I.D. or a post-effective amendment thereto that shall become effective upon filing with the Commission pursuant to Rule 462(e) under the Securities Act, check the following box. ¨
If this form is a post-effective amendment to a registration statement filed pursuant to General Instruction I.D. filed to register additional securities or additional classes of securities pursuant to Rule 413(b) under the Securities Act, check the following box. ¨
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer or a smaller reporting company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer” and “smaller reporting company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act. (Check one):
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Large Accelerated Filer ¨ | | | | Accelerated Filer ¨ |
Non-Accelerated Filer þ | | (Do not check if a smaller reporting company) | | Smaller reporting company ¨ |
Explanatory note:This registration statement (reg. no. 333-126087) for the issuer’s primary offering and dividend reinvestment plan offering was first declared effective by the Staff on January 13, 2006. On September 17, 2008, the issuer filed post-effective amendment no. 14 to de-register the unsold shares in the primary offering. This post-effective amendment no. 15 to Form S-11 on Form S-3 amends the issuer’s registration statement to make it a dividend reinvestment plan only registration statement.
KBS REAL ESTATE INVESTMENT TRUST, INC.
Dividend Reinvestment Plan
Maximum Offering of 80,000,000 Shares of Common Stock
KBS Real Estate Investment Trust, Inc. is a Maryland corporation that elected to be taxed as a real estate investment trust, or REIT, beginning with the taxable year that ended December 31, 2006. We have invested in and manage a diverse portfolio of real estate properties and real estate-related investments. As of September 15, 2008, we owned 62 real estate properties, one master lease, 21 real estate loans receivable, and two investments in securities directly or indirectly backed by commercial mortgage loans. The 62 real estate properties total 20.4 million square feet, including properties held through a consolidated joint venture.
We are offering up to 80,000,000 shares of our common stock to our existing stockholders pursuant to our dividend reinvestment plan. Some of the significant features of the plan are:
• | | Stockholders who elect to participate in the plan may choose to invest all or a portion of their cash distributions in shares of our common stock. |
• | | We are initially offering the shares at a purchase price of $9.50 per share. |
• | | We may offer shares of common stock under our dividend reinvestment plan until we have sold all 80,000,000 shares. |
• | | We may amend or terminate the dividend reinvestment plan for any reason at any time, provided that any amendment that adversely affects the rights of participants will only take affect upon 10 days’ written notice to participants. |
• | | Participants may terminate participation in the plan at any time upon written notice to us. For your termination to be effective for a particular distribution, we must have received your notice of termination at least 10 business days prior to the last day of the fiscal period to which the distribution relates. |
• | | If you elect to participate in the dividend reinvestment plan and are subject to federal income taxation, you will incur a tax liability for distributions allocated to you even though you have elected not to receive the distributions in cash. In addition, to the extent you purchase shares through our dividend reinvestment plan at a discount to their fair market value, you will be treated for tax purposes as receiving an additional distribution equal to the amount of the discount. |
• | | You may elect to participate in the plan by completing the Account Update Form available from your financial advisor or by calling our investor services line at 1-866-584-1381, administered by Phoenix Transfer, Inc. |
Investing in our common stock involves a high degree of risk. You should carefully read and consider the risk factors included in our periodic reports and other information that we file with the SEC before you invest in our common stock. These risks include the following:
• | | Our charter does not require our directors to seek stockholder approval to liquidate our assets by a specified date, nor does our charter require our directors to list our shares for trading by a specified date. No public market currently exists for our shares of common stock, and we have no plans to list our shares on an exchange. Until our shares are listed, you may not sell your shares unless the buyer meets the applicable suitability and minimum purchase standards. No one may own more than 9.8% of our stock unless exempted by our board. If you are able to sell your shares, you would likely have to sell them at a substantial loss. |
• | | We set the offering price of our shares arbitrarily. This price is unrelated to the book or net value of our assets or to our operating income. |
• | | We depend on our advisor to conduct our operations. Our advisor has a limited operating history and limited experience operating a public company. |
• | | All of our executive officers and some of our directors are also officers, managers, directors and/or holders of a controlling interest in our advisor, our dealer manager and other affiliated KBS entities. As a result, they will face conflicts of interest, including significant conflicts created by our advisor’s compensation arrangements with us and other KBS-advised programs and investors. Fees paid to our advisor in connection with transactions involving the purchase and management of our properties will be based on the cost of the investment, not on the quality of the investment or services rendered to us. This arrangement could influence our advisor to recommend riskier transactions to us. |
• | | We have paid substantial fees and expenses to our advisor, its affiliates and broker-dealers. These fees increase your risk of loss. |
• | | Although our distribution policy is not to use the proceeds of this offering to make distributions, our organizational documents permit us to pay distributions from any source, including offering proceeds. Distributions paid from offering proceeds would constitute a return of capital. |
• | | We fund our investments in part with debt. High debt levels increase the risk of your investment. |
Neither the SEC, the Attorney General of the State of New York nor any other state securities regulator has approved or disapproved of our common stock, determined if this prospectus is truthful or complete or passed on or endorsed the merits of this offering. Any representation to the contrary is a criminal offense.
This investment involves a high degree of risk. You should purchase these securities only if you can afford a complete loss of your investment. The use of projections or forecasts in this offering is prohibited. No one is permitted to make any oral or written predictions about the cash benefits or tax consequences you will receive from your investment.
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| | Price to Public | | Selling Commissions* | | Dealer Manager Fee | | Net Proceeds (Before Expenses) |
Dividend Reinvestment Plan | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Per Share | | $ | 9.50 | | $ | 0.285 | | $ | 0.00 | | $ | 9.215 |
Total Maximum | | $ | 760,000,000.00 | | $ | 22,800,000.00 | | $ | 0.00 | | $ | 737,200,000.00 |
* To the extent permitted under state securities laws, if we paid selling commissions in connection with the sale of shares to you in our primary offering, we may pay a 3% selling commission on any shares issued to you under our dividend reinvestment plan. We will not pay selling commissions on shares issued to residents of Ohio under the dividend reinvestment plan commencing with plan purchases for dividend record dates after September 30, 2008. We will pay any selling commissions to KBS Capital Markets Group, the dealer manager of our primary offering. KBS Capital Markets Group will reallow any selling commissions payable on shares purchased through the dividend reinvestment plan to the broker-dealer associated with such account. Broker-dealers may agree to waive selling commissions on dividend reinvestment plan shares in which case no selling commissions will be paid to any person in connection with the sale of such shares.
The date of this prospectus is September 25, 2008
SUITABILITY STANDARDS
The shares we are offering through this prospectus are suitable only as a long-term investment for persons of adequate financial means and who have no need for liquidity in this investment. Because there is no public market for our shares, you will have difficulty selling your shares.
In consideration of these factors, we have established suitability standards for investors in this offering and subsequent purchasers of our shares. These suitability standards require that a purchaser of shares have either:
| • | | a net worth of at least $150,000; or |
| • | | gross annual income of at least $45,000 and a net worth of at least $45,000. |
In addition, the states listed below have established suitability requirements that are more stringent than ours and investors in these states must meet the special suitability standards set forth below to purchase our shares.
Pennsylvania and Oregon - In addition to the general suitability requirements described above, investors must have a net worth of at least 10 times their investment in us.
Alaska, Iowa, Kansas, New Mexico, North Carolina, Ohio, Tennessee and Washington - Investors must have either (1) a net worth of at least $250,000, or (2) gross annual income of at least $70,000 and a net worth of at least $70,000.
In addition,Iowa investors must have a net worth of at least 10 times their investment in us, andOhio investors must have a net worth of at least 10 times their investment in us and our affiliates.
Furthermore, it is recommended by the Office of the Kansas Securities Commissioner thatKansas investors not invest, in the aggregate, more than 10% of their liquid net worth in this and similar direct participation investments. Liquid net worth is defined as that portion of net worth that consists of cash, cash equivalents and readily marketable securities.
Arizona, Arkansas, California, Massachusetts, Michigan and Missouri - Investors must have either (1) a net worth of at least $225,000 or (2) gross annual income of at least $60,000 and a net worth of at least $60,000.
In addition,Arkansas and Missouri investors must have a net worth of at least 10 times their investment in us.
Maine - Investors must have either (1) a net worth of at least $200,000 or (2) gross annual income of at least $50,000 and a net worth of at least $50,000.
For purposes of determining the suitability of an investor, net worth in all cases should be calculated excluding the value of an investor’s home, furnishings and automobiles. In the case of sales to fiduciary accounts, these suitability standards must be met by the fiduciary account, by the person who directly or indirectly supplied the funds for the purchase of the shares if such person is the fiduciary or by the beneficiary of the account.
Our sponsor, those selling shares on our behalf and the broker-dealer or registered investment adviser associated with the stockholder’s account must make every reasonable effort to determine that the purchase of shares in this offering is a suitable and appropriate investment for each stockholder based on information provided by the stockholder regarding the stockholder’s financial situation and investment objectives. See “Plan of Distribution – Suitability Standards” for a detailed discussion of the determinations regarding suitability that we require of all those selling shares on our behalf.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
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PROSPECTUS SUMMARY
This summary highlights material information contained elsewhere in this prospectus. Because it is a summary, it may not contain all of the information that is important to you. To understand this offering fully, you should read the entire prospectus carefully before making a decision to participate in the dividend reinvestment plan. You should also review the section of this prospectus titled “Incorporation of Certain Information by Reference.”
What is KBS Real Estate Investment Trust, Inc.?
KBS Real Estate Investment Trust, Inc. is a Maryland corporation that elected to be taxed as a real estate investment trust, or REIT, beginning with the taxable year that ended December 31, 2006. We were formed on June 13, 2005.
We commenced our initial public offering of 280,000,000 shares of common stock on January 27, 2006. As of September 15, 2008, we had accepted aggregate gross offering proceeds of approximately $1.7 billion in our primary offering of 200,000,000 shares and $53.8 million under our dividend reinvestment plan offering of 80,000,000 shares. We ceased offering shares of common stock in our primary offering on May 30, 2008. We may continue to offer the shares registered under our dividend reinvestment plan, and offered by this prospectus, until we have sold all 80,000,000 shares.
We have used the proceeds of our primary offering to acquire and manage a diverse portfolio of real estate properties and real estate-related investments. We own substantially all of our assets and conduct our operations through KBS Limited Partnership, which we refer to as our Operating Partnership. We are the sole general partner of the Operating Partnership.
As of September 15, 2008, we owned 62 real estate properties, one master lease, 21 real estate loans receivable, and two investments directly or indirectly backed by commercial mortgage loans. The 62 real estate properties total 20.4 million square feet, including properties held through a consolidated joint venture. The real estate property portfolio includes 20 office buildings, one light industrial property, three corporate research properties, two distribution facilities, one industrial portfolio consisting of nine distribution and office/warehouse properties, one office/flex portfolio consisting of six buildings and a portfolio of 23 institutional-quality industrial properties and a master lease with respect to another property. We hold the 23 industrial properties and the master lease through a consolidated joint venture. At August 31, 2008, the portfolio was approximately 95% leased. Our real estate loans receivable portfolio includes three secured loans and one mezzanine loan that we originated as well as seven mezzanine real estate loans, two B-Notes, a partial ownership interest in three mezzanine real estate loans, two first mortgage loans, a partial ownership interest in a senior mortgage loan and two loans representing senior subordinated debt of a private REIT.
We have no paid employees. Our external advisor, KBS Capital Advisors LLC, conducts our operations and manages our portfolio of real estate investments.
Our office is located at 620 Newport Center Drive, Suite 1300, Newport Beach, California 92660. Our telephone number is (949) 417-6500. Our fax number is (949) 417-6520, and our Web site address iswww.kbsreit.com.
What is the dividend reinvestment plan?
We are offering up to 80,000,000 shares of our common stock to our existing stockholders pursuant to our dividend reinvestment plan. Pursuant to the plan, stockholders may elect to have all or a portion of their dividends and other distributions reinvested in additional shares of our common stock. The purchase price of shares under the dividend reinvestment plan will initially be $9.50 per share. Three years after the completion of our offering stage, shares issued pursuant to our dividend reinvestment plan will be priced at the estimated value per share of our common stock, as determined by our advisor or another firm chosen for that purpose. We will consider our offering stage complete when we are no longer publicly offering equity securities and have not done so for one year. We may offer shares of common stock under our dividend reinvestment plan until we have sold all 80,000,000 shares. As of September 15, 2008, we had sold 5,658,236 shares of common stock under our dividend reinvestment plan.
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To the extent permitted under state securities laws, if we paid selling commissions in connection with the sale of shares to you in our primary offering, we may pay a 3% selling commission on any shares issued to you under our dividend reinvestment plan (which commission may be higher than the selling commission charged in connection with recent dividend reinvestment plan offerings by other non-traded, publicly offered REITs). We will not pay selling commissions on shares issued to residents of Ohio under the dividend reinvestment plan commencing with plan purchases for dividend record dates after September 30, 2008. Broker-dealers may agree to waive selling commissions on dividend reinvestment plan shares in which case no selling commissions will be paid to any person in connection with the sale of such shares.
We will pay selling commissions to KBS Capital Markets Group, the dealer manager of our primary offering. KBS Capital Markets Group will reallow any selling commissions payable on shares purchased through the dividend reinvestment plan to the broker-dealer associated with such account. We will not pay any dealer manager fees for shares sold under our dividend reinvestment plan.
Whether we pay a selling commission will not affect the purchase price you pay under the dividend reinvestment plan, but it will affect the net proceeds to us from the sale. The total return for our investors would likely be higher if we paid no selling commissions. We will not receive a fee for selling shares under the dividend reinvestment plan. Sales under our dividend reinvestment plan, however, may result in greater fee income for our advisor.
We may amend or terminate the dividend reinvestment plan at our discretion at any time, provided that any amendment that adversely affects the rights or obligations of a participant (as determined in the sole discretion of the board of directors) will only take effect upon 10 days’ prior written notice to you. At any time prior to the listing of our shares on a national securities exchange, you must cease participation in our dividend reinvestment plan if you no longer meet the suitability standards set forth in this prospectus, as amended and supplemented, or cannot make the other investor representations set forth in the then-current prospectus or in the Account Update Form. Participants must agree to notify us promptly when they no longer meet these standards.
You may elect to participate in the dividend reinvestment plan by completing the Account Update Form or other approved enrollment form available from your financial advisor or by calling our investor services line at 1-866-584-1381, administered by Phoenix Transfer, Inc. Your participation in the dividend reinvestment plan will begin with the next distribution made after receipt of your enrollment form. You can choose to have all or a portion of your distributions reinvested through the dividend reinvestment plan. You may also change the percentage of your distributions that will be reinvested at any time by completing a new Account Update Form or other form provided for that purpose. You should consult with your financial advisor before making any decision to increase your level of participation.
Who may participate in the dividend reinvestment plan?
All of our stockholders are eligible to participate in our dividend reinvestment plan; however, we may elect to deny your participation in the dividend reinvestment plan if you reside in a jurisdiction or foreign country where, in our judgment, the burden or expense of compliance with applicable securities laws makes your participation impracticable or inadvisable.
Who might benefit from participating in the dividend reinvestment plan?
An additional investment in our shares may be beneficial for you if you continue to meet the minimum suitability standards described in this prospectus as supplemented, seek to diversify your personal portfolio with a real estate-based investment, seek to preserve capital, seek to obtain the benefits of potential long-term capital appreciation and are able to hold your investment for a time period consistent with our liquidity strategy. On the other hand, we caution persons who require immediate liquidity or guaranteed income, or who seek a short-term investment, that an investment in our shares will not meet those needs. Participants in the dividend reinvestment plan should also consider the tax consequences of participation.
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What are the tax consequences of participation in the dividend reinvestment plan?
If you elect to participate in the dividend reinvestment plan and are subject to federal income taxation, you will incur a tax liability for distributions allocated to you even though you have elected not to receive the distributions in cash but rather to have the distributions withheld and reinvested pursuant to the plan. Specifically, you will be treated as if you have received the distribution from us in cash and then applied such distribution to the purchase of additional shares. In addition, to the extent you purchase shares through our dividend reinvestment plan at a discount to their fair market value, you will be treated for tax purposes as receiving an additional distribution equal to the amount of the discount. Until three years after the completion of our offering stage, we expect that (i) we will sell shares under the dividend reinvestment plan at $9.50 per share, (ii) no secondary trading market for our shares will develop and (iii) our advisor will estimate the fair market value of a share to be $10.00. Therefore, until three years after the completion of our offering stage, participants in our dividend reinvestment plan will be treated as having received a distribution of $10.00 for each $9.50 reinvested by them under our dividend reinvestment plan. You will be taxed on the amount of such distribution as a dividend to the extent such distribution is from current or accumulated earnings and profits, unless we have designated all or a portion of the distribution as a capital gain distribution. We will withhold 28% of the amount of dividends or distributions paid if you fail to furnish a valid taxpayer identification number, fail to properly report interest or distributions or fail to certify that you are not subject to withholding.
How will you use the proceeds raised in this offering?
Depending primarily upon the number of shares we sell in this offering and assuming a $9.50 purchase price for shares sold under the dividend reinvestment plan, we estimate that we will use 96.75% of our gross offering proceeds from the dividend reinvestment plan for the repurchase of shares of our common stock under our share redemption program. We will use the remainder of the proceeds from the dividend reinvestment plan to pay offering expenses, including selling commissions. If all redemption requests under the share redemption program are honored or the share redemption program is suspended or terminated, then we may use the proceeds from the dividend reinvestment plan for investment in properties and other real estate-related assets, the repayment of debt, capital expenditures, tenant leasing costs or general corporate purposes. We cannot predict with any certainty how much, if any, dividend reinvestment plan proceeds will be available for these purposes. If we use proceeds to fund acquisitions in real estate or real estate-related investments, then we will pay our advisor acquisition fees equal to 0.75% of the cost of the investments (including debt and any acquisition expenses attributable to such investments). Though our board has the authority under our organizational documents, our distribution policy is not to use the proceeds of this offering to pay distributions.
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| | Dividend Reinvestment Plan (80,000,000 shares) ($9.50/share) |
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Gross Offering Proceeds | | $ | 760,000,000 | | | | 100.00% |
Selling Commissions | | | 22,800,000 | | | | 3.00 |
Other Organization and Offering Expenses(1) | | | 1,910,000 | | | | 0.25 |
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Amount Available for Share Redemption Program | | $ | 735,290,000 | | | | 96.75% |
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(1) Includes all expenses (other than selling commissions) to be paid by us in connection with the offering, including our legal, accounting, printing, mailing and filing fees. KBS Capital Advisors has agreed to reimburse us to the extent selling commissions and other organization and offering expenses incurred by us in connection with the dividend reinvestment plan exceed 15% of aggregate gross offering proceeds from the plan. Organization and offering expenses represent management’s best estimate since these amounts cannot be precisely calculated at this time.
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Are there any risks involved in an investment in your shares?
Investing in our common stock involves a high degree of risk. Some of the more significant risks related to an investment in our shares include:
| • | | No public market currently exists for our shares of common stock, and we currently have no plans to list our shares on a national securities exchange. Until our shares are listed, if ever, you may not sell your shares unless the buyer meets the applicable suitability and minimum purchase standards. In addition, our charter prohibits the ownership of more than 9.8% of our stock, unless exempted by our board of directors, which may inhibit large investors from purchasing your shares. Our shares cannot be readily sold and, if you are able to sell your shares, you would likely have to sell them at a substantial discount from their public offering price. |
| • | | We established the offering price of our shares on an arbitrary basis. This price may not be indicative of the price at which our shares would trade if they were listed on an exchange or actively traded, and this price bears no relationship to the book or net value of our assets or to our expected operating income. |
| • | | Both we and our advisor have a limited operating history and limited experience operating a public company. This inexperience makes our future performance difficult to predict. |
| • | | All of our executive officers and some of our directors are also officers, managers, directors and/or holders of a direct or indirect controlling interest in our advisor, our dealer manager and other affiliated KBS entities. As a result, our executive officers, some of our directors, our advisor and its affiliates will face conflicts of interest, including significant conflicts created by our advisor’s compensation arrangements with us and other programs and investors advised by KBS affiliates and conflicts in allocating time among us and these other programs and investors. These conflicts could result in action or inaction that is not in the best interests of our stockholders. |
| • | | Our advisor and its affiliates will receive fees in connection with transactions involving the purchase and management of our properties. These fees will be based on the cost of the investment, and not based on the quality of the investment or the quality of the services rendered to us. This may influence our advisor to recommend riskier transactions to us. |
| • | | We have paid substantial fees and expenses to our advisor, its affiliates and broker-dealers, which payments increase the risk that you will not earn a profit on your investment. |
| • | | Although our distribution policy is not to use the proceeds of this offering to make distributions, our organizational documents permit us to pay distributions from any source, including offering proceeds. Distributions paid from the net proceeds of this offering would constitute a return of capital. |
| • | | Our policies do not limit us from incurring debt until our borrowings would exceed 75% of the cost (before deducting depreciation or other non-cash reserves) of our tangible assets, and we may exceed this limit with the approval of the conflicts committee of our board of directors. High debt levels could limit the amount of cash we have available to distribute and could result in a decline in the value of your investment. |
| • | | Increases in interest rates could increase the amount of our debt payments and limit our ability to pay distributions to our stockholders. |
| • | | We depend on tenants for our revenue, and, accordingly, our revenue is dependent upon the success and economic viability of our tenants. |
| • | | Our investments in mortgage, mezzanine, bridge and other loans as well as investments in mortgage-backed securities, collateralized debt obligations and other debt may be affected by unfavorable real estate market conditions, which could decrease the value of those assets and reduce the investment return to our stockholders. |
You should carefully review the risk factors disclosed under Part I, Item 1A of our annual report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2007, the risk factors disclosed under Part II, Item 1A of our quarterly reports on Form 10-Q for the periods ended March 31, 2008 and June 30, 2008, and any updated risk factors contained in future filings we make under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended.
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What is the role of the board of directors?
We operate under the direction of our board of directors, the members of which are accountable to us and our stockholders as fiduciaries. We have five members of our board of directors, three of which are independent of KBS Capital Advisors and its affiliates. Our charter, which requires that a majority of our directors be independent of KBS Capital Advisors, creates a committee of our board consisting solely of all of our independent directors. This committee, which we call the conflicts committee, is responsible for reviewing the performance of KBS Capital Advisors and must approve other matters set forth in our charter. Our directors are elected annually by the stockholders.
Our board of directors has adopted a policy that requires our conflicts committee to approve by a majority vote all of our acquisitions and dispositions of real estate and real estate-related investments. Our board of directors may revise this policy without the approval of our stockholders. The conflicts committee has approved an Investment Grade Securities Purchase Program pursuant to which the conflicts committee granted authority to the investment committee of our advisor to approve acquisitions of investment grade commercial mortgage-backed securities, collateralized debt obligations and credit default swaps up to an aggregate amount of $50.0 million.
Who is your advisor and what will the advisor do?
KBS Capital Advisors LLC is our advisor. As our advisor, KBS Capital Advisors will manage our day-to-day operations and our portfolio of real estate and real estate-related investments. Peter M. Bren, Charles J. Schreiber, Jr., Peter McMillan III and Keith D. Hall, each of whom is one of our executive officers, and their team of real estate professionals, acting through KBS Capital Advisors, will make most of the decisions regarding the selection and the negotiation of real estate investments. KBS Capital Advisors will then make recommendations on all investments to our board of directors and conflicts committee. KBS Capital Advisors will also provide asset-management, marketing, investor-relations and other administrative services on our behalf with the goal of maximizing our operating cash flow. KBS Capital Advisors is indirectly owned and controlled by Peter M. Bren, Charles J. Schreiber, Jr., Peter McMillan III and Keith D. Hall, who are our sponsors.
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Who owns and controls the advisor?
The following chart shows the ownership structure of KBS Capital Advisors and entities affiliated with KBS Capital Advisors that will perform services for us:
(1) Peter McMillan III is our Executive Vice President, Treasurer, Secretary and one of our directors.
(2) Keith D. Hall is our Executive Vice President.
(3) Peter M. Bren is our President. Other than de minimis amounts owned by family members or family trusts, Mr. Bren indirectly owns and controls PBren Investments, L.P.
(4) Charles J. Schreiber, Jr. is the Chairman of our Board, our Chief Executive Officer and one of our directors. Other than de minimis amounts owned by family members or trusts, Mr. Schreiber indirectly owns and controls Schreiber Real Estate Investments, L.P.
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What are the fees that you will pay to the advisor, its affiliates and your directors?
Although we have executive officers who manage our operations, we have no paid employees. Our advisor, KBS Capital Advisors, and its affiliates manage our day-to-day affairs and our portfolio of real estate and real estate-related investments, subject to the board’s supervision. The following table summarizes all of the compensation and fees that we will pay to KBS Capital Advisors and its affiliates, including amounts to reimburse their costs in providing services, and amounts that we will pay to our independent directors. It also summarizes fees, compensation, expenses and reimbursements as of June 30, 2008 as well as the agreement from our advisor to advance to funds to us, as and if necessary, in connection with our declaration of distributions.
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Form of Compensation/Expense and Recipient | | Determination of Amount |
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| | Organization and Offering Stage |
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Selling Commissions on Shares Sold in the Primary Offering – KBS Capital Markets Group | | We paid selling commissions of up to 6.0% of the gross proceeds from our primary offering before reallowance of commissions earned by participating broker-dealers. KBS Capital Markets Group, the dealer manager of our primary offering, reallowed 100% of commissions earned to participating broker-dealers. We ceased offering shares of common stock in our primary offering on May 30, 2008. From the commencement of the primary offering through June 30, 2008, we had paid selling commissions on shares sold through the primary offering of $93.5 million related to the sale of 168,770,793 shares of stock. |
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Sellings Commissions on Shares Sold in the Dividend Reinvestment Plan – KBS Capital Markets Group | | We pay selling commissions of up to 3.0% of the gross proceeds from the dividend reinvestment plan before reallowance of commissions earned to broker-dealers. KBS Capital Markets Group will reallow 100% of commissions payable on shares purchased through the dividend reinvestment plan to the broker-dealer associated with such account. From the commencement of the dividend reinvestment plan through June 30, 2008, we had paid selling commissions on shares sold through the dividend reinvestment plan of $1.0 million related to the sale of 3,828,554 shares of stock. |
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Dealer Manager Fee – KBS Capital Markets Group | | We paid dealer manager fees of up to 3.5% of the gross proceeds from our primary offering; no dealer manager fees are payable on shares sold under our dividend reinvestment plan. From its dealer manager fee, KBS Capital Markets Group reallowed to participating broker-dealers up to 1% of the gross proceeds attributable to that participating broker-dealer as a marketing fee, and in special cases KBS Capital Markets Group increased the reallowance. We ceased offering shares of common stock in our primary offering on May 30, 2008. From the commencement of the primary offering through June 30, 2008, we had paid dealer manager fees on shares sold through the primary offering of $58.7 million related to the sale of 168,770,793 shares of stock. |
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Form of Compensation/Expense and Recipient | | Determination of Amount |
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Reimbursement of Other Organization and Offering Expenses – KBS Capital Advisors and KBS Capital Markets Group | | We reimburse KBS Capital Advisors and its affiliates for other organization and offerings expenses incurred on our behalf. After the termination of the primary offering, KBS Capital Advisors has agreed to reimburse us to the extent total organization and offering expenses (including selling commissions and the dealer manager fee) borne by us exceed 15% of the gross proceeds raised in the primary offering. KBS Capital Advisors will do the same after termination of the offering pursuant to our dividend reinvestment plan. These organization and offering expenses include all expenses (other than selling commissions and the dealer manager fee) to be paid by us in connection with the primary offering and the offering under the dividend reinvestment plan, including our legal, accounting, printing, mailing and filing fees, charges of our escrow holder and expenses of our advisor for administrative services related to the issuance of shares in the offering, reimbursement of KBS Capital Markets Group for amounts it may pay to reimburse the bona fide due diligence expenses of broker-dealers, reimbursement of our advisor for the salaries of its employees and other costs in connection with preparing supplemental sales materials, the cost of educational conferences held by us (including the travel, meal and lodging costs of registered representatives of broker-dealers) and reimbursement to KBS Capital Markets Group for travel, meals, lodging and attendance fees incurred by employees of KBS Capital Markets Group to attend retail seminars conducted by broker-dealers. From the commencement of the offerings through June 30, 2008, we had recorded organization and offering expenses related to the primary offering and the offering under the dividend reinvestment plan of $15.5 million, including both organization and offering costs incurred directly by us and those costs incurred by KBS Capital Advisors and its affiliates. KBS Capital Advisors and its affiliates incurred $10.5 million of this amount on our behalf, and $10.0 million had been reimbursed by us as of June 30, 2008. |
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| | Acquisition and Development Stage |
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Acquisition Fees – KBS Capital Advisors | | We pay our advisor an acquisition fee equal to 0.75% of the cost of investments acquired by us, including acquisition expenses and any debt attributable to such investments. This fee relates to services provided in connection with the selection and purchase or origination of real estate and real estate-related investments. From the commencement of the offerings through June 30, 2008, we have incurred acquisition fees of $16.0 million, all of which have been paid to the advisor. |
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Form of Compensation/Expense and Recipient | | Determination of Amount |
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Asset Management Fee – KBS Capital Advisors | | We pay the advisor a monthly fee equal to one-twelfth of 0.75% of the sum of the cost of all real estate investments we own and of our investments in joint ventures, including acquisition fees, acquisition expenses and any debt attributable to such investments. Notwithstanding the above, with respect to our investment in the joint venture that owns the National Industrial Portfolio, the asset management fee is calculated as a monthly fee equal to one-twelfth of 0.27% of the cost of the joint venture investment, which equals the product of (i) the amount actually paid or allocated to the purchase, development, construction or improvement of properties by the joint venture, inclusive of expenses related thereto, and the amount of any outstanding debt associated with such properties and the joint venture and (ii) the percentage that represents our economic interest in the joint venture. The advisor may also earn a performance fee related to the joint venture investment in the National Industrial Portfolio that would in effect make the advisor’s cumulative fees related to the investment equal to 0.75% of the cost of the joint venture investment on an annualized basis from the date of our investment in the joint venture through the date of calculation. This fee is conditioned upon the amount of our funds from operations. As of June 30, 2008, our operations were sufficient to meet the funds from operations condition per the advisory agreement with our advisor. As a result, as of June 30, 2008, we had accrued for incurred but unpaid performance fees of $2.2 million. Although these performance fees have been incurred as of June 30, 2008, the advisory agreement further provides that the payment of these fees shall only be made after the repayment of advances from the advisor (discussed below). As of June 30, 2008, $1.6 million of advances from the advisor remain unpaid. Although the asset management fees earned by the advisor through June 30, 2008 have been accrued for and expensed in the appropriate period in our financial statements, the advisor deferred, without interest, payment of the asset management fees it earned from July 2006 through September 2007; we have repaid $1.0 million of the $3.2 million initially deferred. Per the terms of the advisory agreement, the advisor may choose to be paid the accrued but unpaid asset management fees in such future period as the advisor may determine. From commencement of our offerings through June 30, 2008, we had accrued for and expensed $13.5 million of asset management fees and performance fees. Of this amount as of June 30, 2008, we had paid $9.1 million of asset management fees and there were $2.2 million of unpaid asset management fees related to the months of July 2006 through September 2007 and $2.2 million of unpaid performance fees related to our investment in the joint venture that owns the National Industrial Portfolio. If necessary in future periods, the advisor intends to defer payment of its asset management fee if the cumulative amount of our funds from operations for the period commencing January 1, 2006 plus the amount of the advance from the advisor is less than the cumulative amount of distributions declared and currently payable to our stockholders. The amount of cash available for distributions in future periods will be decreased by the repayment of the advance from the advisor and the payment of the advisor’s deferred asset management fee and unpaid performance fees. |
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Form of Compensation/Expense and Recipient | | Determination of Amount |
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Other Operating Expenses – KBS Capital Advisors | | We may reimburse the expenses incurred by KBS Capital Advisors in connection with its provision of services to us, including our allocable share of the advisor’s overhead, such as rent, personnel costs, utilities and IT costs; however, we will not reimburse for personnel costs in connection with services for which KBS Capital Advisors receives acquisition fees or disposition fees. From the commencement of our offerings through June 30, 2008, we have reimbursed KBS Capital Advisors and its affiliates for approximately $0.2 million of operating expenses related to miscellaneous general and administrative costs incurred on our behalf. |
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Advance – KBS Capital Advisors | | In connection with the declaration of distributions, we have entered into amendments to our advisory agreement with KBS Capital Advisors. Pursuant to the amendments, our advisor has agreed to advance funds to us equal to the amount by which the cumulative amount of distributions declared by our board of directors from January 1, 2006 through the period ending October 31, 2008 exceeds the amount of our funds from operations (as defined by NAREIT) from January 1, 2006 through October 31, 2008. We are only obligated to reimburse the advisor for this advance if and to the extent that our cumulative funds from operations for the period commencing January 1, 2006 through the date of any such reimbursement exceed the lesser of (i) the cumulative amount of any distributions declared and payable to our stockholders as of the date of such reimbursement or (ii) an amount that is equal to a 7.0% cumulative, non-compounded, annual return on invested capital for our stockholders for the period from July 18, 2006 through the date of such reimbursement. No interest will accrue on the advance being made by the advisor. From July 18, 2006 through September 15, 2008, the advisor had advanced an aggregate of $1.6 million to us, all of which is outstanding, for the payment of distributions and to cover our expenses, excluding depreciation and amortization, in excess of our revenues. No amount has been advanced since January 2007. |
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Stock-based Compensation Awards – Independent Directors and Affiliates of KBS Capital Advisors | | We may issue stock-based awards to our independent directors and to affiliates of our advisor. The total number of shares of common stock reserved for issuance under our Employee and Independent Director Incentive Stock Plan is equal to 5% of our outstanding shares at any time but may not exceed 10,000,000 shares. As of June 30, 2008, we had not issued any awards pursuant to this plan and we have no timetable for the grant of any awards under the plan. Furthermore, our board of directors has adopted a policy that prohibits grants of any awards of shares of common stock to any person under the Employee and Independent Director Stock Plan. |
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Form of Compensation/Expense and Recipient | | Determination of Amount |
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Independent Director Compensation | | We pay each of our independent directors an annual retainer of $25,000. We also pay our independent directors for attending meetings as follows: (i) $2,500 for each board meeting attended, (ii) $2,000 for each committee meeting attended (except that the committee chairman is paid $3,000 for each meeting attended), (iii) $1,000 for each teleconference board meeting attended, and (iv) $1,000 for each teleconference committee meeting attended (except that the committee chairman is paid $3,000 for each teleconference committee meeting attended). All directors receive reimbursement of reasonable out-of-pocket expenses incurred in connection with attendance at meetings of the board of directors. From our inception through June 30, 2008, we had incurred $680,853 of independent director fees and expenses, $11,249 of which was payable at June 30, 2008. |
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| | Operational and Liquidation/Listing Stage |
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Subordinated Participation in Net Cash Flows – KBS Capital Advisors | | After investors in our offerings have received a return of their net capital contributions and an 8.0% per year cumulative, noncompounded return, KBS Capital Advisors is entitled to receive 15.0% of our net cash flows, whether from continuing operations, net sale proceeds or otherwise. In making this calculation, an investor’s net capital contribution is reduced to the extent distributions in excess of a cumulative, noncompounded, annual return of 8.0% are paid (from whatever source), except to the extent such distributions would be required to supplement prior distributions paid in order to achieve a cumulative, noncompounded, annual return of 8.0%. This fee is payable only if we are not listed on an exchange. No subordinated participation fees had been incurred as of June 30, 2008. Actual amounts are dependent upon the results of our operations; we cannot determine these amounts at the present time. |
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| | Liquidation/Listing Stage |
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Disposition Fees - KBS Capital Advisors or its affiliates | | For substantial assistance in connection with the sale of properties or other investments, we will pay KBS Capital Advisors or its affiliates a disposition fee of 1% of the contract sales price of each property or other investment sold; provided, however, in no event may the real estate commissions paid to KBS Capital Advisors, its affiliates and unaffiliated third parties exceed 6% of the contract sales price. The conflicts committee will determine whether the advisor or its affiliate has provided substantial assistance to us in connection with the sale of an asset. Substantial assistance in connection with the sale of a property includes the advisor’s preparation of an investment package for the property (including a new investment analysis, rent rolls, tenant information regarding credit, a property title report, an environmental report, a structural report and exhibits) or such other substantial services performed by the advisor in connection with a sale. No disposition fees had been incurred as of June 30, 2008. Actual amounts are dependent upon the results of our operations; we cannot determine these amounts at the present time. |
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Form of Compensation/Expense and Recipient | | Determination of Amount |
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Subordinated Incentive Listing Fee – KBS Capital Advisors | | Upon listing of our common stock on a national securities exchange, we will pay a fee to our advisor equal to 15.0% of the amount by which (1) the market value of our outstanding stock plus distributions paid by us prior to listing exceeds (2) the sum of the total amount of capital raised from investors and the amount of cash flow necessary to generate an 8.0% per year cumulative, noncompounded return to investors. No subordinated incentive listing fee had been incurred as of June 30, 2008. Actual amounts are dependent upon the results of our operations; we cannot determine these amounts at the present time. |
What conflicts of interest does your advisor face?
KBS Capital Advisors and its affiliates experience conflicts of interest in connection with the management of our business. Messrs. Bren, McMillan, Hall and Schreiber, our sponsors and four of our executive officers, indirectly own and control KBS Capital Advisors. KBS Capital Advisors is also the external advisor of KBS Real Estate Investment Trust II, Inc., which we refer to as KBS REIT II in this prospectus. In addition, Messrs. Bren and Schreiber and several of the other employees of KBS Capital Advisors are also the key employees of KBS Realty Advisors and its affiliates, the advisors to the private KBS-sponsored programs and the investment advisers to institutional investors in real estate and real estate-related assets. Some of the material conflicts that KBS Capital Advisors and its affiliates face include the following:
| • | | Our sponsors, together with the other real estate professionals employed by KBS Capital Advisors, KBS Realty Advisors and their affiliates, must determine which investment opportunities to recommend to us, KBS REIT II, the one private KBS-sponsored program that is raising funds for investment as of the date of this prospectus for whom KBS serves as an advisor and is currently seeking investment opportunities as well as any programs KBS affiliates sponsor in the future; |
| • | | KBS Capital Advisors and its affiliates may structure the terms of joint ventures between us and other KBS-sponsored programs or KBS-advised entities; |
| • | | KBS Capital Advisors and its affiliates will have to allocate their time between us and other real estate programs and activities in which they are involved; |
| • | | KBS Capital Advisors and its affiliates will receive fees in connection with transactions involving the purchase, origination, management and sale of our assets regardless of the quality of the asset acquired or the services provided to us; |
| • | | KBS Capital Advisors and its affiliates, including our dealer manager, KBS Capital Markets Group, will receive fees in connection with our offerings of equity securities; |
| • | | The negotiation of the advisory agreement and the dealer manager agreement (including the substantial fees KBS Capital Advisors and its affiliates receive thereunder) was not at arm’s length; |
| • | | KBS Capital Advisors may terminate the advisory agreement without penalty upon 60 days’ written notice and, upon termination of the advisory agreement, KBS Capital Advisors may be entitled to a termination fee if (based upon an independent appraised value of the portfolio) it would have been entitled to a subordinated participation in net cash flows had the portfolio been liquidated on the termination date; and |
| • | | We may seek stockholder approval to internalize our management by acquiring assets and personnel from our advisor for consideration that would be negotiated at that time. The payment of such consideration could result in dilution to your interest in us and could reduce the net income per share and funds from operations per share attributable to your investment. Additionally, in an internalization transaction, members of our advisor’s management that become our employees may receive more compensation than they receive from our advisor. These possibilities may provide incentives to our advisor or its management to pursue an internalization transaction rather than an alternative strategy, even if such alternative strategy might otherwise be in our stockholders’ best interests. |
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What are your investment objectives?
Our primary investment objectives are:
| • | | to provide you with attractive and stable cash dividends; and |
| • | | to preserve and return your capital contribution. |
We will also seek to realize growth in the value of our investments by timing property sales to maximize asset value.
We may return all or a portion of your capital contribution in connection with the sale of the company or the assets we acquire. Alternatively, you may be able to obtain a return of all or a portion of your capital contribution in connection with the sale of your shares.
Though we intend to authorize and declare daily distributions that will be paid on a monthly basis, we have not established a minimum distribution level and may be unable or limited in our ability to make distributions to you. Further, no public trading market for our shares currently exists and, until our shares are listed, if ever, it may be difficult for you to sell your shares. Until our shares are listed, you may not sell your shares unless the buyer meets the applicable suitability and minimum purchase standards.
What is your target investment portfolio?
We have targeted to acquire approximately 70% core investments, which are generally existing properties with at least 80% occupancy and minimal near-term lease rollover, and approximately 30% real estate-related investments and enhanced-return properties. Though our target portfolio would consist of 30% real estate-related investments and enhanced-return properties, we will not forgo a good investment opportunity because it does not precisely fit our expected portfolio composition. Thus, to the extent that our advisor presents us with good investment opportunities that allow us to meet the REIT requirements under the Internal Revenue Code, our portfolio may consist of a greater percentage of enhanced-return properties and real estate-related investments.
Real estate-related investments are higher-yield and higher-risk investments that our advisor will actively manage. The real estate-related investments in which we may invest include: (i) mortgage loans; (ii) equity securities such as common stocks, preferred stocks and convertible preferred securities of real estate companies; (iii) debt securities such as mortgage-backed securities, commercial mortgages, mortgage loan participations and debt securities issued by other real estate companies; and (iv) certain types of illiquid securities, such as mezzanine loans and bridge loans. While we may invest in any of these real estate-related investments, we expect that the substantial majority of these investments will consist of mezzanine loans, commercial mortgage-backed securities and B-Notes as well as collateralized debt obligations.
Will you use leverage?
Yes. We expect that once we have fully invested the proceeds of our primary offering, our debt financing will be approximately 50% of the cost of our real estate investments (before deducting depreciation or other non-cash reserves) plus the value of our other assets. There is no limitation on the amount we may borrow for the purchase of any single property. Our charter limits our borrowings to 75% of the cost (before deducting depreciation or other non-cash reserves) of our tangible assets; however, we may exceed that limit if a majority of the conflicts committee approves each borrowing in excess of our charter limitation and we disclose such borrowing to our stockholders in our next quarterly report with an explanation from the conflicts committee of the justification for the excess borrowing. As of September 15, 2008, our borrowings were approximately 49% of the cost (before deducting depreciation or other non-cash reserves) of all of our real estate investments.
Careful use of debt will help us to achieve our diversification goals because we will have more funds available for investment. However, high levels of debt could cause us to incur higher interest charges and higher debt service payments, which would decrease the amount of cash available for distribution to our investors.
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Are there any special restrictions on the ownership or transfer of shares?
Yes. Our charter contains restrictions on the ownership of our shares that prevent any one person from owning more than 9.8% of our aggregate outstanding shares unless exempted by our board of directors. These restrictions are designed to enable us to comply with ownership restrictions imposed on REITs by the Internal Revenue Code. Our charter also limits your ability to sell your shares unless (i) the prospective purchaser meets the suitability standards regarding income or net worth and (ii) the transfer complies with the minimum purchase requirements of our primary offering.
If I buy shares in this offering, how may I later sell them?
At the time you purchase the shares, they will not be listed for trading on any securities exchange or over-the-counter market. In fact, we expect that there will not be any public market for the shares when you purchase them, and we cannot be sure if one will ever develop. In addition, our charter imposes restrictions on the ownership of our common stock that will apply to potential purchasers of your shares. As a result, if you wish to sell your shares, you may not be able to do so promptly or at all, or you may only be able to sell them at a substantial discount from the price you paid.
After you have held your shares for at least one year, you may be able to have your shares repurchased by us pursuant to our share redemption program. The prices at which we will initially redeem shares are as follows:
| • | | The lower of $9.25 or 92.5% of the price paid to acquire the shares from us for stockholders who have held their shares for at least one year; |
| • | | The lower of $9.50 or 95.0% of the price paid to acquire the shares from us for stockholders who have held their shares for at least two years; |
| • | | The lower of $9.75 or 97.5% of the price paid to acquire the shares from us for stockholders who have held their shares for at least three years; and |
| • | | The lower of $10.00 or 100% of the price paid to acquire the shares from us for stockholders who have held their shares for at least four years. |
Notwithstanding the above, once we establish an estimated value per share of our common stock, the redemption price per share for all stockholders would be equal to the estimated value per share, as determined by our advisor or another firm chosen for that purpose. We expect to establish an estimated value per share beginning three years after the completion of our offering stage. We will consider our offering stage complete when we are no longer publicly offering equity securities and have not done so for one year.
The terms of our share redemption program are more generous with respect to redemptions sought upon a stockholder’s death or qualifying disability:
| • | | There is no one-year holding requirement; |
| • | | Until we establish an estimated value per share, which we expect to be three years after the completion of our offering stage, the redemption price is the amount paid to acquire the shares from us; and |
| • | | Once we have established an estimated value per share, the redemption price would be the estimated value of the shares, as determined by our advisor or another firm chosen for that purpose. |
The share redemption program also contains numerous restrictions on your ability to sell your shares to us. Our share redemption program limits the number of shares we may redeem to those that we could purchase with the net proceeds from the sale of shares under our dividend reinvestment plan during the prior calendar year. During any calendar year, we may redeem no more than 5% of the weighted-average number of shares outstanding during the prior calendar year. We also have no obligation to redeem shares if the redemption would violate the restrictions on distributions under Maryland General Corporation Law, which prohibits distributions that would cause a corporation to fail to meet statutory tests of solvency. We may amend, suspend or terminate the program upon 30 days’ notice.
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When will the company seek to list its shares of common stock?
We will seek to list our shares of common stock if and when our independent directors believe listing would be in the best interests of our stockholders. If we do not list our shares of common stock on a national securities exchange by November 2012, our charter requires that we either:
| • | | seek stockholder approval of the liquidation of the company; or |
| • | | if a majority of the conflicts committee determines that liquidation is not then in the best interests of our stockholders, postpone the decision of whether to liquidate the company. |
If a majority of the conflicts committee does determine that liquidation is not then in the best interests of our stockholders, our charter requires that the conflicts committee revisit the issue of liquidation at least annually. Further postponement of listing or stockholder action regarding liquidation would only be permitted if a majority of the conflicts committee again determined that liquidation would not be in the best interest of our stockholders. If we sought and failed to obtain stockholder approval of our liquidation, our charter would not require us to list or liquidate, and we could continue to operate as before. If we sought and obtained stockholder approval of our liquidation, we would begin an orderly sale of our properties and other assets. The precise timing of such sales would take account of the prevailing real estate and financial markets, the economic conditions in the submarkets where our properties are located and the federal income tax consequences to our stockholders. In making the decision to apply for listing of our shares, our directors will try to determine whether listing our shares or liquidating our assets will result in greater value for stockholders.
Who can help answer my questions about the dividend reinvestment plan?
If you have more questions about the dividend reinvestment plan, you should contact your financial advisor or contact:
KBS Capital Markets Group LLC
660 Newport Center Drive, Suite 1200
Newport Beach, California 92660
Telephone: (866) KBS-4CMG or (866) 527-4264
Fax: (949) 717-6201
www.kbs-cmg.com
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CAUTIONARY NOTE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS
Some of the information included in or incorporated by reference into this prospectus contains forward-looking statements about our business, including, in particular, statements about our plans, strategies and objectives. You can generally identify forward-looking statements by our use of forward-looking terminology such as “may,” “will,” “expect,” “intend,” “anticipate,” “estimate,” “believe,” “continue” or other similar words. You should not rely on these forward-looking statements because the matters they describe are subject to known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other unpredictable factors, many of which are beyond our control. Our actual results, performance and achievements may be materially different from that expressed or implied by these forward-looking statements.
For a discussion of the risks and uncertainties that we believe are material to our business, operating results, prospects and financial condition, you should carefully review the risk factors disclosed under Part I, Item 1A of our annual report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2007, the risk factors disclosed under Part II, Item 1A of our quarterly reports on Form 10-Q for the periods ended March 31, 2008 and June 30, 2008, and any updated risk factors contained in future filings we make under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended. Except as otherwise required by federal securities laws, we do not undertake to publicly update or revise any forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise.
DIVIDEND REINVESTMENT PLAN
Pursuant to our second amended and restated dividend reinvestment plan you may elect to have your dividends and other distributions reinvested in additional shares of our common stock. The following discussion summarizes the principal terms of this plan. Appendix A to this prospectus contains the full text of our second amended and restated dividend reinvestment plan as is currently in effect.
Eligibility
All of our stockholders are eligible to participate in our dividend reinvestment plan; however, we may elect to deny your participation in the plan if you reside in a jurisdiction or foreign country where, in our judgment, the burden or expense of compliance with applicable securities laws makes your participation impracticable or inadvisable.
At any time prior to the listing of our shares on a national securities exchange, you must cease participation in our dividend reinvestment plan if you no longer meet the suitability standards or cannot make the other investor representations set forth in the then-current prospectus or in the Account Update Form. Participants must agree to notify us promptly when they no longer meet these standards. See the “Suitability Standards” section of this prospectus (immediately following the cover page).
Election to Participate
You may elect to participate in the dividend reinvestment plan by completing the Account Update Form or other approved enrollment form available from your financial advisor or by calling our investor services line at 1-866-584-1381, administered by Phoenix Transfer, Inc. Your participation in the dividend reinvestment plan will begin with the next distribution made after receipt of your enrollment form. You can choose to have all or a portion of your distributions reinvested through the dividend reinvestment plan. You may also change the percentage of your distributions that will be reinvested at any time by completing a new Account Update Form or other form provided for that purpose. You should consult with your financial advisor before making any decision to increase your level of participation.
Stock Purchases
Shares will be purchased under the dividend reinvestment plan on the monthly distribution payment dates. The purchase of fractional shares is a permissible and likely result of the reinvestment of distributions under the dividend reinvestment plan.
The purchase price of shares purchased under the dividend reinvestment plan will initially be $9.50 per share. Three years after the completion of our offering stage, shares issued pursuant to our dividend reinvestment plan will be priced at the estimated value per share of our common stock, as determined by our advisor or another firm chosen for that purpose. We will consider our offering stage complete when we are no longer publicly offering equity securities and have not done so for one year. (For purposes of this definition, we do not consider “public equity offerings” to include offerings on behalf of selling stockholders or offerings related to any dividend reinvestment plan, employee benefit plan or the redemption of interests in our Operating Partnership.)
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Account Statements
You or your designee will receive a confirmation of your purchases under the dividend reinvestment plan no less than quarterly. Your confirmation will disclose the following information:
| • | | each distribution reinvested for your account during the period; |
| • | | the date of the reinvestment; |
| • | | the number and price of the shares purchased by you; and |
| • | | the total number of shares in your account. |
In addition, within 90 days after the end of each calendar year, we will provide you with an individualized report on your investment, including the purchase dates, purchase price, number of shares owned and the amount of distributions made in the prior year. We will also provide to all participants in the plan, without charge, all supplements to and updated versions of this prospectus, as required under applicable securities laws.
Fees and Commissions
To the extent permitted by state securities laws, if we paid selling commissions in connection with the sale of shares to you in our primary offering, we may pay a 3% selling commission on any shares issued to you under our dividend reinvestment plan (which commission may be higher than the selling commission charged in connection with recent dividend reinvestment plan offerings by other non-traded, publicly offered REITs). We will not pay selling commissions on shares issued to residents of Ohio under the dividend reinvestment plan commencing with plan purchases for dividend record dates after September 30, 2008. Broker-dealers may agree to waive selling commissions on dividend reinvestment plan shares in which case no selling commissions will be paid to any person in connection with the sale of such shares.
We will pay selling commissions to KBS Capital Markets Group, the dealer manager of our primary offering. KBS Capital Markets Group will reallow any selling commissions payable on shares purchased through the dividend reinvestment plan to the broker-dealer associated with such account. We will not pay any dealer manager fees in connection with shares sold under this plan.
Whether we pay a selling commission will not affect the purchase price you pay under the dividend reinvestment plan, but it will affect the net proceeds to us from the sale. The total return for our investors would likely be higher if we paid no selling commissions. We will not receive a fee for selling shares under the dividend reinvestment plan. Sales under our dividend reinvestment plan, however, may result in greater fee income for our advisor. See “Management Compensation.”
Voting
You may vote all whole shares that you acquire through the dividend reinvestment plan.
Tax Consequences of Participation
If you elect to participate in the dividend reinvestment plan and are subject to federal income taxation, you will incur a tax liability for distributions allocated to you even though you have elected not to receive the distributions in cash but rather to have the distributions withheld and reinvested pursuant to the plan. Specifically, you will be treated as if you have received the distribution from us in cash and then applied such distribution to the purchase of additional shares. In addition, to the extent you purchase shares through our dividend reinvestment plan at a discount to their fair market value, you will be treated for tax purposes as receiving an additional distribution equal to the amount of the discount. Until three years after the completion of our offering stage, we expect that (i) we will sell shares under the dividend reinvestment plan at $9.50 per share, (ii) no secondary trading market for our shares will develop and (iii) our advisor will estimate the fair market value of a share to be $10.00. Therefore, until three years after the completion of our offering stage, participants in our dividend reinvestment plan will be treated as having received a distribution of $10.00 for each $9.50 reinvested by them under our dividend reinvestment plan. You will be taxed on the amount of such distribution as a dividend to the extent such distribution is from current or accumulated earnings and profits, unless we have designated all or a portion of the distribution as a capital gain distribution. See “Federal Income Tax Considerations — Taxation of Stockholders.” We will withhold 28% of the amount of dividends or distributions paid if you fail to furnish a valid taxpayer identification number, fail to properly report interest or distributions or fail to certify that you are not subject to withholding.
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Termination of Participation
Once enrolled, you may continue to purchase shares under our dividend reinvestment plan until we have sold all of the shares registered in this offering, have terminated this offering or have terminated the dividend reinvestment plan. You may terminate your participation in the dividend reinvestment plan at any time by providing us with written notice. For your termination to be effective for a particular distribution, we must have received your notice of termination at least 10 business days prior to the last day of the fiscal period to which the distribution relates. Any transfer of your shares will effect a termination of the participation of those shares in the dividend reinvestment plan. We will terminate your participation in the dividend reinvestment plan to the extent that a reinvestment of your distributions would cause you to violate the ownership limit contained in our charter, unless you have obtained an exemption from the ownership limit from our board of directors.
Amendment or Termination of Plan
We may amend or terminate the dividend reinvestment plan for any reason at any time, provided that any amendment that adversely affects the rights or obligations of a participant (as determined in the sole discretion of the board of directors) will only take effect upon 10 days’ written notice to participants.
ESTIMATED USE OF PROCEEDS
The following table sets forth information about how we intend to use the proceeds raised under our dividend reinvestment plan. Organization and offering expenses represent management’s best estimate since these amounts cannot be precisely calculated at this time. Depending primarily upon the number of shares we sell in this offering and assuming a $9.50 purchase price for shares sold under the dividend reinvestment plan, we estimate that we will use 96.75% of our gross offering proceeds for the repurchase of shares of our common stock under our share redemption program. We will use the remainder of the proceeds from the dividend reinvestment plan to pay offering expenses, including selling commissions. If all redemption requests under the share redemption program are honored or the share redemption program is suspended or terminated, then we may use the proceeds from the dividend reinvestment plan for investment in properties and other real estate-related assets, the repayment of debt, capital expenditures, tenant leasing costs or general corporate purposes. We cannot predict with any certainty how much, if any, dividend reinvestment plan proceeds will be available for these purposes. If we use proceeds from this offering to fund acquisitions in real estate or real estate-related investments, then we will pay our advisor acquisition fees equal to 0.75% of the cost of the investments (including debt and any acquisition expenses attributable to such investments). Though our board has the authority under our organizational documents, our distribution policy is not to use the proceeds of this offering to pay distributions.
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| | Dividend Reinvestment Plan (80,000,000 shares) ($9.50/share) | |
| | | | | | | | |
Gross Offering Proceeds | | $ | 760,000,000 | | | | 100.00% | |
Selling Commissions | | | 22,800,000 | | | | 3.00 | |
Other Organization and Offering Expenses(1) | | | 1,910,000 | | | | 0.25 | |
| | | | | | | | |
Amount Available for Share Redemption Program | | $ | 735,290,000 | | | | 96.75% | |
| | | | | | | | |
(1) Includes all expenses (other than selling commissions) to be paid by us in connection with the offering, including our legal, accounting, printing, mailing and filing fees. KBS Capital Advisors has agreed to reimburse us to the extent selling commissions and other organization and offering expenses incurred by us in connection with the dividend reinvestment plan exceed 15% of aggregate gross offering proceeds from the plan. See “Plan of Distribution.”
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MANAGEMENT
Board of Directors
We operate under the direction of our board of directors, the members of which are accountable to us and our stockholders as fiduciaries. The board is responsible for the management and control of our affairs. The board has retained KBS Capital Advisors to manage our day-to-day operations and our portfolio of real estate and real estate-related assets, subject to the board’s supervision. Because of the conflicts of interest created by the relationships among us, KBS Capital Advisors and various affiliates, many of the responsibilities of the board have been delegated to a committee that consists solely of independent directors. See “Conflicts of Interest.”
We have three independent directors. An “independent director” is a person who is not one of our officers or employees or an officer or employee of KBS Capital Advisors or its affiliates and has not been so for the previous two years. Serving as a director of, or having an ownership interest in, another KBS-sponsored program will not, by itself, preclude independent director status.
Each director will serve until the next annual meeting of stockholders and until his successor has been duly elected and qualified. The presence in person or by proxy of stockholders entitled to cast a majority of all the votes entitled to be cast at any stockholder meeting constitutes a quorum. With respect to the election of directors, each candidate nominated for election to the board of directors must receive a majority of the votes present, in person or by proxy, in order to be elected. Therefore, if a nominee receives fewer “for” votes than “withhold” votes in an election, then the nominee will not be elected.
Although our board of directors may increase or decrease the number of directors, a decrease may not have the effect of shortening the term of any incumbent director. Any director may resign at any time or may be removed with or without cause by the stockholders upon the affirmative vote of at least a majority of all the votes entitled to be cast at a meeting called for the purpose of the proposed removal. The notice of the meeting will indicate that the purpose, or one of the purposes, of the meeting is to determine if the director shall be removed.
Unless filled by a vote of the stockholders as permitted by Maryland General Corporation Law, a vacancy created by an increase in the number of directors or the death, resignation, removal, adjudicated incompetence or other incapacity of a director will be filled by a vote of a majority of the remaining directors. As provided in our charter, nominations of individuals to fill the vacancy of a board seat previously filled by an independent director will be made by a committee consisting solely of all of our independent directors.
Our directors are accountable to us and our stockholders as fiduciaries. This means that our directors must perform their duties in good faith and in a manner each director believes to be in our and our stockholders’ best interests. Further, our directors must act with such care as a prudent person in a similar position would use under similar circumstances, including exercising reasonable inquiry when taking actions. However, our directors and executive officers are not required to devote all of their time to our business and must only devote such time to our affairs as their duties may require. We do not expect that our directors will be required to devote a substantial portion of their time to us in discharging their duties.
In addition to meetings of the various committees of the board, which committees we describe below, we expect our directors to hold at least four regular board meetings each year. Our board has the authority to fix the compensation of all officers that it selects and may pay compensation to directors for services rendered to us in any other capacity.
Our general investment and borrowing policies are set forth in this prospectus. Our directors may establish further written policies on investments and borrowings and will monitor our administrative procedures, investment operations and performance to ensure that our executive officers and advisor follow these policies and that these policies continue to be in the best interests of our stockholders. Unless modified by our directors, we will follow the policies on investments and borrowings set forth in this prospectus.
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Committees of the Board of Directors
Our board of directors may delegate many of its powers to one or more committees. Our charter requires that each committee consist of at least a majority of independent directors, and our board has two committees, the audit committee and the conflicts committee, that consist solely of independent directors.
Audit Committee
The audit committee assists the board in overseeing:
| • | | our accounting and financial reporting processes; |
| • | | the integrity and audits of our financial statements; |
| • | | our compliance with legal and regulatory requirements; |
| • | | the qualifications and independence of our independent auditors; and |
| • | | the performance of our internal audit and independent auditors. |
The audit committee selects the independent public accountants to audit our annual financial statements, reviews with the independent public accountants the plans and results of the audit engagement and considers and approves the audit and non-audit services and fees provided by the independent public accountants. The members of the audit committee are Hank Adler, Barbara R. Cambon and Stuart A. Gabriel, all of whom are independent directors.
Conflicts Committee
In order to reduce or eliminate certain potential conflicts of interest, our charter creates a conflicts committee of our board of directors consisting solely of all of our independent directors, that is, all of our directors who are not affiliated with our advisor. Our charter authorizes the conflicts committee to act on any matter permitted under Maryland General Corporation Law. Both the board of directors and the conflicts committee must act upon those conflict-of-interest matters that cannot be delegated to a committee under Maryland General Corporation Law. Our charter also empowers the conflicts committee to retain its own legal and financial advisors. See “Conflicts of Interest — Certain Conflict Resolution Measures.”
Our conflicts committee also discharges the board’s responsibilities relating to the compensation of our executives. Should we ever issue share-based awards, the conflicts committee will administer the granting of share-based awards to selected employees of KBS Capital Advisors based upon recommendations from KBS Capital Advisors and will set the terms and conditions of such share-based awards in accordance with the Employee and Independent Director Incentive Stock Plan, which we describe below. The conflicts committee will also generally have the authority to amend the Employee and Independent Director Incentive Stock Plan or create other incentive compensation and equity-based plans.
Executive Officers and Directors
We have provided below certain information about our executive officers and directors.
| | | | |
Name* | | Age** | | Positions |
Peter M. Bren | | 74 | | President |
Charles J. Schreiber, Jr. | | 57 | | Chairman of the Board, Chief Executive Officer and Director |
Peter McMillan III | | 50 | | Executive Vice President, Treasurer, Secretary and Director |
Keith D. Hall | | 50 | | Executive Vice President |
Stacie K. Yamane | | 44 | | Chief Financial Officer and Controller |
Hank Adler | | 62 | | Independent Director |
Barbara R. Cambon | | 55 | | Independent Director |
Stuart A. Gabriel, Ph.D. | | 54 | | Independent Director |
* The address of each executive officer and director listed is 620 Newport Center Drive, Suite 1300, Newport Beach, California 92660.
** As of September 24, 2008.
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Peter M. Brenhas served as our President since our formation in 2005. He is also the President of our advisor, KBS Capital Advisors, and KBS REIT II. Mr. Bren has served as President of these entities since their formations in 2004 and 2007, respectively. Other than de minimis amounts owned by family members or family trusts, Mr. Bren also indirectly owns and controls a 33 1/3% interest in KBS Holdings LLC, which entity is the sole owner of our advisor and KBS Capital Markets Group LLC. KBS Capital Markets Group LLC served as the dealer manager of our primary offering. Mr. Bren and Charles J. Schreiber, Jr. possess management authority over our advisor’s operations.
Mr. Bren has also served as Chairman of the Board and President of KBS Realty Advisors LLC, a nationally recognized real estate investment adviser, and the other KBS-affiliated investment advisers since their respective formations. The first investment adviser affiliated with Messrs. Bren and Schreiber was formed in 1992. KBS Realty Advisors, together with KBS affiliates, including KBS Capital Advisors, has been involved in the investment in or management of over $9.0 billion of real estate investments on behalf of institutional investors, including public and private pension plans, endowments and foundations, and the investors in us and KBS REIT II.
Peter Bren oversees all aspects of KBS Capital Advisors’ and KBS Realty Advisors’ business activities, including the acquisition, management and disposition of assets. He is a member of KBS Capital Advisors’ and KBS Realty Advisors’ Investment Committees, which evaluate and authorize new investment opportunities. Mr. Bren is also responsible for investor relationships. Through KBS-affiliated entities, Mr. Bren has teamed with Mr. Schreiber since 1992 to invest, manage, develop and sell high-quality U.S. commercial real estate assets for institutional investors and investors in us and KBS REIT II.
Mr. Bren has been involved exclusively in real estate development, management, acquisition, disposition and financing for 40 years as the President of The Bren Company; a former Senior Partner of Lincoln Property Company; President of Lincoln Property Company, Europe; and Chairman of the Board and President of KBS Realty Advisors and KBS Capital Advisors. Mr. Bren is also a founding member of The Richard S. Ziman Center for Real Estate at the UCLA Anderson School of Management.
Charles J. Schreiber, Jr. has served as the Chairman of our board of directors and our Chief Executive Officer since our formation in 2005. He is also the Chief Executive Officer of our advisor and the Chairman of the board of directors and Chief Executive Officer of KBS REIT II. Mr. Schreiber has served in these positions since the formation of these entities in 2004 and 2007, respectively. Other than de minimis amounts owned by family members or family trusts, Mr. Schreiber indirectly owns and controls a 33 1/3% interest in KBS Holdings LLC, which entity is the sole owner of our advisor and KBS Capital Markets Group LLC. KBS Capital Markets Group LLC served as the dealer manager of our primary offering. Together with Peter M. Bren, Mr. Schreiber possesses management authority over our advisor’s operations.
Mr. Schreiber has also served as Chief Executive Officer of KBS Realty Advisors LLC and the other KBS-affiliated investment advisers since their respective formations. The first investment adviser affiliated with Messrs. Bren and Schreiber was formed in 1992. KBS Realty Advisors, together with KBS affiliates, including KBS Capital Advisors, has been involved in the investment in or management of over $9.0 billion of real estate investments on behalf of institutional investors and the investors in us and KBS REIT II.
As Chief Executive Officer of KBS Capital Advisors and KBS Realty Advisors, Mr. Schreiber oversees all operations of the companies, including the acquisition and management of individual investments for KBS-advised investors and their portfolios of income-producing real estate assets. He directs all facets of the company’s business activities and is a member of the Investment Committees of KBS Capital Advisors and KBS Realty Advisors, which evaluate and authorize new investment opportunities. Mr. Schreiber is also responsible for investor relationships.
Mr. Schreiber has been involved exclusively in real estate development, management, acquisition, disposition and financing for more than 35 years. Prior to teaming with Mr. Bren in 1992, he served as the Executive Vice President of Koll Investment Management Services and Executive Vice President of Acquisitions/Dispositions for The Koll Company. During the mid-1970s through the 1980s, he was Founder and President of Pacific Development Company and was previously Senior Vice President/Southern California Regional Manager of Ashwill-Burke Commercial Brokerage.
Mr. Schreiber graduated from the University of Southern California with a Bachelor’s Degree in Finance with an emphasis in Real Estate. During his four years at USC, he did graduate work in the then newly-formed Real Estate Department in the USC Graduate School of Business. He is currently an Executive Board Member for the USC Lusk Center for Real Estate at the University of Southern California Marshall School of Business/School of Policy, Planning and Development.
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Peter McMillan IIIhas been our Executive Vice President, Treasurer, Secretary and one of our directors since our formation in 2005. He is also Executive Vice President, Treasurer, Secretary and a director of KBS REIT II. Mr. McMillan also owns and controls a 50% interest in GKP Holding LLC. GKP Holding owns a 33 1/3% interest in KBS Holdings LLC, which entity is the sole owner of our advisor and KBS Capital Markets Group LLC. KBS Capital Markets Group LLC served as the dealer manager of our primary offering.
Mr. McMillan is a co-founder and the Managing Partner of Willowbrook Capital Group, LLC. Prior to forming Willowbrook in 2000, Mr. McMillan served as the Executive Vice President and Chief Investment Officer of SunAmerica Investments, Inc., which was later acquired by AIG. As Chief Investment Officer, he was responsible for over $75.0 billion in assets, including residential and commercial mortgage-backed securities, public and private investment grade and non-investment grade corporate bonds and commercial mortgage loans and real estate investments. Before joining SunAmerica in 1989, he served as Assistant Vice President for Aetna Life Insurance and Annuity Company with responsibility for the company’s $6.0 billion fixed income portfolios. Mr. McMillan received his Master of Business Administration in Finance from the Wharton Graduate School of Business at the University of Pennsylvania and his Bachelor of Arts Degree with honors in Economics from Clark University. Mr. McMillan is a director of Steinway Musical Instruments, Inc.
Keith D. Hallhas been our Executive Vice President since 2005. He is also the Executive Vice President of KBS REIT II. Mr. Hall also owns and controls a 50% interest in GKP Holding LLC. GKP Holding owns a 33 1/3% interest in KBS Holdings LLC, which entity is the sole owner of our advisor and KBS Capital Markets Group LLC. KBS Capital Markets Group LLC served as the dealer manager of our primary offering.
Mr. Hall is a co-founder of Willowbrook Capital Group, LLC, an asset management company. Prior to forming Willowbrook in 2000, Mr. Hall was a Managing Director at CS First Boston, where he managed CSFB’s distribution strategy and business development for the Principal Transaction Group’s $18.0 billion real estate securities portfolio. Mr. Hall’s two primary business unit responsibilities were Mezzanine Lending and Commercial Real Estate Development. Before joining CSFB in 1996, he served as a Director in the Real Estate Products Group at Nomura Securities, with responsibility for the company’s $6.0 billion annual pipeline of fixed-income commercial mortgage-backed securities. Mr. Hall spent the 1980s as a Senior Vice President in the High Yield Department of Drexel Burnham Lambert’s Beverly Hills office, where he was responsible for distribution of the group’s high yield real estate securities. Mr. Hall received a Bachelor of Arts Degree with honors in Finance from California State University, Sacramento.
Stacie K. Yamanehas been our Chief Financial Officer and Controller since our formation in 2005. Ms. Yamane is also the Fund Controller of our advisor and the Chief Financial Officer and Controller of KBS REIT II. She has held these positions since these entities were formed in 2004 and 2007, respectively.
In addition, Ms. Yamane serves as Senior Vice President/Controller, Portfolio Accounting for KBS Realty Advisors LLC, a position she has held since 2004. She served as a Vice President/Portfolio Accounting with KBS-affiliated investment advisers from 1995 to 2004. At KBS Realty Advisors, Ms. Yamane is responsible for client accounting/reporting for four real estate portfolios. These portfolios consist of industrial, office and retail properties as well as land parcels. Ms. Yamane works closely with portfolio managers, asset managers, property managers and clients to ensure the completion of timely and accurate accounting, budgeting and financial reporting. In addition, she assists in the supervision and management of KBS Realty Advisors’ accounting department.
Prior to joining an affiliate of KBS Realty Advisors in February of 1995, Ms. Yamane was an audit manager at Kenneth Leventhal & Company, an accounting firm which specialized in real estate. During her eight years at Kenneth Leventhal & Company, Ms. Yamane performed or supervised a variety of auditing, accounting and consulting engagements including the audit of financial statements presented under the U.S. generally accepted accounting principles basis, as well as financial statements presented on a cash and tax basis, the valuation of asset portfolios and the review and analysis of internal control systems. Her experiences at KBS and Kenneth Leventhal & Company give her 20 years of real estate experience.
Ms. Yamane received a Bachelor of Arts Degree in Business Administration with a dual concentration in Accounting and Management Information Systems from California State University, Fullerton. She is a Certified Public Accountant (inactive California).
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Hank Adleris one of our independent directors. He is also an independent director of KBS REIT II. He is currently an Assistant Professor of Accounting at Chapman University. Prior to his retirement from Deloitte & Touche, LLP in 2003, Professor Adler was a partner with that firm where he had been employed for over 30 years. He specialized in tax accounting and served as client service and tax partner for a variety of public and private companies. He received a Bachelor of Science in Accounting and a Master of Business Administration from the University of California, Los Angeles. Professor Adler currently serves on the board of directors, nominating and corporate governance committee and as chairman of the audit committee of Corinthian Colleges, Inc. From 1998 to 2007, he also chaired the Toshiba Senior Classic charity event, a PGA Senior Tour championship event. In the 1990s, he served on the board of trustees and as President of the Irvine Unified School District. From 1994 to 2006, he served on the board of directors of Hoag Hospital Memorial Presbyterian.
Barbara R. Cambonis one of our independent directors. She is also an independent director of KBS REIT II. Since October 2003, she has served as a Managing Member of Snowcreek Management LLC, a real estate asset-management company whose business activities focus on residential development projects for institutional investors. As Managing Member, Ms. Cambon provides asset management services to an institutional partnership investment in residential real estate development. She has been in the real estate investment business for 25 years, principally working with institutional capital sources and investment programs. From November 1999 until October 2002, she served as a Principal of Los Angeles-based Colony Capital, LLC, a private real estate investment firm, and from April 2000 until October 2002 she also served as Chief Operating Officer of Colony. Prior to joining Colony in 1999, Ms. Cambon was President and Founder of Institutional Property Consultants, Inc., a real estate consulting company. She is a past Director and Chairman of the Board of the Pension Real Estate Association and past Director of the National Council of Real Estate Investment Fiduciaries. Ms. Cambon serves on the board of directors and on the audit and corporate governance committees of BioMed Realty Trust, Inc., on the board of Neighborhood Bancorp and on the University of San Diego Burnham-Moores Real Estate Institute Policy Advisory Board. Ms. Cambon received a Master of Business Administration from Southern Methodist University and a Bachelor of Science Degree in Education from the University of Delaware.
Stuart A. Gabriel, Ph.D. is one of our independent directors. He is also an independent director of KBS REIT II. On June 1, 2007, Professor Gabriel was appointed Director and Arden Realty Chair at the Richard S. Ziman Center for Real Estate and Professor of Finance in the Anderson School of Management at the University of California, Los Angeles. Prior to joining UCLA he was Director and Lusk Chair in Real Estate at the Lusk Center for Real Estate, a position he held from 1999 to 2007. Professor Gabriel also served as Professor of Finance and Business Economics in the Marshall School of Business at the University of Southern California, a position he held from 1994 to 2007. In 2004, he was elected President of the American Real Estate and Urban Economics Association. Professor Gabriel serves on the editorial boards of the Journal of Real Estate Finance and Economics, Journal of Housing Economics, Housing Policy Debate, Real Estate Finance and Journal of Real Estate Research. Professor Gabriel is on the board of directors of Indymac Bancorp, Inc. He is also a Fellow of the Homer Hoyt Institute for Advanced Real Estate Studies. Professor Gabriel has published extensively on topics of real estate finance and urban and regional economics. His teaching and academic research experience include analysis of structured finance products, including credit default swaps, mezzanine loan participations, B-Notes, commercial mortgage-backed securities and collateralized debt obligations. Also, he has received a number of awards at USC for outstanding graduate teaching. Professor Gabriel serves as a consultant to numerous corporate and governmental entities. Prior to joining the USC faculty in 1990, Professor Gabriel served on the economics staff of the Federal Reserve Board in Washington, D.C. He also has been a Visiting Scholar at the Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco. Professor Gabriel holds a Ph.D. in Economics from the University of California, Berkeley.
Compensation of Directors
We compensate each of our independent directors with an annual retainer of $25,000. In addition, we pay independent directors for attending board and committee meetings as follows:
| • | | $2,500 in cash for each board meeting attended. |
| • | | $2,000 in cash for each committee meeting attended, except that the chairman of the committee is paid $3,000 for each meeting attended. |
| • | | $1,000 in cash for each teleconference meeting of the board. |
| • | | $1,000 in cash for each teleconference meeting of any committee, except that the chairman of the committee is paid $3,000 for each teleconference meeting of the committee. |
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We have also reserved shares of common stock for future issuance to our independent directors and others who provide services to us pursuant to our Employee and Independent Director Incentive Stock Plan. However, we have not issued any awards pursuant to this plan, and we have no timetable for the grant of any awards under the plan. Furthermore, our board of directors has adopted a policy that prohibits grants of any awards of shares of common stock to any person under the Employee and Independent Director Stock Plan.
All directors receive reimbursement of reasonable out-of-pocket expenses incurred in connection with attendance at meetings of the board of directors. If a director is also one of our officers, we will not pay any compensation for services rendered as a director.
Employee and Independent Director Incentive Stock Plan
Our Employee and Independent Director Incentive Stock Plan provides for the grant of awards to our employees (in the event we ever have employees), employees of our advisor, employees of entities that provide services to us, our independent directors, managers or directors of the advisor or of entities that provide services to us, certain of our consultants and certain consultants to the advisor or to entities that provide services to us. Awards may consist of nonqualified stock options, incentive stock options, restricted and unrestricted shares of stock, stock appreciation rights, phantom stock awards, dividend equivalent rights and other stock-based awards.
The plan was approved and adopted prior to the commencement of our primary offering in order to (i) furnish incentives to individuals chosen to receive share-based awards because we consider them capable of improving our operations and increasing our profits; (ii) encourage selected persons to accept or continue employment with our advisor; and (iii) increase the interest of our independent directors in our welfare through their participation in the growth in the value of our shares of common stock. The total number of shares of common stock reserved for issuance under the Employee and Independent Director Incentive Stock Plan is equal to 5% of our outstanding shares at any time, but not to exceed 10,000,000 shares.
As of September 15, 2008, we have not issued any awards pursuant to this plan and we have no timetable for the grant of any awards under the plan. Furthermore, our board of directors has adopted a policy that prohibits grants of any awards of shares of common stock to any person under the Employee and Independent Director Stock Plan.
Limited Liability and Indemnification of Directors, Officers, Employees and Other Agents
Our charter limits the liability of our directors and officers to us and our stockholders for monetary damages and requires us to indemnify our directors, officers, KBS Capital Advisors and its affiliates for losses they may incur by reason of their service in that capacity if all of the following conditions are met:
| • | | the party seeking exculpation or indemnification has determined, in good faith, that the course of conduct that caused the loss or liability was in our best interests; |
| • | | the party seeking exculpation or indemnification was acting on our behalf or performing services for us; |
| • | | in the case of an independent director, the liability or loss was not the result of gross negligence or willful misconduct by the independent director; |
| • | | in the case of a non-independent director, KBS Capital Advisors or one of its affiliates, the liability or loss was not the result of negligence or misconduct by the party seeking exculpation or indemnification; and |
| • | | the indemnification is recoverable only out of our net assets and not from the stockholders. |
The SEC takes the position that indemnification against liabilities arising under the Securities Act of 1933 is against public policy and unenforceable. Furthermore, our charter prohibits the indemnification of our directors, KBS Capital Advisors, its affiliates or any person acting as a broker-dealer for liabilities arising from or out of a violation of state or federal securities laws, unless one or more of the following conditions are met:
| • | | there has been a successful adjudication on the merits of each count involving alleged securities law violations; |
| • | | such claims have been dismissed with prejudice on the merits by a court of competent jurisdiction; or |
| • | | a court of competent jurisdiction approves a settlement of the claims against the indemnitee and finds that indemnification of the settlement and the related costs should be made, and the court considering the request for indemnification has been advised of the position of the SEC and of the published position of any state securities regulatory authority in which the securities were offered as to indemnification for violations of securities laws. |
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Our charter further provides that the advancement of funds to our directors and to KBS Capital Advisors and its affiliates for reasonable legal expenses and other costs incurred in advance of the final disposition of a proceeding for which indemnification is being sought is permissible only if all of the following conditions are satisfied: the proceeding relates to acts or omissions with respect to the performance of duties or services on our behalf; the legal proceeding was initiated by a third party who is not a stockholder or, if by a stockholder acting in his or her capacity as such, a court of competent jurisdiction approves such advancement; and the person seeking the advancement undertakes to repay the amount paid or reimbursed by us, together with the applicable legal rate of interest thereon, if it is ultimately determined that such person is not entitled to indemnification.
We will also purchase and maintain insurance on behalf of all of our directors and executive officers against liability asserted against or incurred by them in their official capacities with us, whether or not we are required or have the power to indemnify them against the same liability.
The Advisor
Our advisor is KBS Capital Advisors LLC. KBS Capital Advisors was formed in the State of Delaware on October 18, 2004. Our advisor has a limited operating history and limited experience managing a public company. As our advisor, KBS Capital Advisors has contractual and fiduciary responsibilities to us and our stockholders.
Peter M. Bren and Charles J. Schreiber, Jr. indirectly own a controlling interest in and manage KBS Capital Advisors. Peter McMillan III and Keith D. Hall also indirectly own an ownership interest in KBS Capital Advisors. For more information regarding the background and experience of Messrs. Bren, Schreiber, McMillan and Hall, see “Management – Executive Officers and Directors.”
The Advisory Agreement
Under the terms of the advisory agreement, KBS Capital Advisors must use its reasonable efforts to present to us investment opportunities that provide a continuing and suitable investment program for us consistent with our investment policies and objectives as adopted by our board of directors. Pursuant to the advisory agreement, KBS Capital Advisors manages our day-to-day operations, retains the property managers for our investments in real properties (subject to the authority of our board of directors and officers) and performs other duties, including, but not limited to, the following:
| • | | finding, presenting and recommending to us real estate investment opportunities consistent with our investment policies and objectives; |
| • | | structuring the terms and conditions of our real estate investments, sales and joint ventures; |
| • | | acquiring properties and other investments on our behalf in compliance with our investment objectives and policies; |
| • | | arranging for financing and refinancing of properties and our other investments; |
| • | | entering into leases and service contracts for our properties; |
| • | | supervising and evaluating each property manager’s performance; |
| • | | reviewing and analyzing the properties’ operating and capital budgets; |
| • | | assisting us in obtaining insurance; |
| • | | generating an annual budget for us; |
| • | | reviewing and analyzing financial information for each of our assets and the overall portfolio; |
| • | | formulating and overseeing the implementation of strategies for the administration, promotion, management, operation, maintenance, improvement, financing and refinancing, marketing, leasing and disposition of our properties and other investments; |
| • | | performing investor-relations services; |
| • | | maintaining our accounting and other records and assisting us in filing all reports required to be filed with the SEC, the IRS and other regulatory agencies; |
| • | | engaging and supervising the performance of our agents, including our registrar and transfer agent; and |
| • | | performing any other services reasonably requested by us. |
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See “Management Compensation” for a detailed discussion of the fees payable to KBS Capital Advisors under the advisory agreement. We also describe in that section our obligation to reimburse KBS Capital Advisors for organization and offering expenses, the costs of providing services to us (other than for services for which it earns acquisition fees or disposition fees for sales of properties or other investments) and payments made by KBS Capital Advisors to third parties in connection with potential investments.
The advisory agreement has a one-year term ending November 8, 2008 but may be renewed for an unlimited number of successive one-year periods upon the mutual consent of KBS Capital Advisors and us. Additionally, either party may terminate the advisory agreement without penalty upon 60 days’ written notice. Upon termination of the advisory agreement, KBS Capital Advisors may be entitled to a termination fee if (based upon an independent appraised value of the portfolio) KBS Capital Advisors would have been entitled to a subordinated participation in net cash flows had the portfolio been liquidated on the termination date. The termination fee would be payable in the form of a promissory note that becomes due only upon the sale of one or more real estate assets, and the fee is payable solely from the proceeds of the sale of an asset and future asset sales. For more information regarding the terms of the advisory agreement, see “Management Compensation.”
KBS Capital Advisors and its affiliates expect to engage in other business ventures, and, as a result, they will not dedicate their resources exclusively to our business. However, pursuant to the advisory agreement, KBS Capital Advisors must devote sufficient resources to our business to discharge its obligations to us. KBS Capital Advisors may assign the advisory agreement to an affiliate upon our approval. We may assign or transfer the advisory agreement to a successor entity.
Initial Investment by Our Advisor
Our sponsors have invested $200,000 in us through the purchase of 20,000 shares of our common stock at $10.00 per share. KBS Capital Advisors is the owner of these 20,000 shares. KBS Capital Advisors may not sell any of these shares during the period it serves as our advisor. Although nothing prohibits KBS Capital Advisors or its affiliates from acquiring additional shares of our common stock, KBS Capital Advisors currently has no options or warrants to acquire any shares. KBS Capital Advisors has agreed to abstain from voting any shares it acquires in any vote for the election of directors or any vote regarding the approval or termination of any contract with KBS Capital Advisors or any of its affiliates. KBS Capital Advisors is indirectly owned and controlled by Peter M. Bren, Charles J. Schreiber, Jr., Peter McMillan III and Keith D. Hall, who are our sponsors.
Management Decisions
The primary responsibility for the management decisions of KBS Capital Advisors and its affiliates, including the selection of real estate investments to be recommended to our board of directors, the negotiation for these investments and asset-management decisions, will reside in Peter M. Bren, Charles J. Schreiber, Jr., Peter McMillan III and Keith D. Hall. Our board of directors has adopted a policy that requires our conflicts committee to approve by a majority vote all of our acquisitions and dispositions of real estate and real estate-related investments. Our board of directors may revise this policy without the approval of our stockholders. The conflicts committee has approved an Investment Grade Securities Purchase Program pursuant to which the conflicts committee granted authority to the investment committee of our advisor to approve acquisitions of investment grade commercial mortgage-backed securities, collateralized debt obligations and credit default swaps up to an aggregate amount of $50.0 million.
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MANAGEMENT COMPENSATION
Although we have executive officers who manage our operations, we have no paid employees. Our advisor, KBS Capital Advisors, and its affiliates manage our day-to-day affairs and our portfolio of real estate and real estate-related investments, subject to the board’s supervision. The following table summarizes all of the compensation and fees that we will pay to KBS Capital Advisors and its affiliates, including amounts to reimburse their costs in providing services, and amounts that we will pay to our independent directors. It also summarizes fees, compensation, expenses and reimbursements as of June 30, 2008 as well as the agreement from our advisor to advance to funds to us, as and if necessary, in connection with our declaration of distributions.
| | |
Form of Compensation/Expense and Recipient | | Determination of Amount |
| |
| | Organization and Offering Stage |
| |
Selling Commissions on Shares Sold in the Primary Offering – KBS Capital Markets Group (1) (2) | | We paid selling commissions of up to 6.0% of the gross proceeds from our primary offering before reallowance of commissions earned by participating broker-dealers. KBS Capital Markets Group, the dealer manager of our primary offering, reallowed 100% of commissions earned to participating broker-dealers. We ceased offering shares of common stock in our primary offering on May 30, 2008. From the commencement of the primary offering through June 30, 2008, we had paid selling commissions on shares sold through the primary offering of $93.5 million related to the sale of 168,770,793 shares of stock. |
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Sellings Commissions on Shares Sold in the Dividend Reinvestment Plan – KBS Capital Markets Group (2) | | We pay selling commissions of up to 3.0% of the gross proceeds from the dividend reinvestment plan before reallowance of commissions earned to broker-dealers. KBS Capital Markets Group will reallow 100% of commissions payable on shares purchased through the dividend reinvestment plan to the broker-dealer associated with such account. From the commencement of the dividend reinvestment plan through June 30, 2008, we had paid selling commissions on shares sold through the dividend reinvestment plan of $1.0 million related to the sale of 3,828,554 shares of stock. |
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Dealer Manager Fee – KBS Capital Markets Group(1) | | We paid dealer manager fees of up to 3.5% of the gross proceeds from our primary offering; no dealer manager fees are payable on shares sold under our dividend reinvestment plan. From its dealer manager fee, KBS Capital Markets Group reallowed to participating broker-dealers up to 1% of the gross proceeds attributable to that participating broker-dealer as a marketing fee, and in special cases KBS Capital Markets Group increased the reallowance. We ceased offering shares of common stock in our primary offering on May 30, 2008. From the commencement of the primary offering through June 30, 2008, we had paid dealer manager fees on shares sold through the primary offering of $58.7 million related to the sale of 168,770,793 shares of stock. |
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Form of Compensation/Expense and Recipient | | Determination of Amount |
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Reimbursement of Other Organization and Offering Expenses – KBS Capital Advisors and KBS Capital Markets Group (1) | | We reimburse KBS Capital Advisors and its affiliates for other organization and offerings expenses incurred on our behalf. After the termination of the primary offering, KBS Capital Advisors has agreed to reimburse us to the extent total organization and offering expenses (including selling commissions and the dealer manager fee) borne by us exceed 15% of the gross proceeds raised in the primary offering. KBS Capital Advisors will do the same after termination of the offering pursuant to our dividend reinvestment plan. These organization and offering expenses include all expenses (other than selling commissions and the dealer manager fee) to be paid by us in connection with the primary offering and the offering under the dividend reinvestment plan, including our legal, accounting, printing, mailing and filing fees, charges of our escrow holder and expenses of our advisor for administrative services related to the issuance of shares in the offering, reimbursement of KBS Capital Markets Group for amounts it may pay to reimburse the bona fide due diligence expenses of broker-dealers, reimbursement of our advisor for the salaries of its employees and other costs in connection with preparing supplemental sales materials, the cost of educational conferences held by us (including the travel, meal and lodging costs of registered representatives of broker-dealers) and reimbursement to KBS Capital Markets Group for travel, meals, lodging and attendance fees incurred by employees of KBS Capital Markets Group to attend retail seminars conducted by broker-dealers. From the commencement of the offerings through June 30, 2008, we had recorded organization and offering expenses related to the primary offering and the offering under the dividend reinvestment plan of $15.5 million, including both organization and offering costs incurred directly by us and those costs incurred by KBS Capital Advisors and its affiliates. KBS Capital Advisors and its affiliates incurred $10.5 million of this amount on our behalf, and $10.0 million had been reimbursed by us as of June 30, 2008. |
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| | Acquisition and Development Stage |
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Acquisition Fees – KBS Capital Advisors (3) | | We pay our advisor an acquisition fee equal to 0.75% of the cost of investments acquired by us, including acquisition expenses and any debt attributable to such investments. This fee relates to services provided in connection with the selection and purchase or origination of real estate and real estate-related investments. From the commencement of the offerings through June 30, 2008, we have incurred acquisition fees of $16.0 million, all of which have been paid to the advisor. |
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Form of Compensation/Expense and Recipient | | Determination of Amount |
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Asset Management Fee – KBS Capital Advisors (4) | | We pay the advisor a monthly fee equal to one-twelfth of 0.75% of the sum of the cost of all real estate investments we own and of our investments in joint ventures, including acquisition fees, acquisition expenses and any debt attributable to such investments. Notwithstanding the above, with respect to our investment in the joint venture that owns the National Industrial Portfolio, the asset management fee is calculated as a monthly fee equal to one-twelfth of 0.27% of the cost of the joint venture investment, which equals the product of (i) the amount actually paid or allocated to the purchase, development, construction or improvement of properties by the joint venture, inclusive of expenses related thereto, and the amount of any outstanding debt associated with such properties and the joint venture and (ii) the percentage that represents our economic interest in the joint venture. The advisor may also earn a performance fee related to the joint venture investment in the National Industrial Portfolio that would in effect make the advisor’s cumulative fees related to the investment equal to 0.75% of the cost of the joint venture investment on an annualized basis from the date of our investment in the joint venture through the date of calculation. This fee is conditioned upon the amount of our funds from operations. As of June 30, 2008, our operations were sufficient to meet the funds from operations condition per the advisory agreement with our advisor. As a result, as of June 30, 2008, we had accrued for incurred but unpaid performance fees of $2.2 million. Although these performance fees have been incurred as of June 30, 2008, the advisory agreement further provides that the payment of these fees shall only be made after the repayment of advances from the advisor (discussed below). As of June 30, 2008, $1.6 million of advances from the advisor remain unpaid. Although the asset management fees earned by the advisor through June 30, 2008 have been accrued for and expensed in the appropriate period in our financial statements, the advisor deferred, without interest, payment of the asset management fees it earned from July 2006 through September 2007; we have repaid $1.0 million of the $3.2 million initially deferred. Per the terms of the advisory agreement, the advisor may choose to be paid the accrued but unpaid asset management fees in such future period as the advisor may determine. From commencement of our offerings through June 30, 2008, we had accrued for and expensed $13.5 million of asset management fees and performance fees. Of this amount as of June 30, 2008, we had paid $9.1 million of asset management fees and there were $2.2 million of unpaid asset management fees related to the months of July 2006 through September 2007 and $2.2 million of unpaid performance fees related to our investment in the joint venture that owns the National Industrial Portfolio. If necessary in future periods, the advisor intends to defer payment of its asset management fee if the cumulative amount of our funds from operations for the period commencing January 1, 2006 plus the amount of the advance from the advisor is less than the cumulative amount of distributions declared and currently payable to our stockholders. The amount of cash available for distributions in future periods will be decreased by the repayment of the advance from the advisor and the payment of the advisor’s deferred asset management fee and unpaid performance fees. |
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Form of Compensation/Expense and Recipient | | Determination of Amount |
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Other Operating Expenses – KBS Capital Advisors (4) | | We may reimburse the expenses incurred by KBS Capital Advisors in connection with its provision of services to us, including our allocable share of the advisor’s overhead, such as rent, personnel costs, utilities and IT costs; however, we will not reimburse for personnel costs in connection with services for which KBS Capital Advisors receives acquisition fees or disposition fees. From the commencement of our offerings through June 30, 2008, we have reimbursed KBS Capital Advisors and its affiliates for approximately $0.2 million of operating expenses related to miscellaneous general and administrative costs incurred on our behalf. |
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Advance – KBS Capital Advisors | | In connection with the declaration of distributions, we have entered into amendments to our advisory agreement with KBS Capital Advisors. Pursuant to the amendments, our advisor has agreed to advance funds to us equal to the amount by which the cumulative amount of distributions declared by our board of directors from January 1, 2006 through the period ending October 31, 2008 exceeds the amount of our funds from operations (as defined by NAREIT) from January 1, 2006 through October 31, 2008. We are only obligated to reimburse the advisor for this advance if and to the extent that our cumulative funds from operations for the period commencing January 1, 2006 through the date of any such reimbursement exceed the lesser of (i) the cumulative amount of any distributions declared and payable to our stockholders as of the date of such reimbursement or (ii) an amount that is equal to a 7.0% cumulative, non-compounded, annual return on invested capital for our stockholders for the period from July 18, 2006 through the date of such reimbursement. No interest will accrue on the advance being made by the advisor. From July 18, 2006 through September 15, 2008, the advisor had advanced an aggregate of $1.6 million to us, all of which is outstanding, for the payment of distributions and to cover our expenses, excluding depreciation and amortization, in excess of our revenues. No amount has been advanced since January 2007. |
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Stock-based Compensation Awards – Independent Directors and Affiliates of KBS Capital Advisors (5) | | We may issue stock-based awards to our independent directors and to affiliates of our advisor. The total number of shares of common stock reserved for issuance under our Employee and Independent Director Incentive Stock Plan is equal to 5% of our outstanding shares at any time but may not exceed 10,000,000 shares. As of June 30, 2008, we had not issued any awards pursuant to this plan and we have no timetable for the grant of any awards under the plan. Furthermore, our board of directors has adopted a policy that prohibits grants of any awards of shares of common stock to any person under the Employee and Independent Director Stock Plan. |
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Form of Compensation/Expense and Recipient | | Determination of Amount |
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Independent Director Compensation | | We pay each of our independent directors an annual retainer of $25,000. We also pay our independent directors for attending meetings as follows: (i) $2,500 for each board meeting attended, (ii) $2,000 for each committee meeting attended (except that the committee chairman is paid $3,000 for each meeting attended), (iii) $1,000 for each teleconference board meeting attended, and (iv) $1,000 for each teleconference committee meeting attended (except that the committee chairman is paid $3,000 for each teleconference committee meeting attended). All directors receive reimbursement of reasonable out-of-pocket expenses incurred in connection with attendance at meetings of the board of directors. From our inception through June 30, 2008, we had incurred $680,853 of independent director fees and expenses, $11,249 of which was payable at June 30, 2008. |
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| | Operational and Liquidation/Listing Stage |
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Subordinated Participation in Net Cash Flows – KBS Capital Advisors (6) | | After investors in our offerings have received a return of their net capital contributions and an 8.0% per year cumulative, noncompounded return, KBS Capital Advisors is entitled to receive 15.0% of our net cash flows, whether from continuing operations, net sale proceeds or otherwise. In making this calculation, an investor’s net capital contribution is reduced to the extent distributions in excess of a cumulative, noncompounded, annual return of 8.0% are paid (from whatever source), except to the extent such distributions would be required to supplement prior distributions paid in order to achieve a cumulative, noncompounded, annual return of 8.0%. This fee is payable only if we are not listed on an exchange. No subordinated participation fees had been incurred as of June 30, 2008. Actual amounts are dependent upon the results of our operations; we cannot determine these amounts at the present time. |
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| | Liquidation/Listing Stage |
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Disposition Fees - KBS Capital Advisors or its affiliates (7) | | For substantial assistance in connection with the sale of properties or other investments, we will pay KBS Capital Advisors or its affiliates a disposition fee of 1% of the contract sales price of each property or other investment sold; provided, however, in no event may the real estate commissions paid to KBS Capital Advisors, its affiliates and unaffiliated third parties exceed 6% of the contract sales price. The conflicts committee will determine whether the advisor or its affiliate has provided substantial assistance to us in connection with the sale of an asset. Substantial assistance in connection with the sale of a property includes the advisor’s preparation of an investment package for the property (including a new investment analysis, rent rolls, tenant information regarding credit, a property title report, an environmental report, a structural report and exhibits) or such other substantial services performed by the advisor in connection with a sale. No disposition fees had been incurred as of June 30, 2008. Actual amounts are dependent upon the results of our operations; we cannot determine these amounts at the present time. |
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Form of Compensation/Expense and Recipient | | Determination of Amount |
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Subordinated Incentive Listing Fee – KBS Capital Advisors (6)(8) | | Upon listing of our common stock on a national securities exchange, we will pay a fee to our advisor equal to 15.0% of the amount by which (1) the market value of our outstanding stock plus distributions paid by us prior to listing exceeds (2) the sum of the total amount of capital raised from investors and the amount of cash flow necessary to generate an 8.0% per year cumulative, noncompounded return to investors. No subordinated incentive listing fee had been incurred as of June 30, 2008. Actual amounts are dependent upon the results of our operations; we cannot determine these amounts at the present time. |
(1) We ceased offering shares of common stock in our primary offering of 200,000,000 shares on May 30, 2008. Subscriptions from nonqualified accounts had to be postmarked as of May 30, 2008. For investments by qualified accounts, subscription agreements must have been dated on or before May 30, 2008 with all documents and funds received by us by the end of business on September 1, 2008.
(2) All or a portion of the selling commissions were and will not be charged with regard to shares sold to certain categories of purchasers.
(3) In addition to the acquisition fee, we will reimburse KBS Capital Advisors for amounts it pays to third parties in connection with the selection, acquisition or development of a property, whether or not we ultimately acquire the property. Under our charter, a majority of the independent directors would have to approve any increase in the acquisition fees payable to our advisor above 0.75% of the cost of the investments. Our charter also limits our ability to purchase property if the total of all acquisition fees and expenses relating to the purchase exceeds 6% of the contract purchase price.
We expect to use substantially all of the net proceeds from the sale of shares under our dividend reinvestment plan to repurchase shares under our share redemption program rather than for investments in real estate and real estate-related investments. See “Estimated Use of Proceeds.”
(4) KBS Capital Advisors must reimburse us the amount by which our aggregate annual total operating expenses exceed the greater of 2% of our average invested assets or 25% of our net income, unless the conflicts committee has determined that such excess expenses were justified based on unusual and non-recurring factors. “Average invested assets” means the average monthly book value of our assets during the 12-month period before deducting depreciation, bad debts or other non-cash reserves. “Total operating expenses” means all expenses paid or incurred by us, as determined under GAAP, that are in any way related to our operation, including advisory fees, but excluding (a) the expenses of raising capital such as organization and offering expenses, legal, audit, accounting, underwriting, brokerage, listing, registration and other fees, printing and other such expenses and taxes incurred in connection with the issuance, distribution, transfer, registration and stock exchange listing of our stock; (b) interest payments; (c) taxes; (d) non-cash expenditures such as depreciation, amortization and bad debt reserves; (e) reasonable incentive fees based on the gain in the sale of our assets; and (f) acquisition fees, acquisition expenses (including expenses relating to potential acquisitions that we do not close), real estate commissions on the resale of property and other expenses connected with the acquisition, disposition, management and ownership of real estate interests, mortgage loans or other property (including the costs of foreclosure, insurance premiums, legal services, maintenance, repair and improvement of property).
(5) Stock-based awards treated as an expense under GAAP will count against the limit on “total operating expenses” described in note 4 above. Although stock-based awards are likely to only be granted during our operational stage, their value may be linked to the success of our liquidation/listing stage. The limits on incentive fees set forth in our charter, which are described below at “Conflicts of Interest—Certain Conflict Resolution Measures,” do not limit the award of stock-based compensation to an affiliate of our advisor.
(6) To the extent this incentive fee is derived from cash flows other than net sales proceeds, the incentive fee will count against the limit on “total operating expenses” described in note 4 above. Furthermore, upon termination of the advisory agreement, KBS Capital Advisors may be entitled to a similar fee if KBS Capital Advisors would have been entitled to a subordinated participation in net cash flows had the portfolio been liquidated (based on an independent appraised value of the portfolio) on the date of termination. The termination fee would be payable in the form of a promissory note that becomes due only upon the sale of one or more real estate assets and the fee is payable solely from the proceeds of the sale of an asset and future asset sales.
Under our charter, we could not increase these subordinated incentive fees without the approval of a majority of our independent directors, and any increase in the subordinated participation in net sale proceeds would have to be reasonable. Our charter provides that an interest in gain from the sale of assets is “presumptively reasonable” if it does not exceed 15% of the balance of net sale proceeds remaining after investors have received a return of their net capital contributions and a 6% per year cumulative, noncompounded return.
An investor’s net capital contribution is calculated by multiplying the issue price of the shares by the total number of shares purchased by the investor.
KBS Capital Advisors cannot earn both the subordinated participation in net cash flows and the subordinated incentive listing fee. Any portion of the subordinated participation in net cash flows that KBS Capital Advisors receives prior to our listing will offset the amount otherwise due pursuant to the subordinated incentive listing fee.
(7) Although we are most likely to pay disposition fees to KBS Capital Advisors or an affiliate in the event of our liquidation, these fees may also be earned during our operational stage. Under our charter, a majority of the independent directors would have to approve any increase in the disposition fees payable to our advisor and its affiliates above 1% of the contract sales price. Our charter also limits the maximum amount of the disposition fees payable to the advisor and its affiliates to 3% of the contract sales price.
(8) The market value of our outstanding stock will be calculated based on the average market value of the shares issued and outstanding at listing over the 30 trading days beginning 180 days after the shares are first listed on a stock exchange. In the event the subordinated incentive listing fee is earned by KBS Capital Advisors as a result of the listing of the shares, any previous payments of the subordinated participation in net cash flows will offset the amounts due pursuant to the subordinated incentive listing fee, and we will not be required to pay KBS Capital Advisors any further subordinated participation in net cash flows. The subordinated incentive listing fee will count against the limit on “total operating expenses” described in note 4 above.
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CONFLICTS OF INTEREST
We are subject to various conflicts of interest arising out of our relationship with our advisor, KBS Capital Advisors, and its affiliates, some of whom serve as our executive officers and directors. We discuss these conflicts below and conclude this section with a discussion of the corporate governance measures we have adopted to ameliorate some of the risks posed by these conflicts.
Our Affiliates’ Interests in Other KBS Real Estate Programs
General
All of our executive officers and some of our directors are also officers, managers, and/or holders of a direct or indirect controlling interest in our advisor, our dealer manager and other KBS investment advisers that are the sponsors of other real estate programs as well as executive officers and directors of KBS REIT II, another public, non-traded REIT advised by KBS Capital Advisors. Through affiliates of our advisor, some of our executive officers and directors also serve as investment advisers to institutional investors in real estate and real estate-related assets. These executive officers and directors have legal and financial obligations with respect to those programs, entities and investors that are similar to their obligations to us. In the future, these executive officers and directors and other affiliates of our advisor may organize other real estate programs, serve as the investment adviser to other investors and acquire for their own account real estate investments that may be suitable for us.
Since 1992, investment advisers affiliated with Peter M. Bren and Charles J. Schreiber, Jr. have sponsored 14 privately offered real estate programs. Ten of these programs are still operating. Our sponsors, Messrs. Bren, Schreiber, McMillan and Hall, are also the sponsors of KBS REIT II. All of these programs have investment objectives that are similar to ours. Conflicts of interest may arise between us and the programs that have not yet been liquidated, between us and future programs and between us and the investors for which a KBS entity serves as an investment adviser.
Allocation of Investment Opportunities
We rely on our sponsors, Peter M. Bren, Charles J. Schreiber, Jr., Peter McMillan III and Keith D. Hall, and the executive officers and real estate professionals of our advisor to identify suitable investments. KBS REIT II is also advised by KBS Capital Advisors and relies on these same executive officers and key employees for investment opportunities. Messrs. Bren and Schreiber and other employees of KBS Capital Advisors are also key employees of KBS Realty Advisors and its affiliates, the advisors to the private KBS-sponsored programs and the investment advisers to institutional investors in real estate and real estate-related assets. As such, the one private KBS-sponsored program that is raising funds for investment as of the date of this prospectus relies on the same real estate professionals as will future programs. Many investment opportunities that are suitable for us may also be suitable for other KBS programs and investors. When these real estate professionals direct an investment opportunity to any KBS-sponsored program or KBS-advised investor, they, in their sole discretion, will offer the opportunity to the program or investor for which the investment opportunity is most suitable based on the investment objectives, portfolio and criteria of each program or investor. As a result, these KBS real estate professionals could direct attractive investment opportunities to other entities or investors. Our charter disclaims any interest in an investment opportunity known to KBS Capital Advisors or its affiliates or employees that KBS Capital Advisors has not specifically recommended to us. See “Certain Conflict Resolution Measures.”
Joint Ventures with Affiliates
We may enter into joint venture agreements with other KBS-sponsored programs for the acquisition, development or improvement of properties or other investments. KBS Capital Advisors, our advisor and the advisor to KBS REIT II, and KBS Realty Advisors and its affiliates, the advisors to the private KBS-sponsored programs and affiliated entities, have the same executive officers and key employees and these persons, including Messrs. Bren and Schreiber, will face conflicts of interest in determining which KBS program or other KBS-advised entity should enter into any particular joint venture agreement. These persons may also face a conflict in structuring the terms of the relationship between our interests and the interests of the KBS-affiliated co-venturer and in managing the joint venture. Any joint venture agreement or transaction between us and a KBS-affiliated co-venturer will not have the benefit of arm’s-length negotiation of the type normally conducted between unrelated co-venturers. The KBS-affiliated co-venturer may have economic or business interests or goals that are or may become inconsistent with our business interests or goals. These co-venturers may thus benefit to our and your detriment.
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Competition for Tenants and Others
Conflicts of interest may exist to the extent that we acquire properties in the same geographic areas where other KBS programs or affiliated entities own properties. In such a case, a conflict could arise in the leasing of properties in the event that we and another KBS program or affiliated entity were to compete for the same tenants in negotiating leases, or a conflict could arise in connection with the resale of properties in the event that we and another KBS program or affiliated entity were to attempt to sell similar properties at the same time. Conflicts of interest may also exist at such time as we or KBS Capital Advisors seek to employ developers, contractors, building managers or other third parties. Our advisor and its affiliates, including the advisors of other KBS programs and affiliated entities, will seek to reduce conflicts that may arise with respect to properties available for sale or rent by making prospective purchasers or tenants aware of all such properties. Our advisor and its affiliates will also seek to reduce conflicts relating to the employment of developers, contractors or building managers by making prospective service providers aware of all properties in need of their services. However, KBS Capital Advisors and its affiliates cannot fully avoid these conflicts because it may establish differing terms for resales or leasing of the various properties or differing compensation arrangements for service providers at different properties.
Allocation of Our Affiliates’ Time
We rely on KBS Capital Advisors and its affiliates and employees, including Messrs. Bren, Schreiber, McMillan and Hall, for the day-to-day operation of our business. Messrs. Bren, Schreiber, McMillan and Hall are also executive officers of KBS REIT II, and Messrs. Bren and Schreiber are executive officers of KBS Realty Advisors and its affiliates, the advisors of the other KBS-sponsored programs and the investment advisers to institutional investors in real estate and real estate-related assets. As a result of their interests in other KBS programs, their obligations to other investors and the fact that they have engaged in and they will continue to engage in other business activities, Messrs. Bren, Schreiber, McMillan and Hall will face conflicts of interest in allocating their time among us, KBS Capital Advisors and other KBS-sponsored programs and activities in which they are involved. In addition, KBS Capital Advisors and KBS Realty Advisors and its affiliates share the same key employees. However, Messrs. Bren and Schreiber believe that KBS Capital Advisors and KBS Realty Advisors and its affiliates have sufficient personnel to fully discharge their responsibilities to the KBS programs and ventures in which they are involved.
Receipt of Fees and Other Compensation by KBS Capital Advisors and its Affiliates
KBS Capital Advisors and its affiliates receive substantial fees from us, which fees are not negotiated at arm’s length. These fees could influence our advisor’s advice to us as well as the judgment of affiliates of KBS Capital Advisors, some of whom also serve as our executive officers and directors. Among other matters, these compensation arrangements could affect their judgment with respect to:
| • | | the continuation, renewal or enforcement of our agreements with KBS Capital Advisors and its affiliates, including the advisory agreement and the dealer-manager agreement; |
| • | | equity offerings by us, which entitle KBS Capital Markets Group to dealer-manager fees and will likely entitle KBS Capital Advisors to increased acquisition and asset-management fees; |
| • | | sales of properties and other investments, which entitle KBS Capital Advisors to disposition fees and possible subordinated incentive fees; |
| • | | acquisitions of properties and other investments from other KBS-sponsored programs, which might entitle affiliates of KBS Capital Advisors to disposition fees and possible subordinated incentive fees in connection with its services for the seller; |
| • | | acquisitions of properties and other investments from third parties and originations of loans, which entitle KBS Capital Advisors to acquisition fees and asset-management fees; |
| • | | borrowings to acquire properties and other investments and to originate loans, which borrowings will increase the acquisition and asset-management fees payable to KBS Capital Advisors; |
| • | | whether and when we seek to list our common stock on a national securities exchange, which listing could entitle KBS Capital Advisors to a subordinated incentive listing fee; |
| • | | whether we seek stockholder approval to internalize our management, which may entail acquiring assets (such as office space, furnishings and technology costs) and personnel from our advisor for consideration that would be negotiated at that time and may result in members of our advisor’s management receiving more compensation from us than they receive from our advisor; and |
| • | | whether and when we seek to sell the company or its assets, which sale could entitle KBS Capital Advisors to a subordinated incentive fee. |
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Our Board’s Loyalties to KBS REIT II and Possibly to Future KBS-sponsored Programs
All of our directors are also directors of KBS REIT II. The loyalties of our directors serving on the board of KBS REIT II or possibly on the board of future KBS-sponsored programs may influence the judgment of our board when considering issues for us that also may affect other KBS-sponsored programs, such as the following:
| • | | The conflicts committee of our board of directors must evaluate the performance of KBS Capital Advisors with respect to whether KBS Capital Advisors is presenting to us our fair share of investment opportunities. If our advisor is not presenting a sufficient number of investment opportunities to us because it is presenting many opportunities to another KBS-sponsored program or if our advisor is giving preferential treatment to another KBS-sponsored program in this regard, our conflicts committee may not be well suited to enforce our rights under the terms of the advisory agreement or to seek a new advisor. |
| • | | We could enter into transactions with other KBS-sponsored programs, such as property sales or acquisitions, joint ventures or financing arrangements. Decisions of the board or the conflicts committee regarding the terms of those transactions may be influenced by the board’s or committee’s loyalties to such other KBS-sponsored programs. |
| • | | A decision of the board or the conflicts committee regarding the timing of a debt or equity offering could be influenced by concerns that the offering would compete with an offering of other KBS-sponsored programs. |
| • | | A decision of the board or the conflicts committee regarding the timing of property sales could be influenced by concerns that the sales would compete with those of other KBS-sponsored programs. |
Because our independent directors are also independent directors of KBS REIT II, they receive compensation for service on the board of KBS REIT II. Like us, KBS REIT II pays each independent director an annual retainer of $25,000 as well as compensation for attending meetings as follows: (i) $2,500 for each board meeting attended, (ii) $2,000 for each committee meeting attended (except that the committee chairman is paid $3,000 for each meeting attended), (iii) $1,000 for each teleconference board meeting attended, and (iv) $1,000 for each teleconference committee meeting attended (except that the committee chairman is paid $3,000 for each teleconference committee meeting attended). In addition, KBS REIT II reimburses directors for reasonable out-of-pocket expenses incurred in connection with attendance at meetings of the board of directors.
Fiduciary Duties Owed by Some of Our Affiliates to Our Advisor and Our Advisor’s Affiliates
All of our executive officers and some of our directors are also executive officers, directors, managers and/or holders of a direct or indirect controlling interest in:
| • | | KBS Capital Advisors, our advisor; |
| • | | KBS Capital Markets Group, our dealer manager; and |
| • | | other KBS-sponsored programs. |
Through KBS-affiliated entities, these persons also serve as the investment advisers to institutional investors in real estate and real estate-related assets. As a result, they owe fiduciary duties to each of these programs, their stockholders, members and limited partners and the institutional investors advised by KBS-affiliated entities. These fiduciary duties may from time to time conflict with the fiduciary duties that they owe to us.
Affiliated Dealer Manager
Since KBS Capital Markets Group, our dealer manager, is an affiliate of KBS Capital Advisors, you have not had the benefit of an independent due diligence review and investigation of the type normally performed by an independent underwriter in connection with the offering of securities. See “Plan of Distribution.”
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Certain Conflict Resolution Measures
Conflicts Committee
In order to ameliorate the risks created by conflicts of interest, our charter creates a conflicts committee of our board of directors composed of all of our independent directors. An “independent director” is a person who is not one of our officers or employees or an officer or employee of KBS Capital Advisors or its affiliates and has not been so for the previous two years. Serving as a director of, or having an ownership interest in, another KBS-sponsored program will not, by itself, preclude independent director status. Our charter authorizes the conflicts committee to act on any matter permitted under Maryland General Corporation Law. Both the board of directors and the conflicts committee must act upon those conflict-of-interest matters that cannot be delegated to a committee under Maryland General Corporation Law. Our charter also empowers the conflicts committee to retain its own legal and financial advisors. Among the matters the conflicts committee acts upon are:
| • | | the continuation, renewal or enforcement of our agreements with KBS Capital Advisors and its affiliates, including the advisory agreement and the dealer-manager agreement; |
| • | | offerings of securities; |
| • | | investments in properties and other assets; |
| • | | sales of properties and other investments; |
| • | | transactions with affiliates; |
| • | | compensation of our officers and directors who are affiliated with our advisor; |
| • | | whether and when we seek to list our shares of common stock on a national securities exchange; |
| • | | whether and when we seek to become self-managed, which decision could lead to our acquisition of entities affiliated with KBS Capital Advisors at a substantial price; and |
| • | | whether and when we seek to sell the company or its assets. |
Our board of directors has adopted a policy that requires our conflicts committee to approve by a majority vote all of our acquisitions and dispositions of real estate investments. Our board of directors may revise this policy without the approval of our stockholders. The conflicts committee has approved an Investment Grade Securities Purchase Program pursuant to which the conflicts committee granted authority to the investment committee of our advisor to approve acquisitions of investment grade commercial mortgage-backed securities, collateralized debt obligations and credit default swaps up to an aggregate amount of $50.0 million.
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Other Charter Provisions Relating to Conflicts of Interest
In addition to the creation of the conflicts committee, our charter contains many other restrictions relating to conflicts of interest including the following:
Advisor Compensation. The conflicts committee evaluates at least annually whether the compensation that we have contracted to pay to KBS Capital Advisors and its affiliates is reasonable in relation to the nature and quality of services performed and whether such compensation is within the limits prescribed by the charter. The conflicts committee supervises the performance of KBS Capital Advisors and its affiliates and the compensation we pay to them to determine whether the provisions of our compensation arrangements are being carried out. This evaluation is based on the following factors as well as any other factors deemed relevant by the conflicts committee:
| • | | the amount of the fees paid to KBS Capital Advisors and its affiliates in relation to the size, composition and performance of our investments; |
| • | | whether the expenses incurred by us are reasonable in light of our investment performance, net assets, net income and the fees and expenses of other comparable unaffiliated REITs; |
| • | | the success of KBS Capital Advisors in generating appropriate investment opportunities; |
| • | | the rates charged to other companies, including other REITs, by advisors performing similar services; |
| • | | additional revenues realized by KBS Capital Advisors and its affiliates through their relationship with us, including whether we pay them or they are paid by others with whom we do business; |
| • | | the quality and extent of service and advice furnished by KBS Capital Advisors and its affiliates; |
| • | | the performance of our investment portfolio; and |
| • | | the quality of our portfolio relative to the investments generated by KBS Capital Advisors and its affiliates for their own account and for the accounts of their other clients. |
Under our charter, we can only pay KBS Capital Advisors a disposition fee in connection with the sale of a property or other asset if it provides a substantial amount of services in the effort to sell the property or asset and the commission does not exceed 3% of the sales price of the property or other asset. Although our charter limits this commission to 3% of the property sales price, our advisory agreement provides for a 1% fee. Any increase in this fee would require the approval of a majority of the members of our conflicts committee. Moreover, our charter also provides that the commission, when added to all other disposition fees paid to unaffiliated parties in connection with the sale, may not exceed the lesser of a competitive real estate commission or 6% of the sales price of the property or other asset. We do not intend to sell properties or other assets to affiliates. However, if we do sell an asset to an affiliate, our organizational documents would not prohibit us from paying our advisor a disposition fee. Before we sold an asset to an affiliate, our charter would require that the conflicts committee conclude, by a majority vote, that the transaction is fair and reasonable to us and on terms and conditions no less favorable to us than those available from third parties.
Our charter also requires that any gain from the sale of assets that we may pay our advisor or an entity affiliated with our advisor be reasonable. Such an interest in gain from the sale of assets is presumed reasonable if it does not exceed 15% of the balance of the net sale proceeds remaining after payment to common stockholders, in the aggregate, of an amount equal to 100% of the original issue price of the common stock, plus an amount equal to 6% of the original issue price of the common stock per year cumulative. Our advisory agreement sets a higher threshold for the payment of a subordinated incentive fee than that required by our charter. Under the advisory agreement, an incentive fee may be paid only if the stockholders first enjoy an 8% per year cumulative, noncompounded return. For the calculation of the subordinated incentive fee, see “Management Compensation.” Any lowering of the threshold set forth in the advisory agreement would require the approval of a majority of the members of the conflicts committee. The subordinated incentive fee payable under the advisory agreement is a subordinated participation in net cash flows, whether from continuing operations, net sale proceeds or otherwise; however, to the extent that this incentive fee is derived from cash flows other than net sales proceeds, the incentive fee will count against the limit on “total operating expenses” described below.
If we ever decided to become self-managed by acquiring entities affiliated with our advisor, our charter would require that the conflicts committee conclude, by a majority vote, that such internalization transaction is fair and reasonable to us and on terms and conditions no less favorable to us than those available from third parties.
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Our charter also limits the amount of acquisition fees and acquisition expenses we can incur to a total of 6% of the contract purchase price for the property or, in the case of a mortgage loan, to 6% of the funds advanced. This limit may only be exceeded if the conflicts committee approves (by majority vote) the fees and expenses and finds the transaction to be commercially competitive, fair and reasonable to us. Although our charter permits combined acquisition fees and expenses to equal 6% of the purchase price, our advisory agreement limits the acquisition fee to 0.75% of the purchase price. Any increase in the acquisition fee stipulated in the advisory agreement would require the approval of a majority of the members of the conflicts committee.
Term of Advisory Agreement.Each contract for the services of our advisor may not exceed one year, although there is no limit on the number of times that we may retain a particular advisor. The conflicts committee or our advisor may terminate our advisory agreement with KBS Capital Advisors without cause or penalty on 60 days’ written notice. Upon termination of the advisory agreement, KBS Capital Advisors may be entitled to a termination fee if (based upon an independent appraised value of the portfolio) KBS Capital Advisors would have been entitled to a subordinated participation in net cash flows had the portfolio been liquidated on the termination date. The termination fee would be payable in the form of a promissory note that becomes due only upon the sale of one or more real estate assets and the fee is payable solely from the proceeds of the sale of an asset and future asset sales.
Our Acquisitions. We will not purchase or lease properties in which KBS Capital Advisors, any of our directors or officers or any of their affiliates has an interest without a determination by a majority of the conflicts committee that such transaction is fair and reasonable to us and at a price to us no greater than the cost of the property to the affiliated seller or lessor, unless there is substantial justification for the excess amount. In no event will we acquire any such property at an amount in excess of its current appraised value as determined by an independent expert selected by our independent directors not otherwise interested in the transaction. An appraisal is “current” if obtained within the prior year. If a property with a current appraisal is acquired indirectly from an affiliated seller through the acquisition of securities in an entity that directly or indirectly owns the property, a second appraisal on the value of the securities of the entity shall not be required if (i) the conflicts committee determines that such transaction is fair and reasonable, (ii) the transaction is at a price to us no greater than the cost of the securities to the affiliated seller, (iii) the entity has conducted no business other than the financing, acquisition and ownership of the property and (iv) the price paid by the entity to acquire the property did not exceed the current appraised value.
Mortgage Loans Involving Affiliates. Our charter prohibits us from investing in or making mortgage loans in which the transaction is with KBS Capital Advisors, our directors or officers or any of their affiliates, unless an independent expert appraises the underlying property. We must keep the appraisal for at least five years and make it available for inspection and duplication by any of our stockholders. In addition, we must obtain a mortgagee’s or owner’s title insurance policy or commitment as to the priority of the mortgage or the condition of the title. Our charter prohibits us from making or investing in any mortgage loans that are subordinate to any mortgage or equity interest of KBS Capital Advisors, our directors or officers or any of their affiliates.
Other Transactions Involving Affiliates. A majority of the conflicts committee must conclude that all other transactions, including joint ventures, between us and KBS Capital Advisors, any of our officers or directors or any of their affiliates are fair and reasonable to us and on terms and conditions not less favorable to us than those available from unaffiliated third parties.
Limitation on Operating Expenses. KBS Capital Advisors must reimburse us the amount by which our aggregate total operating expenses for the four fiscal quarters then ended exceed the greater of 2% of our average invested assets or 25% of our net income, unless the conflicts committee has determined that such excess expenses were justified based on unusual and non-recurring factors. “Average invested assets” means the average monthly book value of our assets during the 12-month period before deducting depreciation, bad debts or other non-cash reserves. “Total operating expenses” means all expenses paid or incurred by us, as determined under GAAP, that are in any way related to our operation, including advisory fees, but excluding (a) the expenses of raising capital such as organization and offering expenses, legal, audit, accounting, underwriting, brokerage, listing, registration and other fees, printing and other such expenses and taxes incurred in connection with the issuance, distribution, transfer, registration and stock exchange listing of our stock; (b) interest payments; (c) taxes; (d) non-cash expenditures such as depreciation, amortization and bad debt reserves; (e) reasonable incentive fees based on the gain from the sale of our assets; and (f) acquisition fees, acquisition expenses (including expenses relating to potential acquisitions that we do not close), real estate commissions on the resale of property and other expenses connected with the acquisition, disposition, management and ownership of real estate interests, mortgage loans or other property (including the costs of foreclosure, insurance premiums, legal services, maintenance, repair and improvement of property).
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Issuance of Options and Warrants to Certain Affiliates. Our charter prohibits the issuance of options or warrants to purchase our capital stock to KBS Capital Advisors, our directors or officers or any of their affiliates (a) on terms more favorable than we offer such options or warrants to the general public or (b) in excess of an amount equal to 10% of our outstanding capital stock on the date of grant.
Repurchase of Our Shares. Our charter prohibits us from paying a fee to KBS Capital Advisors or our directors or officers or any of their affiliates in connection with our repurchase of our capital stock.
Loans.We will not make any loans to KBS Capital Advisors or to our directors or officers or any of their affiliates. In addition, we will not borrow from these affiliates unless a majority of the conflicts committee approves the transaction as being fair, competitive and commercially reasonable and no less favorable to us than comparable loans between unaffiliated parties. These restrictions on loans will only apply to advances of cash that are commonly viewed as loans, as determined by the board of directors. By way of example only, the prohibition on loans would not restrict advances of cash for legal expenses or other costs incurred as a result of any legal action for which indemnification is being sought nor would the prohibition limit our ability to advance reimbursable expenses incurred by directors or officers or KBS Capital Advisors or its affiliates.
Reports to Stockholders. Our charter requires that we prepare an annual report and deliver it to our stockholders within 120 days after the end of each fiscal year. Among the matters that must be included in the annual report or included in a proxy statement delivered with the annual report are:
| • | | the ratio of the costs of raising capital during the year to the capital raised; |
| • | | the aggregate amount of advisory fees and the aggregate amount of other fees paid to KBS Capital Advisors and any affiliates of KBS Capital Advisors by us or third parties doing business with us during the year; |
| • | | our total operating expenses for the year stated as a percentage of our average invested assets and as a percentage of our net income; |
| • | | a report from the conflicts committee that our policies are in the best interests of our common stockholders and the basis for such determination; and |
| • | | a separately stated, full disclosure of all material terms, factors and circumstances surrounding any and all transactions involving us and our advisor, a director or any affiliate thereof during the year, which disclosure has been examined and commented upon in the report by the conflicts committee with regard to the fairness of such transactions. |
Voting of Shares Owned by Affiliates. Before becoming a stockholder, KBS Capital Advisors, our directors and officers and their affiliates must agree not to vote their shares regarding (i) the removal of any of these affiliates or (ii) any transaction between them and us.
Ratification of Charter Provisions. Our board of directors and the conflicts committee have reviewed and ratified our charter by the vote of a majority of their respective members, as required by our charter.
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Allocation of Investment Opportunities
Many investment opportunities that are suitable for us may also be suitable for other KBS-sponsored programs, as well as for the institutional investors for whom KBS Realty Advisors and its affiliates serve as investment advisers. KBS Capital Advisors, our advisor and the advisor to KBS REIT II, and KBS Realty Advisors and its affiliates share the same executive officers and key employees. When these KBS real estate professionals direct an investment opportunity to any KBS-sponsored program or one of the institutional investors, they, in their sole discretion, will have to determine the program or investor for which the investment opportunity is most suitable based on the investment objectives, portfolio and criteria of each program or investor. Our advisory agreement with KBS Capital Advisors requires that this determination be made in a manner that is fair without favoring any other KBS-sponsored program or investor. The factors that the KBS real estate professionals will consider when determining the KBS-sponsored program or investor for which an investment opportunity would be the most suitable are the following:
| • | | the investment objectives and criteria of each program or investor; |
| • | | the cash requirements of each program or investor; |
| • | | the effect of the investment on the diversification of each program’s or investor’s portfolio by type of investment, the risk of the investment, type of commercial property, geographic location of properties, and tenants of properties; |
| • | | the policy of each program or investor relating to leverage; |
| • | | the anticipated cash flow of the property or asset to be acquired; |
| • | | the income tax effects of the purchase on each program or investor; |
| • | | the size of the investment; and |
| • | | the amount of funds available to each program or investor and the length of time such funds have been available for investment. |
If a subsequent event or development, such as a delay in the closing of a property or investment or a delay in the construction of a property, causes any investment, in the opinion of the KBS real estate professionals, to be more appropriate for another KBS program or investor, they may offer the investment to another KBS program or investor.
Our advisory agreement with KBS Capital Advisors requires that KBS Capital Advisors inform the conflicts committee each quarter of the investments that have been purchased by other KBS programs and investors for whom KBS Capital Advisors, KBS Realty Advisors or one of their affiliates serves as an investment adviser so that the conflicts committee can evaluate whether we are receiving our fair share of opportunities. KBS Capital Advisors’ success in generating investment opportunities for us and the fair allocation of opportunities among KBS programs and investors are important factors in the conflicts committee’s determination to continue or renew our arrangements with KBS Capital Advisors and its affiliates. The conflicts committee has a duty to ensure that favorable investment opportunities are not disproportionately allocated to other KBS-sponsored programs and investors. Our charter disclaims any interest in an investment opportunity known to KBS Capital Advisors or its affiliates that KBS Capital Advisors has not specifically recommended to us.
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INVESTMENT OBJECTIVES AND CRITERIA
General
We have used the proceeds of our primary offering to acquire and manage a diverse portfolio of real estate properties and real estate-related investments. We own substantially all of our assets and conduct our operations through our Operating Partnership, of which we are the sole general partner.
As of September 15, 2008, we owned 62 real estate properties, one master lease, 21 real estate loans receivable, and two investments directly or indirectly backed by commercial mortgage loans. The 62 real estate properties total 20.4 million square feet, including properties held through a consolidated joint venture. The real estate property portfolio includes 20 office buildings, one light industrial property, three corporate research properties, two distribution facilities, one industrial portfolio consisting of nine distribution and office/warehouse properties, one office/flex portfolio consisting of six buildings and a portfolio of 23 institutional-quality industrial properties and a master lease with respect to another property. We hold the 23 industrial properties and the master lease through a consolidated joint venture. At August 31, 2008, the portfolio was approximately 95% leased. Our real estate loans receivable portfolio includes three secured loans and one mezzanine loan that we originated as well as seven mezzanine real estate loans, two B-Notes, a partial ownership interest in three mezzanine real estate loans, two first mortgage loans, a partial ownership interest in a senior mortgage loan and two loans representing senior subordinated debt of a private REIT.
Our primary investment objectives are:
| • | | to provide you with attractive and stable cash dividends; and |
| • | | to preserve and return your capital contribution. |
We will also seek to realize growth in the value of our investments by timing property sales to maximize asset value.
We may return all or a portion of your capital contribution in connection with the sale of the company or the assets we acquire. Alternatively, you may be able to obtain a return of all or a portion of your capital contribution in connection with the sale of your shares.
We will seek to list our shares of common stock if and when our independent directors believe listing would be in the best interests of our stockholders. If we do not list our shares of common stock on a national securities exchange by November 2012, our charter requires that we either:
| • | | seek stockholder approval of the liquidation of the company; or |
| • | | if a majority of the conflicts committee determines that liquidation is not then in the best interests of our stockholders, postpone the decision of whether to liquidate the company. |
If a majority of the conflicts committee does determine that liquidation is not then in the best interests of our stockholders, our charter requires that the conflicts committee revisit the issue of liquidation at least annually. Further postponement of listing or stockholder action regarding liquidation would only be permitted if a majority of the conflicts committee again determined that liquidation would not be in the best interest of our stockholders. If we sought and failed to obtain stockholder approval of our liquidation, our charter would not require us to list or liquidate, and we could continue to operate as before. If we sought and obtained stockholder approval of our liquidation, we would begin an orderly sale of our properties and other assets. The precise timing of such sales would take account of the prevailing real estate and financial markets, the economic conditions in the submarkets where our properties are located and the federal income tax consequences to our stockholders. In making the decision to apply for listing of our shares, our directors will try to determine whether listing our shares or liquidating our assets will result in greater value for stockholders.
Our board may revise our investment policies, which we describe in more detail below, without the approval of our stockholders. Our conflicts committee will review our investment policies at least annually to determine whether our policies are in the best interests of our stockholders. Our charter requires that the conflicts committee include the basis for its determination in its minutes and in an annual report delivered to our stockholders.
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Acquisition and Investment Policies
Primary Investment Focus
We invest in and manage a diverse portfolio of real estate assets. We have diversified our portfolio by property type, geographic region, investment size and investment risk with the goal of attaining a portfolio of income-producing real estate and real estate-related assets that provide attractive and stable returns to our investors. In constructing our portfolio, we have targeted to acquire approximately 70% core investments, which are generally existing properties with at least 80% occupancy and minimal near-term lease rollover, and approximately 30% real estate-related investments and enhanced-return properties. Though our target portfolio would consist of 30% real estate-related investments and enhanced-return properties, we will not forgo a good investment opportunity because it does not precisely fit our expected portfolio composition. Thus, to the extent that our advisor presents us with good investment opportunities that allow us to meet the REIT requirements under the Internal Revenue Code, our portfolio may consist of a greater percentage of real estate-related investments and enhanced-return properties.
Investments in Real Properties
We focus our investment activities on the acquisition of a diverse portfolio of commercial properties located in large metropolitan areas in the United States. The primary property types in which we invest are as follows (in no order of priority):
| • | | office properties— including low-rise, mid-rise and high-rise office buildings and office parks in urban and suburban locations, especially those that are in or near central business districts or have access to transportation; |
| • | | retail properties— including neighborhood, community, power and lifestyle shopping centers and focusing on properties located in or nearby populated residential areas that have, or have the ability to attract, strong anchor tenants; and |
| • | | industrial properties— including warehouse and distribution facilities, office/warehouse flex properties, research and development properties and light industrial properties. |
To date, our investments in real properties include only core properties. We consider core investments to be lower risk properties, such as existing properties with at least 80% occupancy and minimal near-term lease rollover. We may also invest in enhanced-return properties, which are higher-yield and higher-risk investments that our advisor will actively manage and seek to reposition. Examples of enhanced-return properties that we may seek to acquire and reposition include: properties with moderate vacancies or near-term lease rollovers; poorly managed and positioned properties; properties owned by distressed sellers and built-to-suit properties. Once stabilized, we will either hold enhanced-return properties as core investments or sell them.
We generally hold fee title in the properties we acquire, although we may invest in or acquire operating companies or other entities that own and operate assets that meet our investment objectives. We may also acquire a long-term leasehold estate on properties. We will make investments in other entities when we consider it more efficient to acquire an entity that already owns assets meeting our investment objectives than to acquire such assets directly. We also participate with other entities in property ownership through joint ventures and may enter joint ventures and other types of common ownership arrangements in the future.
Though we are not limited as to the specific geographic areas where we may conduct our operations, we have and expect to purchase properties in large metropolitan areas located in the United States. We will focus on markets where KBS affiliates have an established market presence, market knowledge and access to potential investments, as well as an ability to direct property management and leasing operations efficiently.
Though we attempt to diversify our property investments by property type, geographic region, investment size and investment risk, we believe that we are most likely to meet our investment objectives through the careful selection and underwriting of individual assets. When making an acquisition, we emphasize the performance and risk characteristics of that individual investment and how that investment fits with our portfolio-level performance objectives, the other assets in our portfolio and the returns and risks of available investment alternatives. In other words, we will not forgo a good investment opportunity because it does not precisely meet one of our diversification guidelines, but we will attempt to construct a portfolio that produces stable and attractive returns by spreading risk across different real estate investments.
We generally intend to hold our properties for five to seven years, which we believe is the optimal period to enable us to capitalize on the potential for increased income and capital appreciation of properties. However, economic and market conditions may influence us to hold our investments for different periods of time.
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Real Estate-Related Investments
The real estate-related investments in which we invest or may invest in the future include: (i) mortgage loans; (ii) equity securities such as common stocks, preferred stocks and convertible preferred securities of real estate companies; (iii) debt securities such as mortgage-backed securities, commercial mortgages, mortgage loan participations and debt securities issued by other real estate companies; and (iv) certain types of illiquid securities not actively traded on the open market, such as mezzanine loans and bridge loans. While we may invest in any of these real estate-related investments, we expect that the substantial majority of these investments will consist of mortgage and mezzanine loans, commercial mortgage-backed securities and B-Notes as well as collateralized debt obligations.
Investments in and Originations of Loans
The types of loans in which we invest or may invest in the future include first and second mortgage loans, mezzanine loans, B-Notes, bridge loans, convertible mortgages, wraparound mortgage loans, construction mortgage loans and participations in such loans. Our underwriting process involves comprehensive financial, structural, operational and legal due diligence to assess the risks of investments so that we can optimize pricing and structuring.
Described below are some of the types of loans in which we invest or may invest other than traditional commercial mortgage loans:
Second Mortgages. Second mortgages are secured by second deeds of trust on real property that is already subject to prior mortgage indebtedness, in an amount which, when added to the existing indebtedness, does not generally exceed 75% of the appraised value of the mortgage property.
B-Notes. B-Notes are junior participations in a first mortgage loan on a single property or group of related properties. The senior participation is known as an A-Note. Although a B-Note may be evidenced by its own promissory note, it shares a single borrower and mortgage with the A-Note and is secured by the same collateral. B-Note lenders have the same obligations, collateral and borrower as the A-Note lender, but in most instances B-Note lenders are contractually limited in rights and remedies in the event of a default. The B-Note is subordinate to the A-Note by virtue of a contractual or intercreditor arrangement between the A-Note lender and the B-Note lender. For the B-Note lender to actively pursue its available remedies (if any), it must, in most instances, purchase the A-Note or maintain its performing status in the event of a default on the B-Note. The B-Note lender may in some instances require a security interest in the stock or partnership interests of the borrower as part of the transaction. If the B-Note holder can obtain a security interest, it may be able to accelerate gaining control of the underlying property, subject to the rights of the A-Note holder. These debt instruments are senior to the mezzanine debt tranches described below, though they may be junior to another junior participation in the first mortgage loan. B-Notes may or may not be rated by a recognized rating agency.
B-Notes typically are secured by a single property, and the associated credit risk is concentrated in that single property. B-Notes share certain credit characteristics with second mortgages in that both are subject to more credit risk with respect to the underlying mortgage collateral than the corresponding first mortgage or the A-Note. Our management believes that B-Notes are one of the safest subordinated debt instruments because B-Notes share a single mortgage with the A-Note and, as a result, its position survives an event of foreclosure. After the A-Note is satisfied, any remaining recoveries go next to the B-Note holder.
Mezzanine Loans. The mezzanine loans in which we invest generally take the form of subordinated loans secured by a pledge of the ownership interests of an entity that directly or indirectly owns real property. We may hold senior or junior positions in mezzanine loans, such senior or junior position denoting the particular leverage strip that may apply.
We may require other collateral to provide additional security for mezzanine loans, including letters of credit, personal guarantees or collateral unrelated to the property. We may structure our mezzanine loans so that we receive a stated fixed or variable interest rate on the loan as well as a percentage of gross revenues and a percentage of the increase in the fair market value of the property securing the loan, payable upon maturity, refinancing or sale of the property. Our mezzanine loans may also have prepayment lockouts, penalties, minimum profit hurdles and other mechanisms to protect and enhance returns in the event of premature repayment.
These investments typically range in size from $10.0 to $50.0 million, have terms from two to 10 years and bear interest at a rate of 275 to 800 basis points over the applicable interest rate index. Mezzanine loans may have maturities that match the maturity of the related mortgage loan but may have shorter terms. Mezzanine loans usually have loan-to-value ratios between 66% and 90%.
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These types of investments generally involve a lower degree of risk than an equity investment in an entity that owns real property because the mezzanine investment is generally secured by the ownership interests in the property-owning entity and, as a result, is senior to the equity. Upon a default by the borrower under the mezzanine loan, the mezzanine lender generally can take immediate control and ownership of the property-owning entity, subject to the senior mortgage on the property that stays in place in the event of a mezzanine default and change of control of the borrower.
These types of investments involve a higher degree of risk relative to the long-term senior mortgage secured by the underlying real property because the investment may become unsecured as a result of foreclosure by the senior lender. In the event of a bankruptcy of the entity providing the pledge of its ownership interests as security, we may not have full recourse to the assets of such entity, or the assets of the entity may not be sufficient to satisfy the mezzanine loan. If a borrower defaults on our mezzanine loan or debt senior to our loan, or in the event of a borrower bankruptcy, our mezzanine loan will be satisfied only after the senior debt.
Bridge Loans. We may offer bridge financing products to borrowers who are typically seeking short-term capital to be used in an acquisition, development or refinancing of a given property. From the borrower’s perspective, shorter term bridge financing is advantageous because it allows time to improve the property value through repositioning without encumbering it with restrictive long-term debt. The terms of these loans generally do not exceed three years.
Convertible Mortgages. Convertible mortgages are similar to equity participations. We may invest in and/or originate convertible mortgages if our directors conclude that we may benefit from the cash flow or any appreciation in the value of the subject property.
Wraparound Mortgages. A wraparound mortgage loan is secured by a wraparound deed of trust on a real property that is already subject to prior mortgage indebtedness, in an amount which, when added to the existing indebtedness, does not generally exceed 75% of the appraised value of the mortgage property. A wraparound loan is one or more junior mortgage loans having a principal amount equal to the outstanding balance under the existing mortgage loan, plus the amount actually to be advanced under the wraparound mortgage loan. Under a wraparound loan, we would generally make principal and interest payments on behalf of the borrower to the holders of the prior mortgage loans.
Construction Loans. Construction loans are loans made for either original development or renovation of property. Construction loans in which we would generally consider an investment would be secured by first deeds of trust on real property for terms of six months to two years.
Loans on Leasehold Interests. Loans on leasehold interests are secured by an assignment of the borrower’s leasehold interest in the particular real property. These loans are generally for terms of six months to 15 years. The leasehold interest loans are either amortized over a period that is shorter than the lease term or have a maturity date prior to the date the lease terminates. These loans would generally permit us to cure any default under the lease.
Participations. Mortgage and mezzanine participation investments are investments in partial interests of mortgages and mezzanine loans of the type described above.
We will not make or invest in mortgage loans unless we obtain an appraisal concerning the underlying property from a certified independent appraiser, except for mortgage loans insured or guaranteed by a government or government agency. We will maintain each appraisal in our records for at least five years and will make it available during normal business hours for inspection and duplication by any stockholder at such stockholder’s expense. In addition to the appraisal, we will seek to obtain a customary lender’s title insurance policy or commitment as to the priority of the mortgage or condition of the title.
We will not make or invest in mortgage loans on any one property if the aggregate amount of all mortgage loans outstanding on the property, including our borrowings, would exceed an amount equal to 85% of the appraised value of the property, unless we find substantial justification due to the presence of other underwriting criteria. We may find such justification in connection with the purchase of mortgage loans in cases in which we believe there is a high probability of our foreclosure upon the property in order to acquire the underlying assets and in which the cost of the mortgage loan investment does not exceed the appraised value of the underlying property. Such mortgages may or may not be insured or guaranteed by the Federal Housing Administration, the Department of Veterans Affairs or another third party.
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In evaluating prospective investments in and originations of loans, our advisor will consider factors such as the following:
| • | | the ratio of the amount of the investment to the value of the property by which it is secured; |
| • | | the property’s potential for capital appreciation; |
| • | | expected levels of rental and occupancy rates; |
| • | | current and projected cash flow of the property; |
| • | | potential for rental increases; |
| • | | the degree of liquidity of the investment; |
| • | | the geographic location of the property; |
| • | | the condition and use of the property; |
| • | | the property’s income-producing capacity; |
| • | | the quality, experience and creditworthiness of the borrower; and |
| • | | general economic conditions in the area where the property is located. |
Our advisor will evaluate all potential loan investments to determine if the security for the loan and the loan-to-value ratio meets our investment criteria and objectives. An officer, manager, agent or employee of our advisor will inspect the property during the loan approval process. We do not expect to make or invest in loans with a maturity of more than 10 years from the date of our investment and anticipate that most loans will have a term of five years. Most loans that we will consider for investment would provide for monthly payments of interest and some may also provide for principal amortization, although we expect that most of the loans in which we will invest will provide for payments of interest only during the loan term and a payment of principal in full at the end of the loan term. We may hold some of our investments in mortgage and mezzanine loans for five to seven years, though we expect to hold some for two to three years.
Our mortgage loan investments may be subject to regulation by federal, state and local authorities and subject to laws and judicial and administrative decisions imposing various requirements and restrictions, including, among other things, regulating credit granting activities, establishing maximum interest rates and finance charges, requiring disclosure to customers, governing secured transactions and setting collection, repossession and claims handling procedures and other trade practices. In addition, certain states have enacted legislation requiring the licensing of mortgage bankers or other lenders, and these requirements may affect our ability to effectuate our proposed investments in mortgage loans. Commencement of operations in these or other jurisdictions may be dependent upon a finding of our financial responsibility, character and fitness. We may determine not to make mortgage loans in any jurisdiction in which the regulatory authority believes that we have not complied in all material respects with applicable requirements.
As discussed above, we currently expect approximately 30% of our portfolio to consist of real estate-related assets and enhanced return properties. Although this is our current target portfolio, we will not forgo a good investment because it does not precisely fit our expected portfolio composition. Further, we may make adjustments to our target portfolio based on real estate market conditions. Our charter does not limit the amount of gross offering proceeds that we may apply to loan investments. Our charter also does not place any limit or restriction on:
| • | | the percentage of our assets that may be invested in any type of loan or in any single loan; or |
| • | | the types of properties subject to mortgages or other loans in which we may invest. |
When determining whether to make investments in mortgage and other loans, we will consider such factors as: positioning the overall portfolio to achieve an optimal mix of real estate investments; the diversification benefits of the loans relative to the rest of the portfolio; the potential for the investment to deliver high current income and attractive risk-adjusted total returns; and other factors considered important to meeting our investment objectives.
Investments in Other Debt-Related Investments
In addition to our investments in properties and loans, we also invest in debt securities such as mortgage-backed securities, collateralized debt obligations and debt securities issued by other real estate companies. While we may invest in any of these debt-related investments, we expect that the majority of these investments would be commercial mortgage-backed securities. A brief description of commercial mortgage-backed securities and collateralized debt obligations follows.
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Commercial Mortgage-Backed Securities. Commercial mortgage-backed securities, or CMBSs, are securities that evidence interests in, or are secured by, a single commercial mortgage loan or a pool of commercial mortgage loans. Accordingly, these securities are subject to all of the risks of the underlying mortgage loans.
CMBSs are generally pass-through certificates that represent beneficial ownership interests in common law trusts whose assets consist of defined portfolios of one or more commercial mortgage loans. They are typically issued in multiple tranches whereby the more senior classes are entitled to priority distributions from the trust’s income. Losses and other shortfalls from expected amounts to be received on the mortgage pool are borne by the most subordinate classes, which receive payments only after the more senior classes have received all principal and/or interest to which they are entitled.
The credit quality of mortgage-backed securities depends on the credit quality of the underlying mortgage loans, which is a function of factors such as:
| • | | the principal amount of the loans relative to the value of the related properties; |
| • | | the mortgage loan terms (e.g. amortization); |
| • | | market assessment and geographic location; |
| • | | construction quality of the property; and |
| • | | the creditworthiness of the borrowers. |
The securitization process is governed by one or more of the rating agencies, including Fitch, Moody’s and Standard & Poor’s, who determine the respective bond class sizes, generally based on a sequential payment structure. Bonds that are rated from AAA to BBB by the rating agencies are considered “investment grade.” Bond classes that are subordinate to the BBB class are considered “non-investment” grade. The respective bond class sizes are determined based on the review of the underlying collateral by the rating agencies. The payments received from the underlying loans are used to make the payments on the CMBSs. Based on the sequential payment priority, the risk of nonpayment for the AAA CMBS is lower than the risk of nonpayment for the non-investment grade bonds. Accordingly, the AAA class is typically sold at a lower yield compared to the non-investment grade classes that are sold at higher yields. We may invest in investment grade and non-investment grade CMBS classes.
We evaluate the risk of investment grade and non-investment grade CMBSs based on the credit risk of the underlying collateral and the risk of the transactional structure. The credit risk of the underlying collateral is crucial in evaluating the expected performance of an investment. Key variables in this assessment include rent levels, vacancy rates, supply and demand forecasts and tenant incentives (build-out incentives or other rent concessions) related to the underlying properties. We utilize third party data providers to review loan level performance such as delinquencies and threats to credit performance. We also review monthly servicing reports of the master and special servicers as well as reports from rating agencies. With respect to transactional structure, we assess the structure of a particular CMBS transaction as well as utilize third party data providers for a structural sensitivity analysis. After assessing loan-level data and structural data, we combine this information to forecast expected cash flows, probability of default and loss given a default.
Collateralized Debt Obligations. We may invest in collateralized debt obligations or CDOs. CDOs are multiple class debt securities or bonds, secured by pools of assets, such as mortgages, mortgage-backed securities, B-Notes, mezzanine loans, REIT debt and credit default swaps. The bonds may be rated by one or more rating agencies.
Other Possible Investments
Although we expect that most of our acquisitions will be of the type described above, we may make other investments. We may also acquire properties that are under development or construction, mixed-use properties, undeveloped land, options to purchase properties and other real estate-related assets. We may enter into arrangements with the seller or developer of a property whereby the seller or developer agrees that if, during a stated period, the property does not generate a specified cash flow, the seller or developer will pay in cash to us a sum necessary to reach the specified cash flow level, subject in some cases to negotiated dollar limitations. In fact, we may invest in whatever types of interests in real estate that we believe are in our best interests.
We do not expect to invest in properties located outside of the United States or in single-purpose properties, such as golf courses or specialized manufacturing buildings. We also do not intend to make loans to other persons (other than the loans described above), to underwrite securities of other issuers or to engage in the purchase and sale of any types of investments other than interests in real estate and real estate-related assets.
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Borrowing Policies
We may incur indebtedness in the form of bank borrowings, purchase money obligations to the sellers of properties we purchase, publicly and privately-placed debt instruments and/or financings from institutional investors or other lenders. This indebtedness may be unsecured or secured by mortgages or other interests in our properties or assets, or may be limited to the particular property or asset to which the indebtedness relates. We may finance the acquisition or origination of certain real estate-related investments with warehouse lines of credit and repurchase agreements. Repurchase agreements economically resemble short-term, variable-rate financings and usually require the maintenance of specific loan-to-collateral value ratios. If the market value of the assets subject to a repurchase agreement decline, we may be required to provide additional collateral or make cash payments to maintain the loan-to-collateral value ratio. If we are unable to provide such collateral or cash repayments, we may lose our economic interest in the underlying assets. Warehouse facilities, bank credit facilities and repurchase agreements generally include a recourse component, meaning that lenders retain a general claim against us as an entity. Further, such borrowings may also provide the lender with the ability to make margin calls and may limit the length of time which any given asset may be used as eligible collateral. The form of our indebtedness may be long-term or short-term, fixed or floating rate or in the form of a revolving credit facility. KBS Capital Advisors will seek to obtain financing on our behalf on the most favorable terms available. We may use borrowing proceeds to finance acquisitions of new properties or assets or originations of new loans; to pay for capital improvements, repairs or tenant build-outs; to refinance existing indebtedness; to pay distributions; or to provide working capital.
We intend to focus our investment activities on obtaining a diverse portfolio of real estate investments. Careful use of debt will help us to achieve our diversification goals because we will have more funds available for investment. We expect that once we have fully invested the proceeds of our primary offering, our debt financing will be approximately 50% of the cost of our real estate investments (before deducting depreciation or other non-cash reserves) plus the value of our other assets. There is no limitation on the amount we may borrow for the purchase of any single property or other investment. Our charter limits our borrowings to 75% of the cost (before deducting depreciation or other non-cash reserves) of our tangible assets; however, we may exceed that limit if a majority of the conflicts committee approves each borrowing in excess of our charter limitation and we disclose such borrowing to our stockholders in our next quarterly report with an explanation from the conflicts committee of the justification for the excess borrowing. We do not intend to exceed the leverage limit in our charter except in the early stages of our development when the costs of our investments are most likely to exceed our net offering proceeds.
To the extent that we do not finance our properties and other investments, our ability to acquire additional properties and real estate-related investments will be restricted. When interest rates are high or financing is otherwise unavailable on a timely basis, we may purchase certain properties and other assets for cash with the intention of obtaining a loan for a portion of the purchase price at a later time.
Except with respect to the borrowing limits contained in our charter, we may reevaluate and change our debt policy in the future without a stockholder vote. Factors that we would consider when reevaluating or changing our debt policy include: then-current economic conditions, the relative cost of debt and equity capital, any acquisition opportunities, the ability of our properties and other investments to generate sufficient cash flow to cover debt service requirements and other similar factors. Further, we may increase or decrease our ratio of debt to book value in connection with any change of our borrowing policies.
We will not borrow from our advisor or its affiliates to purchase properties or make other investments unless a majority of the conflicts committee approves the transaction as being fair, competitive and commercially reasonable and no less favorable to us than comparable loans between unaffiliated parties.
Disposition Policies
We intend to hold our properties for an extended period, typically five to seven years, which we believe is the optimal period to enable us to capitalize on the potential for increased income and capital appreciation. The period that we will hold our investments in real estate-related assets will vary depending on the type of asset, interest rates and other factors. We may hold some of our investments in mortgage and mezzanine loans for five to seven years, though we expect to hold some of our loan investments for two to three years. Our advisor develops a well-defined exit strategy for each investment we make. Specifically, our advisor assigns a sell date to each asset we acquire prior to its purchase as part of the original business plan for the asset. KBS Capital Advisors continually performs a hold-sell analysis on each asset in order to determine the optimal time to sell the asset and generate a strong return for you. Periodic reviews of each asset focus on the remaining available value enhancement opportunities for the asset and the demand for the asset in the marketplace. Economic and market conditions may influence us to hold our investments for different periods of time. We may sell an asset before the end of the expected holding period if we believe that market conditions and asset positioning have maximized the asset’s value to us or the sale of the asset would otherwise be in the best interests of our stockholders.
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If we do not list our shares of common stock on a national securities exchange by November 2012, our charter requires that we seek stockholder approval of the liquidation of the company, unless a majority of the conflicts committee determines that liquidation is not then in the best interests of our stockholders. If a majority of the conflicts committee does determine that liquidation is not then in the best interests of our stockholders, our charter requires that the conflicts committee revisit the issue of liquidation at least annually. Further postponement of listing or stockholder action regarding liquidation would only be permitted if a majority of the conflicts committee again determined that liquidation would not be in the best interest of our stockholders. If we sought and failed to obtain stockholder approval of our liquidation, our charter would not require us to list or liquidate, and we could continue to operate as before. If we sought and obtained stockholder approval of our liquidation, we would begin an orderly sale of our properties and other assets. The precise timing of such sales would take account of the prevailing real estate and financial markets, the economic conditions in the submarkets where our properties are located and the federal income tax consequences to our stockholders. In making the decision to apply for listing of our shares, our directors will try to determine whether listing our shares or liquidating our assets will result in greater value for our stockholders.
Charter-imposed Investment Limitations
Our charter places numerous limitations on us with respect to the manner in which we may invest our funds or issue securities. These limitations cannot be changed unless our charter is amended, which requires approval of our stockholders. Unless our charter is amended, we will not:
| • | | borrow in excess of 75% of the aggregate cost (before deducting depreciation or other non-cash reserves) of our tangible assets, unless approved by a majority of the conflicts committee; |
| • | | invest more than 10% of our total assets in unimproved property or mortgage loans on unimproved property, which we define as property not acquired for the purpose of producing rental or other operating income or on which there is no development or construction in progress or planned to commence within one year; |
| • | | make or invest in mortgage loans unless an appraisal is obtained concerning the underlying property, except for those mortgage loans insured or guaranteed by a government or government agency; |
| • | | make or invest in mortgage loans, including construction loans, on any one property if the aggregate amount of all mortgage loans on such property would exceed an amount equal to 85% of the appraised value of such property as determined by appraisal, unless substantial justification exists for exceeding such limit because of the presence of other underwriting criteria; |
| • | | make an investment in a property or mortgage loan if the related acquisition fees and acquisition expenses are not reasonable or exceed 6% of the purchase price of the property or, in the case of a mortgage loan, 6% of the funds advanced, provided that the investment may be made if a majority of the conflicts committee determines that the transaction is commercially competitive, fair and reasonable to us; |
| • | | acquire publicly traded equity interests in another issuer, unless a majority of the conflicts committee approves such investment as being fair, competitive and commercially reasonable; |
| • | | invest in real estate contracts of sale, otherwise known as land sale contracts, unless the contract is in recordable form and is appropriately recorded in the chain of title; |
| • | | invest in commodities or commodity futures contracts, except for futures contracts when used solely for the purpose of hedging in connection with our ordinary business of investing in real estate assets and mortgages; |
| • | | issue equity securities on a deferred payment basis or other similar arrangement; |
| • | | issue debt securities in the absence of adequate cash flow to cover debt service; |
| • | | issue equity securities that are assessable after we have received the consideration for which our board of directors authorized their issuance; or |
| • | | issue equity securities redeemable solely at the option of the holder, which restriction has no effect on our share redemption program or the ability of our Operating Partnership to issue redeemable partnership interests. |
In addition, our charter includes many other investment limitations in connection with conflict-of-interest transactions, which limitations are described above under “Conflicts of Interest.” Our charter also includes restrictions on roll-up transactions, which are described under “Description of Shares” below.
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Investment Limitations to Avoid Registration as an Investment Company
We do not intend to register as an investment company under the Investment Company Act of 1940, as amended. We intend to qualify for an exemption from registration under Section 3(c)(5)(C) of the Investment Company Act, which means we must engage primarily in the business of buying mortgages and other liens on or interests in real estate. The position of the SEC staff generally requires us to maintain at least 55% of our portfolio in qualifying real estate assets and at least another 25% of our portfolio in additional qualifying real estate assets or real estate-related assets. Participations in mortgage loans, mortgaged-backed securities, mezzanine loans, preferred equity investments, joint venture investments and the equity securities of other real estate companies may not constitute qualifying real estate assets, depending on the characteristics of the specific investments, including the rights that we have with respect to the underlying assets. Our ownership of these investments, therefore, is limited by provisions of the Investment Company Act and SEC staff interpretations.
To maintain compliance with the Investment Company Act exemption, we may be unable to sell assets we would otherwise want to sell and may need to sell assets we would otherwise wish to retain. In addition, we may have to acquire additional assets that we might not otherwise have acquired or may have to forgo opportunities to acquire interests in companies that we would otherwise want to acquire and would be important to our investment strategy. Our advisor, KBS Capital Advisors, will continually review our investment activity to attempt to ensure that we will not be regulated as an investment company. Among other things, KBS Capital Advisors will attempt to monitor the proportion of our portfolio that is placed in various investments.
LIQUIDITY EVENTS OF OTHER PUBLIC KBS-SPONSORED PROGRAMS
Our sponsors, Peter M. Bren, Charles J. Schreiber, Jr., Peter McMillan III and Keith D. Hall, have sponsored one other public real estate program, KBS REIT II. KBS REIT II launched its ongoing initial public offering on April 22, 2008. The KBS REIT II prospectus discloses that KBS REIT II will seek to list its shares of common stock if and when its independent directors believe listing would be in the best interests of its stockholders. To date, the independent directors have not made such a determination. If KBS REIT II does not list its shares of common stock on a national securities exchange by March 31, 2018, its charter requires that KBS REIT II either (i) seek stockholder approval of the liquidation of the company or (ii) if a majority of its conflicts committee determines that liquidation is not then in the best interests of the stockholders, postpone the decision of whether to liquidate the company. As we have not reached March 31, 2018, none of the actions described in (i) or (ii) above have occurred.
If a majority of its conflicts committee does determine that liquidation is not then in the best interests of KBS REIT II’s stockholders, its charter requires that the conflicts committee revisit the issue of liquidation at least annually. Further postponement of listing or stockholder action regarding liquidation would only be permitted if a majority of the conflicts committee again determined that liquidation would not be in the best interest of the stockholders. If KBS REIT II sought and failed to obtain stockholder approval of its liquidation, the KBS REIT II charter would not require KBS REIT II to list or liquidate, and KBS REIT II could continue to operate as before. If KBS REIT II sought and obtained stockholder approval of its liquidation, KBS REIT II would begin an orderly sale of its properties and other assets. The precise timing of such sales would take account of the prevailing real estate and financial markets, the economic conditions in the submarkets where its properties are located and the federal income tax consequences to the stockholders. In making the decision to apply for listing of its shares, KBS REIT II’s directors will try to determine whether listing its shares or liquidating its assets will result in greater value for stockholders.
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FEDERAL INCOME TAX CONSIDERATIONS
The following is a summary of the material U.S. federal income tax consequences of an investment in our common stock. The law firm of DLA Piper LLP (US) has acted as our tax counsel and reviewed this summary. For purposes of this section under the heading “Federal Income Tax Considerations,” references to “KBS REIT I,” “we,” “our” and “us” mean only KBS Real Estate Investment Trust, Inc. and not its subsidiaries or other lower-tier entities, except as otherwise indicated. This summary is based upon the Internal Revenue Code, the regulations promulgated by the U.S. Treasury Department, rulings and other administrative pronouncements issued by the IRS, and judicial decisions, all as currently in effect, and all of which are subject to differing interpretations or to change, possibly with retroactive effect. No assurance can be given that the IRS would not assert, or that a court would not sustain, a position contrary to any of the tax consequences described below. We have not sought and do not currently expect to seek an advance ruling from the IRS regarding any matter discussed in this prospectus. The summary is also based upon the assumption that we have and will operate KBS REIT I and its subsidiaries and affiliated entities in accordance with their applicable organizational documents. This summary is for general information only and does not purport to discuss all aspects of U.S. federal income taxation that may be important to a particular investor in light of its investment or tax circumstances or to investors subject to special tax rules, such as:
| • | | financial institutions; |
| • | | regulated investment companies; |
| • | | partnerships and trusts; |
| • | | persons who hold our stock on behalf of other persons as nominees; |
| • | | persons who receive our stock through the exercise of employee stock options (if we ever have employees) or otherwise as compensation; |
| • | | persons holding our stock as part of a “straddle,” “hedge,” “conversion transaction,” “constructive ownership transaction,” “synthetic security” or other integrated investment; |
and, except to the extent discussed below:
| • | | tax-exempt organizations; and |
This summary assumes that investors will hold their common stock as a capital asset, which generally means as property held for investment.
The federal income tax treatment of holders of our common stock depends in some instances on determinations of fact and interpretations of complex provisions of U.S. federal income tax law for which no clear precedent or authority may be available. In addition, the tax consequences to any particular stockholder of holding our common stock will depend on the stockholder’s particular tax circumstances. For example, a stockholder that is a partnership or trust that has issued an equity interest to certain types of tax-exempt organizations may be subject to a special entity-level tax if we make distributions attributable to “excess inclusion income.” See “—Taxation of KBS REIT I—Taxable Mortgage Pools and Excess Inclusion Income.” A similar tax may be payable by persons who hold our stock as nominees on behalf of tax-exempt organizations. You are urged to consult your tax advisor regarding the federal, state, local and foreign income and other tax consequences to you in light of your particular investment or tax circumstances of acquiring, holding, exchanging, or otherwise disposing of our common stock.
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Taxation of KBS REIT I
We have elected to be taxed as a REIT commencing with our taxable year that ended December 31, 2006. We believe that we have been organized and operate in such a manner as to qualify for taxation as a REIT.
The law firm of DLA Piper LLP (US), acting as our tax counsel in connection with this offering, has rendered an opinion that we have been organized and operated in conformity with the requirements for qualification and taxation as a REIT under the Internal Revenue Code, and that our current organization and method of operations will enable us to meet the requirements for qualification and taxation as a REIT. It must be emphasized that the opinion of DLA Piper LLP (US) is based on various assumptions relating to our organization and operation and is conditioned upon fact-based representations and covenants made by our management regarding our organization, assets, and income, and the past, present and future conduct of our business operations. While we intend to operate so that we will qualify as a REIT, given the highly complex nature of the rules governing REITs, the ongoing importance of factual determinations, and the possibility of future changes in our circumstances, no assurance can be given by DLA Piper LLP (US) or by us that we will qualify as a REIT for any particular year. The opinion is expressed as of the date issued and will not cover subsequent periods. Counsel will have no obligation to advise us or our stockholders of any subsequent change in the matters stated, represented or assumed, or of any subsequent change in the applicable law. You should be aware that opinions of counsel are not binding on the IRS, and no assurance can be given that the IRS will not challenge the conclusions set forth in such opinions.
Qualification and taxation as a REIT depends on our ability to meet on a continuing basis, through actual operating results, distribution levels, and diversity of stock and asset ownership, various qualification requirements imposed upon REITs by the Internal Revenue Code, the compliance with which will not be reviewed by DLA Piper LLP (US). Our ability to qualify as a REIT also requires that we satisfy certain asset tests, some of which depend upon the fair market values of assets that we own directly or indirectly. Such values may not be susceptible to a precise determination. Accordingly, no assurance can be given that the actual results of our operations for any taxable year will satisfy such requirements for qualification and taxation as a REIT.
Taxation of REITs in General
As indicated above, our qualification and taxation as a REIT depends upon our ability to meet, on a continuing basis, various qualification requirements imposed upon REITs by the Internal Revenue Code. The material qualification requirements are summarized below under “—Requirements for Qualification—General.” While we intend to operate so that we qualify as a REIT, no assurance can be given that the IRS will not challenge our qualification, or that we will be able to operate in accordance with the REIT requirements in the future. See “—Failure to Qualify.”
Provided that we qualify as a REIT, generally we will be entitled to a deduction for distributions that we pay and therefore will not be subject to federal corporate income tax on our taxable income that is currently distributed to our stockholders. This treatment substantially eliminates the “double taxation” at the corporate and stockholder levels that generally results from investment in a corporation. In general, the income that we generate is taxed only at the stockholder level upon distribution to our stockholders.
For tax years through 2010, most domestic stockholders that are individuals, trusts or estates are taxed on corporate distributions at a maximum rate of 15% (the same as long-term capital gains). With limited exceptions, however, distributions from us or from other entities that are taxed as REITs are generally not eligible for this rate and will continue to be taxed at rates applicable to ordinary income, which will be as high as 35% through 2010. See “—Taxation of Stockholders—Taxation of Taxable Domestic Stockholders—Distributions.”
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Any net operating losses and other tax attributes generally do not pass through to our stockholders, subject to special rules for certain items such as the capital gains that we recognize. See “—Taxation of Stockholders.”
If we qualify as a REIT, we will nonetheless be subject to federal tax in the following circumstances:
| • | | We will be taxed at regular corporate rates on any undistributed taxable income, including undistributed net capital gains. |
| • | | We may be subject to the “alternative minimum tax” on our items of tax preference, including any deductions of net operating losses. |
| • | | If we have net income from prohibited transactions, which are, in general, sales or other dispositions of inventory or property held primarily for sale to customers in the ordinary course of business, other than foreclosure property, such income will be subject to a 100% tax. See “—Prohibited Transactions” and “—Foreclosure Property” below. |
| • | | If we elect to treat property that we acquire in connection with a foreclosure of a mortgage loan or certain leasehold terminations as “foreclosure property,” we may thereby avoid the 100% tax on gain from a resale of that property (if the sale would otherwise constitute a prohibited transaction), but the income from the sale or operation of the property may be subject to corporate income tax at the highest applicable rate (currently 35%). |
| • | | If we derive “excess inclusion income” from an interest in certain mortgage loan securitization structures (i.e., a “taxable mortgage pool” or a residual interest in a real estate mortgage investment conduit, or “REMIC”), we could be subject to corporate level federal income tax at a 35% rate to the extent that such income is allocable to specified types of tax-exempt stockholders known as “disqualified organizations” that are not subject to unrelated business income tax. See “—Taxable Mortgage Pools and Excess Inclusion Income” below. |
| • | | If we should fail to satisfy the 75% gross income test or the 95% gross income test, as discussed below, but nonetheless maintain our qualification as a REIT because we satisfy other requirements, we will be subject to a 100% tax on an amount based on the magnitude of the failure, as adjusted to reflect the profit margin associated with our gross income. |
| • | | If we should violate the asset tests (other than certain de minimis violations) or other requirements applicable to REITs, as described below, and yet maintain our qualification as a REIT because there is reasonable cause for the failure and other applicable requirements are met, we may be subject to an excise tax. In that case, the amount of the excise tax will be at least $50,000 per failure, and, in the case of certain asset test failures, will be determined as the amount of net income generated by the assets in question multiplied by the highest corporate tax rate (currently 35%) if that amount exceeds $50,000 per failure. |
| • | | If we should fail to distribute during each calendar year at least the sum of (a) 85% of our REIT ordinary income for such year, (b) 95% of our REIT capital gain net income for such year, and (c) any undistributed taxable income from prior periods, we would be subject to a nondeductible 4% excise tax on the excess of the required distribution over the sum of (i) the amounts that we actually distributed and (ii) the amounts we retained and upon which we paid income tax at the corporate level. |
| • | | We may be required to pay monetary penalties to the IRS in certain circumstances, including if we fail to meet record keeping requirements intended to monitor our compliance with rules relating to the composition of a REIT’s stockholders, as described below in “—Requirements for Qualification—General.” |
| • | | A 100% tax may be imposed on transactions between us and a TRS (as described below) that do not reflect arm’s-length terms. |
| • | | If we acquire appreciated assets from a corporation that is not a REIT (i.e., a corporation taxable under subchapter C of the Internal Revenue Code) in a transaction in which the adjusted tax basis of the assets in our hands is determined by reference to the adjusted tax basis of the assets in the hands of the subchapter C corporation, we may be subject to tax on such appreciation at the highest corporate income tax rate then applicable if we subsequently recognize gain on a disposition of any such assets during the 10-year period following their acquisition from the subchapter C corporation. |
| • | | The earnings of our subsidiaries, including any subsidiary we may elect to treat as a TRS, are subject to federal corporate income tax to the extent that such subsidiaries are subchapter C corporations. |
In addition, we and our subsidiaries may be subject to a variety of taxes, including payroll taxes and state and local and foreign income, property and other taxes on our assets and operations. We could also be subject to tax in situations and on transactions not presently contemplated.
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Requirements for Qualification—General
The Internal Revenue Code defines a REIT as a corporation, trust or association:
| (1) | that is managed by one or more trustees or directors; |
| (2) | the beneficial ownership of which is evidenced by transferable shares, or by transferable certificates of beneficial interest; |
| (3) | that would be taxable as a domestic corporation but for its election to be subject to tax as a REIT; |
| (4) | that is neither a financial institution nor an insurance company subject to specific provisions of the Internal Revenue Code; |
| (5) | the beneficial ownership of which is held by 100 or more persons; |
| (6) | in which, during the last half of each taxable year, not more than 50% in value of the outstanding stock is owned, directly or indirectly, by five or fewer “individuals” (as defined in the Internal Revenue Code to include specified tax-exempt entities); and |
| (7) | which meets other tests described below, including with respect to the nature of its income and assets. |
The Internal Revenue Code provides that conditions (1) through (4) must be met during the entire taxable year, and that condition (5) must be met during at least 335 days of a taxable year of 12 months, or during a proportionate part of a shorter taxable year. Conditions (5) and (6) need not be met during a corporation’s initial tax year as a REIT (which, in our case, was 2006). Our charter provides restrictions regarding the ownership and transfer of our shares, which are intended to assist us in satisfying the share ownership requirements described in conditions (5) and (6) above.
To monitor compliance with the share ownership requirements, we generally are required to maintain records regarding the actual ownership of our shares. To do so, we must demand written statements each year from the record holders of significant percentages of our stock pursuant to which the record holders must disclose the actual owners of the shares (i.e., the persons required to include our distributions in their gross income). We must maintain a list of those persons failing or refusing to comply with this demand as part of our records. We could be subject to monetary penalties if we fail to comply with these record-keeping requirements. If you fail or refuse to comply with the demands, you will be required by Treasury regulations to submit a statement with your tax return disclosing your actual ownership of our shares and other information.
In addition, a corporation generally may not elect to become a REIT unless its taxable year is the calendar year. We have adopted December 31 as our year-end, and thereby satisfy this requirement.
The Internal Revenue Code provides relief from violations of the REIT gross income requirements, as described below under “—Income Tests,” in cases where a violation is due to reasonable cause and not to willful neglect, and other requirements are met, including the payment of a penalty tax that is based upon the magnitude of the violation. In addition, certain provisions of the Internal Revenue Code extend similar relief in the case of certain violations of the REIT asset requirements (see “—Asset Tests” below) and other REIT requirements, again provided that the violation is due to reasonable cause and not willful neglect, and other conditions are met, including the payment of a penalty tax. If we fail to satisfy any of the various REIT requirements, there can be no assurance that these relief provisions would be available to enable us to maintain our qualification as a REIT, and, if such relief provisions are available, the amount of any resultant penalty tax could be substantial.
Effect of Subsidiary Entities
Ownership of Partnership Interests. If we are a partner in an entity that is treated as a partnership for federal income tax purposes, Treasury regulations provide that we are deemed to own our proportionate share of the partnership’s assets, and to earn our proportionate share of the partnership’s income, for purposes of the asset and gross income tests applicable to REITs. Our proportionate share of a partnership’s assets and income is based on our capital interest in the partnership (except that for purposes of the 10% value test, our proportionate share of the partnership’s assets is based on our proportionate interest in the equity and certain debt securities issued by the partnership). In addition, the assets and gross income of the partnership are deemed to retain the same character in our hands. Thus, our proportionate share of the assets and items of income of any of our subsidiary partnerships will be treated as our assets and items of income for purposes of applying the REIT requirements. For any period of time that we own 100% of our Operating Partnership, all of the Operating Partnership’s assets and income will be deemed to be ours for federal income tax purposes.
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Disregarded Subsidiaries. If we own a corporate subsidiary that is a “qualified REIT subsidiary,” that subsidiary is generally disregarded for federal income tax purposes, and all of the subsidiary’s assets, liabilities and items of income, deduction and credit are treated as our assets, liabilities and items of income, deduction and credit, including for purposes of the gross income and asset tests applicable to REITs. A qualified REIT subsidiary is any corporation, other than a TRS (as described below), that is directly or indirectly wholly owned by a REIT. Other entities that are wholly owned by us, including single member limited liability companies that have not elected to be taxed as corporations for federal income tax purposes, are also generally disregarded as separate entities for federal income tax purposes, including for purposes of the REIT income and asset tests. Disregarded subsidiaries, along with any partnerships in which we hold an equity interest, are sometimes referred to herein as “pass-through subsidiaries.”
In the event that a disregarded subsidiary of ours ceases to be wholly owned—for example, if any equity interest in the subsidiary is acquired by a person other than us or another disregarded subsidiary of ours—the subsidiary’s separate existence would no longer be disregarded for federal income tax purposes. Instead, the subsidiary would have multiple owners and would be treated as either a partnership or a taxable corporation. Such an event could, depending on the circumstances, adversely affect our ability to satisfy the various asset and gross income requirements applicable to REITs, including the requirement that REITs generally may not own, directly or indirectly, more than 10% of the securities of another corporation. See “—Asset Tests” and “—Income Tests.”
Taxable Corporate Subsidiaries. In the future we may jointly elect with any of our subsidiary corporations, whether or not wholly owned, to treat such subsidiary corporations as taxable REIT subsidiaries, or TRSs. We generally may not own more than 10% of the securities of a taxable corporation, as measured by voting power or value, unless we and such corporation elect to treat such corporation as a TRS. The separate existence of a TRS or other taxable corporation is not ignored for federal income tax purposes. Accordingly, a TRS or other taxable corporation generally would be subject to corporate income tax on its earnings, which may reduce the cash flow that we and our subsidiaries generate in the aggregate, and may reduce our ability to make distributions to our stockholders.
We are not treated as holding the assets of a TRS or other taxable subsidiary corporation or as receiving any income that the subsidiary earns. Rather, the stock issued by a taxable subsidiary to us is an asset in our hands, and we treat the distributions paid to us from such taxable subsidiary, if any, as income. This treatment can affect our income and asset test calculations, as described below. Because we do not include the assets and income of TRSs or other taxable subsidiary corporations in determining our compliance with the REIT requirements, we may use such entities to undertake indirectly activities that the REIT rules might otherwise preclude us from doing directly or through pass-through subsidiaries. For example, we may use TRSs or other taxable subsidiary corporations to conduct activities that give rise to certain categories of income such as management fees or activities that would be treated in our hands as prohibited transactions.
We may own TRSs that are organized outside of the United States. For example, we may hold certain investments and instruments through TRSs to the extent that direct ownership by us could jeopardize our compliance with the REIT qualification requirements, and we may make TRS elections with respect to certain offshore issuers of CDOs and/or other instruments to the extent that we do not own 100% of the offshore issuer’s equity. Special rules apply in the case of income earned by a taxable subsidiary corporation that is organized outside of the United States. Depending upon the nature of the subsidiary’s income, the parent REIT may be required to include in its taxable income an amount equal to its share of the subsidiary’s income, without regard to whether, or when, such income is distributed by the subsidiary. See “—Income Tests” below. A TRS that is organized outside of the United States may, depending upon the nature of its operations, be subject to little or no federal income tax. There is a specific exemption from federal income tax for non-U.S. corporations that restrict their activities in the United States to trading stock and securities (or any activity closely related thereto) for their own account, whether such trading (or such other activity) is conducted by the corporation or its employees through a resident broker, commission agent, custodian or other agent. We currently expect that any offshore TRSs will rely on that exemption or otherwise operate in a manner so that they will generally not be subject to federal income tax on their net income at the entity level.
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Income Tests
In order to qualify as a REIT, we must satisfy two gross income requirements on an annual basis. First, at least 75% of our gross income for each taxable year, excluding gross income from sales of inventory or dealer property in “prohibited transactions,” generally must be derived from investments relating to real property or mortgages on real property, including interest income derived from mortgage loans secured by real property (including certain types of mortgage-backed securities), “rents from real property,” distributions received from other REITs, and gains from the sale of real estate assets, as well as specified income from temporary investments. Second, at least 95% of our gross income in each taxable year, excluding gross income from prohibited transactions and certain hedging transactions, must be derived from some combination of such income from investments in real property (i.e., income that qualifies under the 75% income test described above), as well as other distributions, interest, and gain from the sale or disposition of stock or securities, which need not have any relation to real property.
Interest income constitutes qualifying mortgage interest for purposes of the 75% income test (as described above) to the extent that the obligation upon which such interest is paid is secured by a mortgage on real property. If we receive interest income with respect to a mortgage loan that is secured by both real property and other property, and the highest principal amount of the loan outstanding during a taxable year exceeds the fair market value of the real property on the date that we acquired or originated the mortgage loan, the interest income will be apportioned between the real property and the other collateral, and our income from the arrangement will qualify for purposes of the 75% income test only to the extent that the interest is allocable to the real property. Even if a loan is not secured by real property, or is undersecured, the income that it generates may nonetheless qualify for purposes of the 95% income test.
To the extent that the terms of a loan provide for contingent interest that is based on the cash proceeds realized upon the sale of the property securing the loan (a “shared appreciation provision”), income attributable to the participation feature will be treated as gain from sale of the underlying property, which generally will be qualifying income for purposes of both the 75% and 95% gross income tests provided that the real property is not held as inventory or dealer property or primarily for sale to customers in the ordinary course of business. To the extent that we derive interest income from a mortgage loan or income from the rental of real property (discussed below) where all or a portion of the amount of interest or rental income payable is contingent, such income generally will qualify for purposes of the gross income tests only if it is based upon the gross receipts or sales and not on the net income or profits of the borrower or lessee. This limitation does not apply, however, where the borrower or lessee leases substantially all of its interest in the property to tenants or subtenants to the extent that the rental income derived by the borrower or lessee, as the case may be, would qualify as rents from real property had we earned the income directly.
We and our subsidiaries may invest in mezzanine loans, which are loans secured by equity interests in an entity that directly or indirectly owns real property, rather than by a direct mortgage of the real property. The IRS has issued Revenue Procedure 2003-65, which provides a safe harbor applicable to mezzanine loans. Under the Revenue Procedure, if a mezzanine loan meets each of the requirements contained in the Revenue Procedure, (1) the mezzanine loan will be treated by the IRS as a real estate asset for purposes of the asset tests described below, and (2) interest derived from the mezzanine loan will be treated as qualifying mortgage interest for purposes of the 75% income test. Although the Revenue Procedure provides a safe harbor on which taxpayers may rely, it does not prescribe rules of substantive tax law. We intend to structure any investments in mezzanine loans in a manner that generally complies with the various requirements applicable to our qualification as a REIT. However, the extent that any of our mezzanine loans do not meet all of the requirements for reliance on the safe harbor set forth in the Revenue Procedure, there can be no assurance that the IRS will not challenge the tax treatment of these loans.
We and our subsidiaries may also invest in real estate mortgage investment conduits, or REMICs, and we may invest in other types of commercial mortgage-backed securities, or CMBS. See below under “—Asset Tests” for a discussion of the effect of such investments on our qualification as a REIT.
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We may also hold certain participation interests, including B-Notes, in mortgage loans and mezzanine loans originated by other lenders. B-Notes are interests in underlying loans created by virtue of participations or similar agreements to which the originator of the loans is a party, along with one or more participants. The borrower on the underlying loans is typically not a party to the participation agreement. The performance of this investment depends upon the performance of the underlying loans and, if the underlying borrower defaults, the participant typically has no recourse against the originator of the loans. The originator often retains a senior position in the underlying loans and grants junior participations that absorb losses first in the event of a default by the borrower. We generally expect to treat our participation interests as qualifying real estate assets for purposes of the REIT asset tests described below and interest that we derive from such investments as qualifying mortgage interest for purposes of the 75% income test. The appropriate treatment of participation interests for federal income tax purposes is not entirely certain, however, and no assurance can be given that the IRS will not challenge our treatment of our participation interests. In the event of a determination that such participation interests do not qualify as real estate assets, or that the income that we derive from such participation interests does not qualify as mortgage interest for purposes of the REIT asset and income tests, we could be subject to a penalty tax, or could fail to qualify as a REIT. See “—Taxation of REITs in General,” “—Requirements for Qualification—General,” “—Asset Tests” and “—Failure to Qualify.”
Rents received by us will qualify as “rents from real property” in satisfying the gross income requirements described above only if several conditions are met. If rent is partly attributable to personal property leased in connection with a lease of real property, the portion of the rent that is attributable to the personal property will not qualify as “rents from real property” unless it constitutes 15% or less of the total rent received under the lease. In addition, the amount of rent must not be based in whole or in part on the income or profits of any person. Amounts received as rent, however, generally will not be excluded from rents from real property solely by reason of being based on fixed percentages of gross receipts or sales. Moreover, for rents received to qualify as “rents from real property,” we generally must not operate or manage the property or furnish or render services to the tenants of such property, other than through an “independent contractor” from which we derive no revenue. We are permitted, however, to perform services that are “usually or customarily rendered” in connection with the rental of space for occupancy only and which are not otherwise considered rendered to the occupant of the property. In addition, we may directly or indirectly provide noncustomary services to tenants of our properties without disqualifying all of the rent from the property if the payments for such services do not exceed 1% of the total gross income from the properties. For purposes of this test, we are deemed to have received income from such non-customary services in an amount at least 150% of the direct cost of providing the services. Moreover, we are generally permitted to provide services to tenants or others through a TRS without disqualifying the rental income received from tenants for purposes of the income tests. Also, rental income will qualify as rents from real property only to the extent that we do not directly or constructively hold a 10% or greater interest, as measured by vote or value, in the lessee’s equity.
We may directly or indirectly receive distributions from TRSs or other corporations that are not REITs or qualified REIT subsidiaries. These distributions generally are treated as dividend income to the extent of the earnings and profits of the distributing corporation. Such distributions will generally constitute qualifying income for purposes of the 95% gross income test, but not for purposes of the 75% gross income test. Any distributions that we receive from a REIT, however, will be qualifying income for purposes of both the 95% and 75% income tests.
We may receive various fees in connection with our operations relating to the origination or purchase of whole loans secured by first mortgages and other loans secured by real property. The fees will generally be qualifying income for purposes of both the 75% and 95% gross income tests if they are received in consideration for entering into an agreement to make a loan secured by real property and the fees are not determined by income and profits. Other fees generally are not qualifying income for purposes of either gross income test and will not be favorably counted for purposes of either gross income test. Any fees earned by any TRS will not be included for purposes of the gross income tests. We and our subsidiaries may enter into hedging transactions with respect to one or more of our assets or liabilities. Hedging transactions could take a variety of forms, including interest rate swap agreements, interest rate cap agreements, options, futures contracts, forward rate agreements or similar financial instruments. Except to the extent provided by Treasury regulations, any income from a hedging transaction we entered into (1) in the normal course of our business primarily to manage risk of interest rate, inflation and/or currency fluctuations with respect to borrowings made or to be made, or ordinary obligations incurred or to be incurred, to acquire or carry real estate assets, which is clearly identified as specified in Treasury regulations before the closing of the day on which it was acquired, originated, or entered into, including gain from the sale or disposition of such a transaction, and (2) primarily to manage risk of currency fluctuations with respect to any item of income or gain that would be qualifying income under the 75% or 95% income tests which is clearly identified as such before the closing of the day on which it was acquired, originated, or entered to, will not constitute gross income for purposes of the 75% or 95% gross income tests. To the extent that we enter into other types of hedging transactions, the income from those transactions is likely to be treated as non-qualifying income for purposes of the 75% or 95% gross income tests. We intend to structure any hedging transactions in a manner that does not jeopardize our qualification as a REIT.
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If we fail to satisfy one or both of the 75% or 95% gross income tests for any taxable year, we may still qualify as a REIT for such year if we are entitled to relief under applicable provisions of the Internal Revenue Code. These relief provisions will be generally available if (1) our failure to meet these tests was due to reasonable cause and not due to willful neglect and (2) following our identification of the failure to meet the 75% or 95% gross income test for any taxable year, we file a schedule with the IRS setting forth each item of our gross income for purposes of the 75% or 95% gross income test for such taxable year in accordance with Treasury regulations yet to be issued. It is not possible to state whether we would be entitled to the benefit of these relief provisions in all circumstances. If these relief provisions are inapplicable to a particular set of circumstances, we will not qualify as a REIT. As discussed above under “—Taxation of REITs in General,” even where these relief provisions apply, the Internal Revenue Code imposes a tax based upon the amount by which we fail to satisfy the particular gross income test.
Asset Tests
At the close of each calendar quarter, we must also satisfy four tests relating to the nature of our assets. First, at least 75% of the value of our total assets must be represented by some combination of “real estate assets,” cash, cash items, U.S. government securities, and, under some circumstances, stock or debt instruments purchased with new capital. For this purpose, real estate assets include interests in real property, such as land, buildings, leasehold interests in real property, stock of other corporations that qualify as REITs, and some kinds of mortgage-backed securities and mortgage loans. Assets that do not qualify for purposes of the 75% test are subject to the additional asset tests described below.
Second, the value of any one issuer’s securities that we own may not exceed 5% of the value of our total assets.
Third, we may not own more than 10% of any one issuer’s outstanding securities, as measured by either voting power or value. The 5% and 10% asset tests do not apply to securities of TRSs and qualified REIT subsidiaries and the 10% asset test does not apply to “straight debt” having specified characteristics and to certain other securities described below. Solely for purposes of the 10% asset test, the determination of our interest in the assets of a partnership or limited liability company in which we own an interest will be based on our proportionate interest in any securities issued by the partnership or limited liability company, excluding for this purpose certain securities described in the Internal Revenue Code.
Fourth, the aggregate value of all securities of Taxable REIT Subsidiaries that we hold may not exceed 20% (25% for our taxable years ending on or after December 31, 2009) of the value of our total assets.
Notwithstanding the general rule, as noted above, that for purposes of the REIT income and asset tests we are treated as owning our proportionate share of the underlying assets of a subsidiary partnership, if we hold indebtedness issued by a partnership, the indebtedness will be subject to, and may cause a violation of, the asset tests unless the indebtedness is a qualifying mortgage asset or other conditions are met. Similarly, although stock of another REIT is a qualifying asset for purposes of the REIT asset tests, any non-mortgage debt that is issued by another REIT may not so qualify (such debt, however, will not be treated as “securities” for purposes of the 10% asset test, as explained below).
Certain relief provisions are available to REITs to satisfy the asset requirements or to maintain REIT qualification notwithstanding certain violations of the asset and other requirements. One such provision allows a REIT that fails one or more of the asset requirements to nevertheless maintain its REIT qualification if (1) the REIT provides the IRS with a description of each asset causing the failure, (2) the failure is due to reasonable cause and not willful neglect, (3) the REIT pays a tax equal to the greater of (a) $50,000 per failure, and (b) the product of the net income generated by the assets that caused the failure multiplied by the highest applicable corporate tax rate (currently 35%), and (4) the REIT either disposes of the assets causing the failure within six months after the last day of the quarter in which it identifies the failure, or otherwise satisfies the relevant asset tests within that time frame.
In the case of de minimis violations of the 10% and 5% asset tests, a REIT may maintain its qualification despite a violation of such requirements if (1) the value of the assets causing the violation does not exceed the lesser of 1% of the REIT’s total assets and $10,000,000, and (2) the REIT either disposes of the assets causing the failure within six months after the last day of the quarter in which it identifies the failure, or the relevant tests are otherwise satisfied within that time frame.
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Certain securities will not cause a violation of the 10% asset test described above. Such securities include instruments that constitute “straight debt,” which includes, among other things, securities having certain contingency features. A security does not qualify as “straight debt” where a REIT (or a controlled TRS of the REIT) owns other securities of the same issuer which do not qualify as straight debt, unless the value of those other securities constitute, in the aggregate, 1% or less of the total value of that issuer’s outstanding securities. In addition to straight debt, the Internal Revenue Code provides that certain other securities will not violate the 10% asset test. Such securities include (1) any loan made to an individual or an estate, (2) certain rental agreements pursuant to which one or more payments are to be made in subsequent years (other than agreements between a REIT and certain persons related to the REIT under attribution rules), (3) any obligation to pay rents from real property, (4) securities issued by governmental entities that are not dependent in whole or in part on the profits of (or payments made by) a non-governmental entity, (5) any security (including debt securities) issued by another REIT, and (6) any debt instrument issued by a partnership if the partnership’s income is of a nature that it would satisfy the 75% gross income test described above under “—Income Tests.” In applying the 10% asset test, a debt security issued by a partnership is not taken into account to the extent, if any, of the REIT’s proportionate interest in the equity and certain debt securities issued by that partnership.
Any interests that we hold in a REMIC will generally qualify as real estate assets and income derived from REMIC interests will generally be treated as qualifying income for purposes of the REIT income tests described above. If less than 95% of the assets of a REMIC are real estate assets, however, then only a proportionate part of our interest in the REMIC and income derived from the interest qualifies for purposes of the REIT asset and income tests. If we hold a “residual interest” in a REMIC from which we derive “excess inclusion income,” we will be required to either distribute the excess inclusion income or pay tax on it (or a combination of the two), even though we may not receive the income in cash. To the extent that distributed excess inclusion income is allocable to a particular stockholder, the income (1) would not be allowed to be offset by any net operating losses otherwise available to the stockholder, (2) would be subject to tax as unrelated business taxable income in the hands of most types of stockholders that are otherwise generally exempt from federal income tax, and (3) would result in the application of U.S. federal income tax withholding at the maximum rate (30%), without reduction of any otherwise applicable income tax treaty, to the extent allocable to most types of foreign stockholders. Moreover, any excess inclusion income that we receive that is allocable to specified categories of tax-exempt investors, which are not subject to unrelated business income tax, such as government entities, may be subject to corporate-level income tax in our hands, whether or not it is distributed. See “—Taxable Mortgage Pools and Excess Inclusion Income.”
To the extent that we hold mortgage participations or CMBS that do not represent REMIC interests, such assets may not qualify as real estate assets, and the income generated from them might not qualify for purposes of either or both of the REIT income tests, depending upon the circumstances and the specific structure of the investment.
We believe that our holdings of securities and other assets will comply with the foregoing REIT asset requirements, and we intend to monitor compliance on an ongoing basis. Certain mezzanine loans we make or acquire may qualify for the safe harbor in Revenue Procedure 2003-65 pursuant to which certain loans secured by a first priority security interest in ownership interests in a partnership or limited liability company will be treated as qualifying assets for purposes of the 75% real estate asset test and the 10% vote or value test. See “—Income Tests.” We may make some mezzanine loans that do not qualify for that safe harbor and that do not qualify as “straight debt” securities or for one of the other exclusions from the definition of “securities” for purposes of the 10% value test. We intend to make such investments in such a manner as not to fail the asset tests described above.
No independent appraisals will be obtained to support our conclusions as to the value of our total assets or the value of any particular security or securities. Moreover, values of some assets, including instruments issued in securitization transactions, may not be susceptible to a precise determination, and values are subject to change in the future. Furthermore, the proper classification of an instrument as debt or equity for federal income tax purposes may be uncertain in some circumstances, which could affect the application of the REIT asset requirements. Accordingly, there can be no assurance that the IRS will not contend that our interests in our subsidiaries or in the securities of other issuers will not cause a violation of the REIT asset tests.
If we should fail to satisfy the asset tests at the end of a calendar quarter, such a failure would not cause us to lose our REIT qualification if we (1) satisfied the asset tests at the close of the preceding calendar quarter and (2) the discrepancy between the value of our assets and the asset requirements was not wholly or partly caused by an acquisition of non-qualifying assets, but instead arose from changes in the market value of our assets. If the condition described in (2) were not satisfied, we still could avoid disqualification by eliminating any discrepancy within 30 days after the close of the calendar quarter in which it arose or by making use of relief provisions described below.
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Annual Distribution Requirements
In order to qualify as a REIT, we are required to make distributions, other than capital gain distributions, to our stockholders in an amount at least equal to:
| (1) | 90% of our “REIT taxable income,” computed without regard to our net capital gains and the dividends paid deduction, and |
| (2) | 90% of our net income, if any, (after tax) from foreclosure property (as described below), minus |
| (b) | the sum of specified items of non-cash income. |
We generally must make these distributions in the taxable year to which they relate, or in the following taxable year if declared before we timely file our tax return for the year and if paid with or before the first regular distribution payment after such declaration. In order for distributions to be counted for this purpose, and to provide a tax deduction for us, the distributions must not be “preferential dividends.” A distribution is not a preferential dividend if the distribution is (1) pro rata among all outstanding shares of stock within a particular class, and (2) in accordance with the preferences among different classes of stock as set forth in our organizational documents.
To the extent that we distribute at least 90%, but less than 100%, of our “REIT taxable income,” as adjusted, we will be subject to tax at ordinary corporate tax rates on the retained portion. We may elect to retain, rather than distribute, our net long-term capital gains and pay tax on such gains. In this case, we could elect for our stockholders to include their proportionate shares of such undistributed long-term capital gains in income, and to receive a corresponding credit for their share of the tax that we paid. Our stockholders would then increase their adjusted basis of their stock by the difference between (a) the amounts of capital gain distributions that we designated and that they include in their taxable income, minus (b) the tax that we paid on their behalf with respect to that income.
To the extent that we have available net operating losses carried forward from prior tax years, such losses may reduce the amount of distributions that we must make in order to comply with the REIT distribution requirements. Such losses, however, will generally not affect the character, in the hands of our stockholders, of any distributions that are actually made as ordinary dividends or capital gains. See “—Taxation of Stockholders—Taxation of Taxable Domestic Stockholders—Distributions.”
If we should fail to distribute during each calendar year at least the sum of (a) 85% of our REIT ordinary income for such year, (b) 95% of our REIT capital gain net income for such year, and (c) any undistributed taxable income from prior periods, we would be subject to a non-deductible 4% excise tax on the excess of such required distribution over the sum of (x) the amounts actually distributed, plus (y) the amounts of income we retained and on which we have paid corporate income tax.
It is possible that, from time to time, we may not have sufficient cash to meet the distribution requirements due to timing differences between (a) our actual receipt of cash, including receipt of distributions from our subsidiaries, and (b) our inclusion of items in income for federal income tax purposes. Other potential sources of non-cash taxable income include:
| • | | “residual interests” in REMICs or taxable mortgage pools; |
| • | | loans or mortgage-backed securities held as assets that are issued at a discount and require the accrual of taxable economic interest in advance of receipt in cash; and |
| • | | loans on which the borrower is permitted to defer cash payments of interest, and distressed loans on which we may be required to accrue taxable interest income even though the borrower is unable to make current servicing payments in cash. |
In the event that such timing differences occur, in order to meet the distribution requirements, it might be necessary for us to arrange for short-term, or possibly long-term, borrowings, or to pay distributions in the form of taxable in-kind distributions of property.
We may be able to rectify a failure to meet the distribution requirements for a year by paying “deficiency dividends” to stockholders in a later year, which may be included in our deduction for distributions paid for the earlier year. In this case, we may be able to avoid losing REIT qualification or being taxed on amounts distributed as deficiency dividends. We will be required to pay interest and a penalty based on the amount of any deduction taken for deficiency dividends.
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Failure to Qualify
If we fail to satisfy one or more requirements for REIT qualification other than the gross income or asset tests, we could avoid disqualification if our failure is due to reasonable cause and not to willful neglect and we pay a penalty of $50,000 for each such failure. Relief provisions are available for failures of the gross income tests and asset tests, as described above in “—Income Tests” and “—Asset Tests.”
If we fail to qualify for taxation as a REIT in any taxable year, and the relief provisions described above do not apply, we would be subject to tax, including any applicable alternative minimum tax, on our taxable income at regular corporate rates. We cannot deduct distributions to stockholders in any year in which we are not a REIT, nor would we be required to make distributions in such a year. In this situation, to the extent of current and accumulated earnings and profits, distributions to domestic stockholders that are individuals, trusts and estates will generally be taxable at capital gains rates (through 2010). In addition, subject to the limitations of the Internal Revenue Code, corporate distributees may be eligible for the dividends received deduction. Unless we are entitled to relief under specific statutory provisions, we would also be disqualified from re-electing to be taxed as a REIT for the four taxable years following the year during which we lost qualification. It is not possible to state whether, in all circumstances, we would be entitled to this statutory relief.
Prohibited Transactions
Net income that we derive from a prohibited transaction is subject to a 100% tax. The term “prohibited transaction” generally includes a sale or other disposition of property (other than foreclosure property, as discussed below) that is held primarily for sale to customers in the ordinary course of a trade or business. We intend to conduct our operations so that no asset that we own (or are treated as owning) will be treated as, or as having been, held for sale to customers, and that a sale of any such asset will not be treated as having been in the ordinary course of our business. Whether property is held “primarily for sale to customers in the ordinary course of a trade or business” depends on the particular facts and circumstances. No assurance can be given that any property that we sell will not be treated as property held for sale to customers, or that we can comply with certain safe-harbor provisions of the Internal Revenue Code that would prevent such treatment. The 100% tax does not apply to gains from the sale of property that is held through a TRS or other taxable corporation, although such income will potentially be subject to tax in the hands of the corporation at regular corporate rates.
Foreclosure Property
Foreclosure property is real property and any personal property incident to such real property (1) that we acquire as the result of having bid on the property at foreclosure, or having otherwise reduced the property to ownership or possession by agreement or process of law, after a default (or upon imminent default) on a lease of the property or a mortgage loan held by us and secured by the property, (2) for which we acquired the related loan or lease at a time when default was not imminent or anticipated, and (3) with respect to which we made a proper election to treat the property as foreclosure property. We generally will be subject to tax at the maximum corporate rate (currently 35%) on any net income from foreclosure property, including any gain from the disposition of the foreclosure property, other than income that would otherwise be qualifying income for purposes of the 75% gross income test. Any gain from the sale of property for which a foreclosure property election has been made will not be subject to the 100% tax on gains from prohibited transactions described above, even if the property would otherwise constitute inventory or dealer property. To the extent that we receive any income from foreclosure property that does not qualify for purposes of the 75% gross income test, we intend to make an election to treat the related property as foreclosure property.
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Derivatives and Hedging Transactions
We and our subsidiaries may enter into hedging transactions with respect to interest rate exposure on one or more of our assets or liabilities. Hedging transactions could take a variety of forms, including interest rate swap agreements, interest rate cap agreements, options, futures contracts, forward rate agreements or similar financial instruments. Except to the extent provided by Treasury regulations, any income from a hedging transaction we entered into (1) in the normal course of our business primarily to manage risk of interest rate, inflation and/or currency fluctuations with respect to borrowings made or to be made, or ordinary obligations incurred or to be incurred, to acquire or carry real estate assets, which is clearly identified as specified in Treasury regulations before the closing of the day on which it was acquired, originated, or entered into, including gain from the sale or disposition of such a transaction, and (2) primarily to manage risk of currency fluctuations with respect to any item of income or gain that would be qualifying income under the 75% or 95% income tests which is clearly identified as such before the closing of the day on which it was acquired, originated, or entered into, will not constitute gross income for purposes of the 75% or 95% gross income tests. To the extent that we enter into other types of hedging transactions, the income from those transactions is likely to be treated as non-qualifying income for purposes of the 75% or 95% gross income tests. We intend to structure any hedging transactions in a manner that does not jeopardize our qualification as a REIT. We may conduct some or all of our hedging activities through our TRS or other corporate entity, the income from which may be subject to federal income tax, rather than by participating in the arrangements directly or through pass-through subsidiaries. No assurance can be given, however, that our hedging activities will not give rise to income that does not qualify for purposes of either or both of the REIT gross income tests, or that our hedging activities will not adversely affect our ability to satisfy the REIT qualification requirements.
Taxable Mortgage Pools and Excess Inclusion Income
An entity, or a portion of an entity, may be classified as a taxable mortgage pool, or TMP, under the Internal Revenue Code if:
| • | | substantially all of its assets consist of debt obligations or interests in debt obligations; |
| • | | more than 50% of those debt obligations are real estate mortgages or interests in real estate mortgages as of specified testing dates; |
| • | | the entity has issued debt obligations (liabilities) that have two or more maturities; and |
| • | | the payments required to be made by the entity on its debt obligations (liabilities) “bear a relationship” to the payments to be received by the entity on the debt obligations that it holds as assets. |
Under regulations issued by the U.S. Treasury Department, if less than 80% of the assets of an entity (or a portion of an entity) consist of debt obligations, these debt obligations are considered not to comprise “substantially all” of its assets, and therefore the entity would not be treated as a TMP. Our financing and securitization arrangements may give rise to TMPs with the consequences as described below.
Where an entity, or a portion of an entity, is classified as a TMP, it is generally treated as a taxable corporation for federal income tax purposes. In the case of a REIT, or a portion of a REIT, or a disregarded subsidiary of a REIT, that is a TMP, however, special rules apply. The TMP is not treated as a corporation that is subject to corporate income tax, and the TMP classification does not directly affect the tax qualification of the REIT. Rather, the consequences of the TMP classification would, in general, except as described below, be limited to the stockholders of the REIT.
A portion of the REIT’s income from the TMP arrangement, which might be noncash accrued income, could be treated as excess inclusion income. Under recently issued IRS guidance, the REIT’s excess inclusion income, including any excess inclusion income from a residual interest in a REMIC, must be allocated among its stockholders in proportion to distributions paid. The REIT is required to notify stockholders of the amount of “excess inclusion income” allocated to them. A stockholder’s share of excess inclusion income:
| • | | cannot be offset by any net operating losses otherwise available to the stockholder; |
| • | | is subject to tax as unrelated business taxable income in the hands of most types of stockholders that are otherwise generally exempt from federal income tax; and |
| • | | results in the application of U.S. federal income tax withholding at the maximum rate (30%), without reduction for any otherwise applicable income tax treaty or other exemption, to the extent allocable to most types of foreign stockholders. |
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See “—Taxation of Stockholders.” Under recently issued IRS guidance, to the extent that excess inclusion income is allocated from a TMP to a tax-exempt stockholder of a REIT that is not subject to unrelated business income tax (such as a government entity), the REIT will be subject to tax on this income at the highest applicable corporate tax rate (currently 35%). In this case, we are authorized to reduce and intend to reduce distributions to such stockholders by the amount of such tax paid by the REIT that is attributable to such stockholder’s ownership. Treasury regulations provide that such a reduction in distributions does not give rise to a preferential dividend that could adversely affect the REIT’s compliance with its distribution requirements. See “—Annual Distribution Requirements.” The manner in which excess inclusion income is calculated, or would be allocated to stockholders, including allocations among shares of different classes of stock, remains unclear under current law. As required by IRS guidance, we intend to make such determinations using a reasonable method. Tax-exempt investors, foreign investors and taxpayers with net operating losses should carefully consider the tax consequences described above, and are urged to consult their tax advisors.
If a subsidiary partnership of ours that we do not wholly own, directly or through one or more disregarded entities, were a TMP, the foregoing rules would not apply. Rather, the partnership that is a TMP would be treated as a corporation for federal income tax purposes and potentially could be subject to corporate income tax or withholding tax. In addition, this characterization would alter our income and asset test calculations and could adversely affect our compliance with those requirements. We intend to monitor the structure of any TMPs (including whether a TRS election might be made in respect of any such TMP) in which we have an interest to ensure that they will not adversely affect our qualification as a REIT.
Taxation of Stockholders
Taxation of Taxable Domestic Stockholders
Distributions. So long as we qualify as a REIT, the distributions that we make to our taxable domestic stockholders out of current or accumulated earnings and profits that we do not designate as capital gain distributions will generally be taken into account by stockholders as ordinary income and will not be eligible for the dividends received deduction for corporations. With limited exceptions, our distributions are not eligible for taxation at the preferential income tax rates (i.e., the 15% maximum federal rate through 2010) for qualified distributions received by domestic stockholders that are individuals, trusts and estates from taxable C corporations. Such stockholders, however, are taxed at the preferential rates on distributions designated by and received from REITs to the extent that the distributions are attributable to:
| • | | income retained by the REIT in the prior taxable year on which the REIT was subject to corporate level income tax (less the amount of tax); |
| • | | distributions received by the REIT from TRSs or other taxable C corporations; or |
| • | | income in the prior taxable year from the sales of “built-in gain” property acquired by the REIT from C corporations in carryover basis transactions (less the amount of corporate tax on such income). |
Distributions that we designate as capital gain dividends will generally be taxed to our stockholders as long-term capital gains, to the extent that such distributions do not exceed our actual net capital gain for the taxable year, without regard to the period for which the stockholder that receives such distribution has held its stock. We may elect to retain and pay taxes on some or all of our net long-term capital gains, in which case provisions of the Internal Revenue Code will treat our stockholders as having received, solely for tax purposes, our undistributed capital gains, and the stockholders will receive a corresponding credit for taxes that we paid on such undistributed capital gains. See “—Taxation of KBS REIT I—Annual Distribution Requirements.” Corporate stockholders may be required to treat up to 20% of some capital gain distributions as ordinary income. Long-term capital gains are generally taxable at maximum federal rates of 15% (through 2010) in the case of stockholders that are individuals, trusts and estates, and 35% in the case of stockholders that are corporations. Capital gains attributable to the sale of depreciable real property held for more than 12 months are subject to a 25% maximum federal income tax rate for taxpayers who are taxed as individuals, to the extent of previously claimed depreciation deductions.
Distributions in excess of our current and accumulated earnings and profits will generally represent a return of capital and will not be taxable to a stockholder to the extent that the amount of such distributions do not exceed the adjusted basis of the stockholder’s shares in respect of which the distributions were made. Rather, the distribution will reduce the adjusted basis of the stockholder’s shares. To the extent that such distributions exceed the adjusted basis of a stockholder’s shares, the stockholder generally must include such distributions in income as long-term capital gain, or short-term capital gain if the shares have been held for one year or less. In addition, any distribution that we declare in October, November or December of any year and that is payable to a stockholder of record on a specified date in any such month will be treated as both paid by us and received by the stockholder on December 31 of such year, provided that we actually pay the distribution before the end of January of the following calendar year.
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To the extent that we have available net operating losses and capital losses carried forward from prior tax years, such losses may reduce the amount of distributions that we must make in order to comply with the REIT distribution requirements. See “—Taxation of KBS REIT I—Annual Distribution Requirements.” Such losses, however, are not passed through to stockholders and do not offset income of stockholders from other sources, nor would such losses affect the character of any distributions that we make, which are generally subject to tax in the hands of stockholders to the extent that we have current or accumulated earnings and profits.
If excess inclusion income from a taxable mortgage pool or REMIC residual interest is allocated to any stockholder, that income will be taxable in the hands of the stockholder and would not be offset by any net operating losses of the stockholder that would otherwise be available. See “Taxation of KBS REIT I—Taxable Mortgage Pools and Excess Inclusion Income.” As required by IRS guidance, we intend to notify our stockholders if a portion of a distribution paid by us is attributable to excess inclusion income.
Dispositions of Our Stock. In general, capital gains recognized by individuals, trusts and estates upon the sale or disposition of our stock will be subject to a maximum federal income tax rate of 15% (through 2010) if the stock is held for more than one year, and will be taxed at ordinary income rates (of up to 35% through 2010) if the stock is held for one year or less. Gains recognized by stockholders that are corporations are subject to federal income tax at a maximum rate of 35%, whether or not such gains are classified as long-term capital gains. Capital losses recognized by a stockholder upon the disposition of our stock that was held for more than one year at the time of disposition will be considered long-term capital losses, and are generally available only to offset capital gain income of the stockholder but not ordinary income (except in the case of individuals, who may offset up to $3,000 of ordinary income each year). In addition, any loss upon a sale or exchange of shares of our stock by a stockholder who has held the shares for six months or less, after applying holding period rules, will be treated as a long-term capital loss to the extent of distributions that we make that are required to be treated by the stockholder as long-term capital gain.
If an investor recognizes a loss upon a subsequent disposition of our stock or other securities in an amount that exceeds a prescribed threshold, it is possible that the provisions of Treasury regulations involving “reportable transactions” could apply, with a resulting requirement to separately disclose the loss-generating transaction to the IRS. These regulations, though directed towards “tax shelters,” are broadly written and apply to transactions that would not typically be considered tax shelters. The Internal Revenue Code imposes significant penalties for failure to comply with these requirements. You should consult your tax advisor concerning any possible disclosure obligation with respect to the receipt or disposition of our stock or securities or transactions that we might undertake directly or indirectly. Moreover, you should be aware that we and other participants in the transactions in which we are involved (including their advisors) might be subject to disclosure or other requirements pursuant to these regulations.
Passive Activity Losses and Investment Interest Limitations. Distributions that we make and gain arising from the sale or exchange by a domestic stockholder of our stock will not be treated as passive activity income. As a result, stockholders will not be able to apply any “passive losses” against income or gain relating to our stock. To the extent that distributions we make do not constitute a return of capital, they will be treated as investment income for purposes of computing the investment interest limitation.
Taxation of Foreign Stockholders
The following is a summary of certain U.S. federal income and estate tax consequences of the ownership and disposition of our stock applicable to non-U.S. holders. A “non-U.S. holder” is any person other than:
| • | | a citizen or resident of the United States; |
| • | | a corporation (or entity treated as a corporation for U.S. federal income tax purposes) created or organized in the United States or under the laws of the United States, or of any state thereof, or the District of Columbia; |
| • | | an estate, the income of which is includable in gross income for U.S. federal income tax purposes regardless of its source; or |
| • | | a trust if a United States court is able to exercise primary supervision over the administration of such trust and one or more United States fiduciaries have the authority to control all substantial decisions of the trust. |
If a partnership, including for this purpose any entity that is treated as a partnership for U.S. federal income tax purposes, holds our common stock, the tax treatment of a partner in the partnership will generally depend upon the status of the partner and the activities of the partnership. An investor that is a partnership and the partners in such partnership should consult their tax advisors about the U.S. federal income tax consequences of the acquisition, ownership and disposition of our common stock.
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The following discussion is based on current law, and is for general information only. It addresses only selected, and not all, aspects of U.S. federal income and estate taxation.
Ordinary Dividends. The portion of distributions received by non-U.S. holders (1) that is payable out of our earnings and profits, (2) which is not attributable to our capital gains and (3) which is not effectively connected with a U.S. trade or business of the non-U.S. holder, will be subject to U.S. withholding tax at the rate of 30%, unless reduced or eliminated by treaty. Reduced treaty rates and other exemptions are not available to the extent that income is attributable to excess inclusion income allocable to the foreign stockholder. Accordingly, we will withhold at a rate of 30% on any portion of a distribution that is paid to a non-U.S. holder and attributable to that holder’s share of our excess inclusion income. See “—Taxation of KBS REIT I—Taxable Mortgage Pools and Excess Inclusion Income.” As required by IRS guidance, we intend to notify our stockholders if a portion of a distribution paid by us is attributable to excess inclusion income.
In general, non-U.S. holders will not be considered to be engaged in a U.S. trade or business solely as a result of their ownership of our stock. In cases where the dividend income from a non-U.S. holder’s investment in our stock is, or is treated as, effectively connected with the non-U.S. holder’s conduct of a U.S. trade or business, the non-U.S. holder generally will be subject to U.S. federal income tax at graduated rates, in the same manner as domestic stockholders are taxed with respect to such distributions. Such income must generally be reported on a U.S. income tax return filed by or on behalf of the non-U.S. holder. The income may also be subject to the 30% branch profits tax in the case of a non-U.S. holder that is a corporation.
Non-Dividend Distributions. Unless our stock constitutes a U.S. real property interest (a “USRPI”), distributions that we make that are not out of our earnings and profits will not be subject to U.S. income tax. If we cannot determine at the time a distribution is made whether or not the distribution will exceed current and accumulated earnings and profits, the distribution will be subject to withholding at the rate applicable to ordinary dividends. The non-U.S. holder may seek a refund from the IRS of any amounts withheld if it is subsequently determined that the distribution was, in fact, in excess of our current and accumulated earnings and profits. If our stock constitutes a USRPI, as described below, distributions that we make in excess of the sum of (a) the stockholder’s proportionate share of our earnings and profits, plus (b) the stockholder’s basis in its stock, will be taxed under the Foreign Investment in Real Property Tax Act of 1980, or FIRPTA, at the rate of tax, including any applicable capital gains rates, that would apply to a domestic stockholder of the same type (e.g., an individual or a corporation, as the case may be), and the collection of the tax will be enforced by a refundable withholding at a rate of 10% of the amount by which the distribution exceeds the stockholder’s share of our earnings and profits.
Capital Gain Distributions. Under FIRPTA, a distribution that we make to a non-U.S. holder, to the extent attributable to gains from dispositions of USRPIs that we held directly or through pass-through subsidiaries, or USRPI capital gains, will, except as described below, be considered effectively connected with a U.S. trade or business of the non-U.S. holder and will be subject to U.S. income tax at the rates applicable to U.S. individuals or corporations, without regard to whether we designate the distribution as a capital gain distribution. See above under “—Taxation of Foreign Stockholders—Ordinary Dividends,” for a discussion of the consequences of income that is effectively connected with a U.S. trade or business. In addition, we will be required to withhold tax equal to 35% of the amount of distributions to the extent the distributions constitute USRPI capital gains. Distributions subject to FIRPTA may also be subject to a 30% branch profits tax in the hands of a non-U.S. holder that is a corporation. A distribution is not a USRPI capital gain if we held an interest in the underlying asset solely as a creditor. Capital gain distributions received by a non-U.S. holder that are attributable to dispositions of our assets other than USRPIs are not subject to U.S. federal income or withholding tax, unless (1) the gain is effectively connected with the non-U.S. holder’s U.S. trade or business, in which case the non-U.S. holder would be subject to the same treatment as U.S. holders with respect to such gain, or (2) the non- U.S. holder is a nonresident alien individual who was present in the United States for 183 days or more during the taxable year and has a “tax home” in the United States, in which case the non-U.S. holder will incur a 30% tax on his or her capital gains.
A capital gain distribution that would otherwise have been treated as a USRPI capital gain will not be so treated or be subject to FIRPTA, and generally will not be treated as income that is effectively connected with a U.S. trade or business, and instead will be treated in the same manner as an ordinary dividend (see “—Taxation of Foreign Stockholders—Ordinary Dividends”), if (1) the capital gain distribution is received with respect to a class of stock that is regularly traded on an established securities market located in the United States, and (2) the recipient non-U.S. holder does not own more than 5% of that class of stock at any time during the year ending on the date on which the capital gain distribution is received. At the time you purchase shares in this offering, our shares will not be publicly traded and we can give you no assurance that our shares will ever be publicly traded on an established securities market. Therefore, these rules will not apply to our capital gain distributions.
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Dispositions of Our Stock. Unless our stock constitutes a USRPI, a sale of our stock by a non-U.S. holder generally will not be subject to U.S. taxation under FIRPTA. Our stock will not be treated as a USRPI if less than 50% of our assets throughout a prescribed testing period consist of interests in real property located within the United States, excluding, for this purpose, interests in real property solely in a capacity as a creditor.
Even if the foregoing 50% test is not met, our stock nonetheless will not constitute a USRPI if we are a “domestically-controlled qualified investment entity.” A domestically-controlled qualified investment entity includes a REIT, less than 50% of value of which is held directly or indirectly by non-U.S. holders at all times during a specified testing period. We believe that we will be a domestically-controlled qualified investment entity, and that a sale of our stock should not be subject to taxation under FIRPTA. However, as mentioned above, we can give you no assurance that our shares will ever be publicly traded on an established securities market.
In the event that we are not a domestically-controlled qualified investment entity, but our stock is “regularly traded,” as defined by applicable Treasury regulations, on an established securities market, a non-U.S. holder’s sale of our common stock nonetheless would not be subject to tax under FIRPTA as a sale of a USRPI, provided that the selling non-U.S. holder held 5% or less of our outstanding common stock any time during the one-year period ending on the date of the sale. However, we do not expect that our common stock will be publicly traded following this offering.
If gain on the sale of our stock were subject to taxation under FIRPTA, the non-U.S. holder would be required to file a U.S. federal income tax return and would be subject to the same treatment as a U.S. stockholder with respect to such gain, subject to applicable alternative minimum tax and a special alternative minimum tax in the case of non-resident alien individuals, and the purchaser of the stock could be required to withhold 10% of the purchase price and remit such amount to the IRS.
Gain from the sale of our stock that would not otherwise be subject to FIRPTA will nonetheless be taxable in the United States to a non-U.S. holder in two cases: (1) if the non-U.S. holder’s investment in our stock is effectively connected with a U.S. trade or business conducted by such non-U.S. holder, the non-U.S. holder will be subject to the same treatment as a U.S. stockholder with respect to such gain, or (2) if the non-U.S. holder is a nonresident alien individual who was present in the United States for 183 days or more during the taxable year and has a “tax home” in the United States, the nonresident alien individual will be subject to a 30% tax on the individual’s capital gain. In addition, even if we are a domestically controlled qualified investment entity, upon disposition of our stock, a non-U.S. holder may be treated as having gain from the sale or exchange of a USRPI if the non-U.S. holder (1) disposes of our common stock within a 30-day period preceding the ex-dividend date of a distribution, any portion of which, but for the disposition, would have been treated as gain from the sale or exchange of a USRPI and (2) acquires, or enters into a contract or option to acquire, other shares of our common stock within 30 days after such ex-dividend date.
Estate Tax. If our stock is owned or treated as owned by an individual who is not a citizen or resident (as specially defined for U.S. federal estate tax purposes) of the United States at the time of such individual’s death, the stock will be includable in the individual’s gross estate for U.S. federal estate tax purposes, unless an applicable estate tax treaty provides otherwise, and may therefore be subject to U.S. federal estate tax.
Taxation of Tax-Exempt Stockholders
Tax-exempt entities, including qualified employee pension and profit sharing trusts and individual retirement accounts, generally are exempt from federal income taxation. However, they may be subject to taxation on their unrelated business taxable income, or UBTI. While some investments in real estate may generate UBTI, the IRS has ruled that dividend distributions from a REIT to a tax-exempt entity do not constitute UBTI. Based on that ruling, and provided that (1) a tax-exempt stockholder has not held our stock as “debt financed property” within the meaning of the Internal Revenue Code (i.e., where the acquisition or holding of the property is financed through a borrowing by the tax-exempt stockholder), and (2) our stock is not otherwise used in an unrelated trade or business, distributions that we make and income from the sale of our stock generally should not give rise to UBTI to a tax-exempt stockholder.
To the extent, however, that we are (or a part of us, or a disregarded subsidiary of ours) a TMP, or if we hold residual interests in a REMIC, a portion of the distributions paid to a tax-exempt stockholder that is allocable to excess inclusion income may be treated as UBTI. Our investments may generate excess inclusion income. If, however, excess inclusion income is allocable to some categories of tax-exempt stockholders that are not subject to UBTI, we will be subject to corporate level tax on such income, and, in that case, we are authorized to reduce and intend to reduce the amount of distributions to those stockholders whose ownership gave rise to the tax. See “—Taxation of KBS REIT I—Taxable Mortgage Pools and Excess Inclusion Income.” As required by IRS guidance, we intend to notify our stockholders if a portion of a distribution paid by us is attributable to excess inclusion income.
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Tax-exempt stockholders that are social clubs, voluntary employee benefit associations, supplemental unemployment benefit trusts, and qualified group legal services plans exempt from federal income taxation under Sections 501(c)(7), (c)(9), (c)(17) and (c)(20) of the Internal Revenue Code are subject to different UBTI rules, which generally require such stockholders to characterize distributions that we make as UBTI.
In certain circumstances, a pension trust that owns more than 10% of our stock could be required to treat a percentage of its distributions as UBTI, if we are a “pension-held REIT.” We will not be a pension-held REIT unless either (1) one pension trust owns more than 25% of the value of our stock, or (2) a group of pension trusts, each individually holding more than 10% of the value of our stock, collectively owns more than 50% of our stock. Certain restrictions on ownership and transfer of our stock should generally prevent a tax-exempt entity from owning more than 10% of the value of our stock and should generally prevent us from becoming a pension-held REIT.
Tax-exempt stockholders are urged to consult their tax advisors regarding the federal, state, local and foreign income and other tax consequences of owning our stock.
Backup Withholding and Information Reporting
We will report to our domestic stockholders and the IRS the amount of dividends paid during each calendar year and the amount of any tax withheld. Under the backup withholding rules, a domestic stockholder may be subject to backup withholding with respect to dividends paid unless the holder is a corporation or comes within other exempt categories and, when required, demonstrates this fact or provides a taxpayer identification number or social security number, certifies as to no loss of exemption from backup withholding and otherwise complies with applicable requirements of the backup withholding rules. A domestic stockholder that does not provide his or her correct taxpayer identification number or social security number may also be subject to penalties imposed by the IRS. Backup withholding is not an additional tax. In addition, we may be required to withhold a portion of a capital gain distribution to any domestic stockholder who fails to certify its non-foreign status.
We must report annually to the IRS and to each non-U.S. stockholder the amount of dividends paid to such holder and the tax withheld with respect to such dividends, regardless of whether withholding was required. Copies of the information returns reporting such dividends and withholding may also be made available to the tax authorities in the country in which the non-U.S. stockholder resides under the provisions of an applicable income tax treaty. A non-U.S. stockholder may be subject to backup withholding unless applicable certification requirements are met.
Payment of the proceeds of a sale of our common stock within the U.S. is subject to both backup withholding and information reporting unless the beneficial owner certifies under penalties of perjury that it is a non-U.S. stockholder (and the payor does not have actual knowledge or reason to know that the beneficial owner is a U.S. person) or the holder otherwise establishes an exemption. Payment of the proceeds of a sale of our common stock conducted through certain U.S. related financial intermediaries is subject to information reporting (but not backup withholding) unless the financial intermediary has documentary evidence in its records that the beneficial owner is a non-U.S. stockholder and specified conditions are met or an exemption is otherwise established. Any amounts withheld under the backup withholding rules may be allowed as a refund or a credit against such holder’s U.S. federal income tax liability provided the required information is furnished to the IRS.
Other Tax Considerations
Legislative or Other Actions Affecting REITs
The rules dealing with federal income taxation are constantly under review by persons involved in the legislative process and by the IRS and the U.S. Treasury Department. Changes to the federal tax laws and interpretations thereof could adversely affect an investment in our stock.
State, Local and Foreign Taxes
We and our subsidiaries and stockholders may be subject to state, local or foreign taxation in various jurisdictions including those in which we or they transact business, own property or reside. We may own real property assets located in numerous jurisdictions, and may be required to file tax returns in some or all of those jurisdictions. Our state, local or foreign tax treatment and that of our stockholders may not conform to the federal income tax treatment discussed above. We may own foreign real estate assets and pay foreign property taxes, and dispositions of foreign property or operations involving, or investments in, foreign real estate assets may give rise to foreign income or other tax liability in amounts that could be substantial. Any foreign taxes that we incur do not pass through to stockholders as a credit against their U.S. federal income tax liability. Prospective investors should consult their tax advisors regarding the application and effect of state, local and foreign income and other tax laws on an investment in our stock.
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DESCRIPTION OF SHARES
Our amended and restated charter authorizes the issuance of 1,010,000,000 shares of capital stock, of which 1,000,000,000 shares are designated as common stock with a par value of $0.01 per share and 10,000,000 shares are designated as preferred stock with a par value of $0.01 per share. In addition, our board of directors may amend our charter to increase or decrease the amount of our authorized shares. As of September 15, 2008, 176,194,460 shares of our common stock were issued and outstanding, and no shares of preferred stock were issued and outstanding.
Common Stock
The holders of our common stock are entitled to one vote per share on all matters submitted to a stockholder vote, including the election of our directors. The presence in person or by proxy of stockholders entitled to cast a majority of all the votes entitled to be cast at any stockholder meeting constitutes a quorum, and, unless a different threshold is required by the Maryland General Corporation Law or our charter, the affirmative vote of a majority of all votes cast by the holders of our common stock is necessary to take stockholder action. Unless applicable law requires otherwise, and except as our charter may provide with respect to any series of preferred stock that we may issue in the future, the holders of our common stock will possess exclusive voting power.
Our charter does not provide for cumulative voting in the election of our directors. Each candidate nominated for election to the board of directors must receive a majority of the votes present, in person or by proxy, in order to be elected. Therefore, if a nominee receives fewer “for” votes than “withhold” votes in an election, then the nominee will not be elected. The holders of a majority of our outstanding shares of common stock can elect our entire board of directors.
Holders of our common stock will be entitled to receive such distributions as declared from time to time by our board of directors out of legally available funds, subject to any preferential rights of any preferred stock that we issue in the future. In any liquidation, each outstanding share of common stock entitles its holder to share (based on the percentage of shares held) in the assets that remain after we pay our liabilities and any preferential distributions owed to preferred stockholders. Holders of shares of our common stock will not have preemptive rights, which means that you will not have an automatic option to purchase any new shares that we issue, nor will holders of our shares have any preference, conversion, exchange, sinking fund, redemption or appraisal rights. Our common stock shall be non-assessable by us upon our receipt of the consideration for which our board of directors authorized its issuance.
Our board of directors has authorized the issuance of shares of our capital stock without certificates. We expect that, until our shares are listed on a national securities exchange, we will not issue shares in certificated form. Information regarding restrictions on the transferability of our shares that, under Maryland General Corporation Law, would otherwise have been required to appear on our share certificates will instead be furnished to stockholders upon request and without charge. These requests should be delivered or mailed to: KBS Real Estate Investment Trust, c/o Phoenix Transfer, Inc., 2401 Kerner Boulevard, San Rafael CA 94901.
We maintain a stock ledger that contains the name and address of each stockholder and the number of shares that the stockholder holds. With respect to uncertificated stock, we will continue to treat the stockholder registered on our stock ledger as the owner of the shares until the new owner delivers a properly executed form to us, which form we will provide to any registered holder upon request.
Preferred Stock
Our charter authorizes our board of directors to designate and issue one or more classes or series of preferred stock without stockholder approval. Our board of directors may determine the relative rights, preferences and privileges of each class or series of preferred stock so issued, which may be more beneficial than the rights, preferences and privileges attributable to our common stock. The issuance of preferred stock could have the effect of delaying or preventing a change in control. Our board of directors has no present plans to issue preferred stock but may do so at any time in the future without stockholder approval.
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Meetings and Special Voting Requirements
An annual meeting of our stockholders will be held each year, at least 30 days after delivery of our annual report. Special meetings of stockholders may be called only upon the request of a majority of our directors, a majority of our independent directors, our chief executive officer, our president or upon the written request of stockholders holding at least 10% of the shares entitled to be cast on any issue proposed to be considered at the special meeting. Upon receipt of a written request of stockholders holding at least 10% of the shares entitled to be cast stating the purpose of the special meeting, our secretary will provide all of our stockholders written notice of the meeting and the purpose of such meeting. The meeting must be held not less than 15 days or more than 60 days after the distribution of the notice of the meeting. The presence in person or by proxy of stockholders entitled to cast a majority of all the votes entitled to be cast at any stockholder meeting constitutes a quorum. Unless otherwise provided by the Maryland General Corporation Law or our charter, the affirmative vote of a majority of all votes cast is necessary to take stockholder action. With respect to the election of directors, each candidate nominated for election to the board of directors must receive a majority of the votes present, in person or by proxy, in order to be elected. Therefore, if a nominee receives fewer “for” votes than “withhold” votes in an election, then the nominee will not be elected.
Our charter provides that the concurrence of the board is not required in order for the stockholders to amend the charter, dissolve the corporation or remove directors. However, we have been advised that Maryland General Corporation Law does require board approval in order to amend our charter or dissolve. Without the approval of a majority of the shares entitled to vote on the matter, the board of directors may not:
| • | | amend the charter to adversely affect the rights, preferences and privileges of the stockholders; |
| • | | amend charter provisions relating to director qualifications, fiduciary duties, liability and indemnification, conflicts of interest, investment policies or investment restrictions; |
| • | | cause our liquidation or dissolution after our initial investment in property; |
| • | | sell all or substantially all of our assets other than in the ordinary course of business; or |
| • | | cause our merger or reorganization. |
The advisory agreement has a one-year term ending November 8, 2008 but may be renewed for an unlimited number of successive one-year periods upon the mutual consent of KBS Capital Advisors and us. Our independent directors will annually review our advisory agreement with KBS Capital Advisors. While the stockholders do not have the ability to vote to replace KBS Capital Advisors or to select a new advisor, stockholders do have the ability, by the affirmative vote of a majority of the shares entitled to vote on such matter, to remove a director from our board.
Advance Notice for Stockholder Nominations for Directors and Proposals of New Business
In order for a stockholder to nominate a director or propose new business at the annual stockholders’ meeting, our bylaws generally require that the stockholder give notice of the nomination or proposal at least 90 days but not more than 120 days prior to the first anniversary of the date of the mailing of the notice for the preceding year’s annual stockholders’ meeting, unless such nomination or proposal is made pursuant to the company’s notice of the meeting or by or at the direction of our board of directors. Our bylaws contain a similar notice requirement in connection with nominations for directors at a special meeting of stockholders called for the purpose of electing one or more directors. Failure to comply with the notice provisions will make stockholders unable to nominate directors or propose new business.
Restriction on Ownership of Shares
Ownership Limit
To maintain our REIT qualification, not more than 50% in value of our outstanding shares may be owned, directly or indirectly, by five or fewer individuals (including certain entities treated as individuals under the Internal Revenue Code) during the last half of each taxable year. In addition, at least 100 persons who are independent of us and each other must beneficially own our outstanding shares for at least 335 days per 12-month taxable year or during a proportionate part of a shorter taxable year. Each of the requirements specified in the two preceding sentences did not apply to us until after 2006, the first taxable year for which we made an election to be taxed as a REIT. We may prohibit certain acquisitions and transfers of shares so as to ensure our continued qualification as a REIT under the Internal Revenue Code. However, we cannot assure you that this prohibition will be effective.
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To help ensure that we meet these tests, our charter prohibits any person or group of persons from acquiring, directly or indirectly, beneficial ownership of more than 9.8% of our aggregate outstanding shares unless exempted by our board of directors. Our board of directors may waive this ownership limit with respect to a particular person if the board receives evidence that ownership in excess of the limit will not jeopardize our REIT status. For purposes of this provision, we treat corporations, partnerships and other entities as single persons.
Any attempted transfer of our shares that, if effective, would result in a violation of our ownership limit or would result in our shares being owned by fewer than 100 persons will be null and void and will cause the number of shares causing the violation to be automatically transferred to a trust for the exclusive benefit of one or more charitable beneficiaries. The prohibited transferee will not acquire any rights in the shares. The automatic transfer will be deemed to be effective as of the close of business on the business day prior to the date of the attempted transfer. We will designate a trustee of the trust that will not be affiliated with us or the prohibited transferee. We will also name one or more charitable organizations as a beneficiary of the share trust.
Shares held in trust will remain issued and outstanding shares and will be entitled to the same rights and privileges as all other shares of the same class or series. The prohibited transferee will not benefit economically from any of the shares held in trust, will not have any rights to dividends or distributions and will not have the right to vote or any other rights attributable to the shares held in the trust. The trustee will receive all dividends and distributions on the shares held in trust and will hold such dividends or distributions in trust for the benefit of the charitable beneficiary. The trustee may vote any shares held in trust.
Within 20 days of receiving notice from us that any of our shares have been transferred to the trust for the charitable beneficiary, the trustee will sell those shares to a person designated by the trustee whose ownership of the shares will not violate the above restrictions. Upon the sale, the interest of the charitable beneficiary in the shares sold will terminate and the trustee will distribute the net proceeds of the sale to the prohibited transferee and to the charitable beneficiary as follows. The prohibited transferee will receive the lesser of (i) the price paid by the prohibited transferee for the shares or, if the prohibited transferee did not give value for the shares in connection with the event causing the shares to be held in the trust (e.g., a gift, devise or other similar transaction), the market price (as defined in our charter) of the shares on the day of the event causing the shares to be held in the trust and (ii) the price received by the trustee from the sale or other disposition of the shares. Any net sale proceeds in excess of the amount payable to the prohibited transferee will be paid immediately to the charitable beneficiary. If, prior to our discovery that shares have been transferred to the trust, the shares are sold by the prohibited transferee, then (i) the shares shall be deemed to have been sold on behalf of the trust and (ii) to the extent that the prohibited transferee received an amount for the shares that exceeds the amount he was entitled to receive, the excess shall be paid to the trustee upon demand.
In addition, shares held in the trust for the charitable beneficiary will be deemed to have been offered for sale to us, or our designee, at a price per share equal to the lesser of (i) the price per share in the transaction that resulted in the transfer to the trust (or, in the case of a devise or gift, the market price at the time of the devise or gift) and (ii) the market price on the date we, or our designee, accept the offer. We will have the right to accept the offer until the trustee has sold the shares. Upon a sale to us, the interest of the charitable beneficiary in the shares sold will terminate and the trustee will distribute the net proceeds of the sale to the prohibited transferee.
Any person who acquires or attempts to acquire shares in violation of the foregoing restrictions or who would have owned the shares that were transferred to any such trust must give us immediate written notice of such event, and any person who proposes or attempts to acquire or receive shares in violation of the foregoing restrictions must give us at least 15 days’ written notice prior to such transaction. In both cases, such persons shall provide to us such other information as we may request in order to determine the effect, if any, of such transfer on our status as a REIT.
The foregoing restrictions will continue to apply until our board of directors determines it is no longer in our best interest to continue to qualify as a REIT. The ownership limit does not apply to any underwriter in an offering of our shares or to a person or persons exempted from the ownership limit by our board of directors based upon appropriate assurances that our qualification as a REIT would not be jeopardized.
Within 30 days after the end of each taxable year, every owner of 5% or more of our outstanding capital stock will be asked to deliver to us a statement setting forth the number of shares owned directly or indirectly by such person and a description of how such person holds the shares. Each such owner shall also provide us with such additional information as we may request in order to determine the effect, if any, of his or her beneficial ownership on our status as a REIT and to ensure compliance with our ownership limit.
These restrictions could delay, defer or prevent a transaction or change in control of our company that might involve a premium price for our shares of common stock or otherwise be in the best interests of our stockholders.
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Suitability Standards, Minimum Purchase Requirements and Subsequent Purchasers
State securities laws and our charter require that purchasers of our stock meet standards regarding (i) net worth or income and (ii) minimum purchase amounts. The suitability standards applicable to the purchase of shares in this offering are described above at “Suitability Standards” immediately following the cover page of this prospectus. Investors in our primary offering were required to invest at least $4,000 in our shares to be eligible to participate in the offering.
Subsequent purchasers, i.e., potential purchasers of your shares, must also meet the net worth or income standards, and unless you are transferring all of your shares, you may not transfer your shares in a manner that causes you or your transferee to own fewer than the number of shares required to meet the minimum purchase requirements, except for the following transfers without consideration: transfers by gift, transfers by inheritance, intrafamily transfers, family dissolutions, transfers to affiliates and transfers by operation of law. These suitability and minimum purchase requirements are applicable until our shares of common stock are listed on a national securities exchange, and these requirements may make it more difficult for you to sell your shares.
Distributions
We intend to authorize and declare daily distributions that will be paid on a monthly basis. We intend to use daily record dates for the determination of who is entitled to a distribution.
To maintain our qualification as a REIT, we must make aggregate annual distributions to our stockholders of at least 90% of our REIT taxable income (which is computed without regard to the dividends paid deduction or net capital gain and which does not necessarily equal net income as calculated in accordance with GAAP). If we meet the REIT qualification requirements, we generally will not be subject to federal income tax on the income that we distribute to our stockholders each year. See “Federal Income Tax Considerations — Taxation of KBS REIT I – Annual Distribution Requirements.”
Our board of directors declares distributions at its discretion. Generally, our policy is to pay distributions from cash flow from operations and not to pay distributions from offering proceeds; however, our board has the authority under our organizational documents, to the extent permitted by Maryland General Corporation Law, to pay distributions from any source, including borrowings, offering proceeds or the proceeds from the issuance of securities. Because we may receive income from interest or rents at various times during our fiscal year, distributions may not reflect our income earned in that particular distribution period. Instead, in an attempt to make distributions relatively uniform, we may declare distributions in anticipation of cash flow that we expect to receive during a later period and we may pay these distributions in advance of our actual receipt of these funds. In these instances, we expect to look first to borrowings to fund our distributions.
Inspection of Books and Records
As a part of our books and records, we maintain at our principal office an alphabetical list of the names of our stockholders, along with their addresses and telephone numbers and the number of shares held by each of them. We update this stockholder list at least quarterly and it is available for inspection at our principal office by a stockholder or his or her designated agent upon request of the stockholder. We will also mail this list to any stockholder within 10 days of receipt of his or her request. We may impose a reasonable charge for expenses incurred in reproducing such list. Stockholders, however, may not sell or use this list for commercial purposes. The purposes for which stockholders may request this list include matters relating to their voting rights.
If our advisor or our board of directors neglects or refuses to exhibit, produce or mail a copy of the stockholder list as requested, our advisor and/or board, as the case may be, shall be liable to the stockholder requesting the list for the costs, including attorneys’ fees, incurred by that stockholder for compelling the production of the stockholder list and any actual damages suffered by the stockholder for the neglect or refusal to produce the list. It shall be a defense that the actual purpose and reason for the requests for inspection or for a copy of the stockholder list is to secure such list of stockholders or other information for the purpose of selling such list or copies thereof, or of using the same for a commercial purpose (such as to solicit the purchase of our shares) other than in the interest of the applicant as a stockholder relative to the affairs of our company. We may require that the stockholder requesting the stockholder list represent that the request is not for a commercial purpose unrelated to the stockholder’s interest in our company. The remedies provided by our charter to stockholders requesting copies of the stockholder list are in addition to, and do not in any way limit, other remedies available to stockholders under federal law, or the law of any state.
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Business Combinations
Under the Maryland General Corporation Law, business combinations between a Maryland corporation and an interested stockholder or the interested stockholder’s affiliate are prohibited for five years after the most recent date on which the stockholder becomes an interested stockholder. For this purpose, the term “business combination” includes mergers, consolidations, share exchanges, asset transfers and issuances or reclassifications of equity securities. An “interested stockholder” is defined for this purpose as: (1) any person who beneficially owns 10 percent or more of the voting power of the corporation’s shares; or (2) an affiliate or associate of the corporation who, at any time within the two-year period prior to the date in question, was the beneficial owner of 10 percent or more of the voting power of the then outstanding voting shares of the corporation. A person is not an interested stockholder under the statute if the board of directors approved in advance the transaction by which he otherwise would have become an interested stockholder. However, in approving a transaction, the board of directors may provide that its approval is subject to compliance, at or after the time of approval, with any terms and conditions determined by the board.
After the five-year prohibition, any business combination between the corporation and an interested stockholder generally must be recommended by the board of directors of the corporation and approved by the affirmative vote of at least: (1) 80% of the votes entitled to be cast by holders of outstanding voting shares of the corporation; and (2) two-thirds of the votes entitled to be cast by holders of voting shares of the corporation other than shares held by the interested stockholder or its affiliate with whom the business combination is to be effected, or held by an affiliate or associate of the interested stockholder.
These super-majority vote requirements do not apply if the corporation’s common stockholders receive a minimum price, as defined under the Maryland General Corporation Law, for their shares in the form of cash or other consideration in the same form as previously paid by the interested stockholder for its shares.
None of these provisions of the Maryland General Corporation Law will apply, however, to business combinations that are approved or exempted by the board of directors of the corporation prior to the time that the interested stockholder becomes an interested stockholder. However, we have opted out of these provisions of Maryland General Corporation Law by a provision of our amended and restated charter.
Control Share Acquisitions
The Maryland General Corporation Law provides that control shares of a Maryland corporation acquired in a control share acquisition have no voting rights except to the extent approved by a vote of two-thirds of the votes entitled to be cast on the matter. Shares owned by the acquirer, an officer of the corporation or an employee of the corporation who is also a director of the corporation are excluded from the vote on whether to accord voting rights to the control shares. “Control shares” are voting shares that, if aggregated with all other shares owned by the acquirer or with respect to which the acquirer has the right to vote or to direct the voting of, other than solely by virtue of revocable proxy, would entitle the acquirer to exercise voting power in electing directors within one of the following ranges of voting powers:
| • | | one-tenth or more but less than one-third; |
| • | | one-third or more but less than a majority; or |
| • | | a majority or more of all voting power. |
Control shares do not include shares the acquiring person is then entitled to vote as a result of having previously obtained stockholder approval. Except as otherwise specified in the statute, a “control share acquisition” means the acquisition of control shares.
Once a person who has made or proposes to make a control share acquisition has undertaken to pay expenses and has satisfied other required conditions, the person may compel the board of directors to call a special meeting of stockholders to be held within 50 days of the demand to consider the voting rights of the shares. If no request for a meeting is made, the corporation may itself present the question at any stockholders meeting.
If voting rights are not approved for the control shares at the meeting or if the acquiring person does not deliver an “acquiring person statement” for the control shares as required by the statute, the corporation may redeem any or all of the control shares for their fair value, except for control shares for which voting rights have previously been approved. Fair value is to be determined for this purpose without regard to the absence of voting rights for the control shares, and is to be determined as of the date of the last control share acquisition or of any meeting of stockholders at which the voting rights for control shares are considered and not approved.
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If voting rights for control shares are approved at a stockholders’ meeting and the acquirer becomes entitled to vote a majority of the shares entitled to vote, all other stockholders may exercise appraisal rights. The fair value of the shares as determined for purposes of these appraisal rights may not be less than the highest price per share paid in the control share acquisition. Some of the limitations and restrictions otherwise applicable to the exercise of dissenters’ rights do not apply in the context of a control share acquisition.
The control share acquisition statute does not apply to shares acquired in a merger, consolidation or share exchange if the corporation is a party to the transaction or to acquisitions approved or exempted by the charter or bylaws of the corporation.
Our amended and restated charter contains a provision exempting from the control share acquisition statute any and all acquisitions by any person of our stock.
Subtitle 8
Subtitle 8 of Title 3 of the Maryland General Corporation Law permits a Maryland corporation with a class of equity securities registered under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, and at least three independent directors to elect to be subject, by provision in its charter or bylaws or a resolution of its board of directors and notwithstanding any contrary provision in the charter or bylaws, to any or all of five provisions:
| • | | a two-thirds vote requirement for removing a director, |
| • | | a requirement that the number of directors be fixed only by vote of the directors, |
| • | | a requirement that a vacancy on the board be filled only by the remaining directors and for the remainder of the full term of the directorship in which the vacancy occurred, and |
| • | | a majority requirement for the calling of a special meeting of stockholders. |
We have added provisions to our charter that prohibit us from electing to be subject to the provisions of Subtitle 8. Through provisions of our bylaws unrelated to Subtitle 8, we already vest in our board of directors the exclusive power to fix the number of directorships. Our bylaws may be amended by our stockholders or the board of directors.
Share Redemption Program
On August 12, 2008, our board of directors approved a share redemption program plan document. Previously the share redemption program was a narrative description in our offering prospectus. There were no material changes to the share redemption program approved in the plan document from the terms of the share redemption program effective as of September 13, 2007. The share redemption program as amended pursuant to the plan document became effective September 13, 2008. Set forth below is a full description of our share redemption program.
Our board of directors has adopted a share redemption program that may enable you to sell your shares to us in limited circumstances. In its sole discretion, our board of directors could choose to terminate the program or to amend its provisions without stockholder approval. Unless the shares are being redeemed in connection with a stockholder’s death or “qualifying disability” (as defined below), the prices at which we will redeem shares are as follows:
| • | | The lower of $9.25 or 92.5% of the price paid to acquire the shares from us for stockholders who have held their shares for at least one year; |
| • | | The lower of $9.50 or 95.0% of the price paid to acquire the shares from us for stockholders who have held their shares for at least two years; |
| • | | The lower of $9.75 or 97.5% of the price paid to acquire the shares from us for stockholders who have held their shares for at least three years; and |
| • | | The lower of $10.00 or 100% of the price paid to acquire the shares from us for stockholders who have held their shares for at least four years. |
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Notwithstanding the above, once we establish an estimated value per share of our common stock, the redemption price per share for all stockholders will be equal to the estimated value per share, as determined by our advisor or another firm chosen for that purpose. We expect to establish an estimated value per share beginning three years after the completion of our offering stage. We will consider our offering stage complete when we are no longer publicly offering equity securities and have not done so for one year. We would report this redemption price to you in our annual report and the three quarterly reports that we publicly file with the SEC. (For purposes of this definition, we do not consider “public equity offerings” to include offerings on behalf of selling stockholders or offerings related to a dividend reinvestment plan, employee benefit plan or the redemption of interests in the Operating Partnership).
There are several limitations on our ability to redeem shares under the program:
| • | | Unless the shares are being redeemed in connection with a stockholder’s death or “qualifying disability,” we may not redeem shares until they have been outstanding for one year. |
| • | | During any calendar year, our share redemption program limits the number of shares we may redeem to those that we could purchase with the net proceeds from the sale of shares under our dividend reinvestment plan during the prior calendar year. |
| • | | During any calendar year, we may redeem no more than 5% of the weighted-average number of shares outstanding during the prior calendar year. |
| • | | We have no obligation to redeem shares if the redemption would violate the restrictions on distributions under Maryland General Corporation Law, as amended from time to time, which prohibits distributions that would cause a corporation to fail to meet statutory tests of solvency. |
We have engaged a third party to administer the share redemption program. We will redeem shares on the last business day of each month. The program administrator must receive your written request for redemption at least five business days before that date in order for us to repurchase your shares that month. If we could not repurchase all shares presented for redemption in any month, we will attempt to honor redemption requests on a pro rata basis. We will deviate from pro rata purchases in two minor ways: (i) if a pro rata redemption would result in you owning less than half of the minimum purchase amount described above under “—Restriction on Ownership of Shares – Suitability Standards, Minimum Purchase Requirements and Subsequent Purchasers,” then we would redeem all of your shares; and (ii) if a pro rata redemption would result in you owning more than half but less than all of the minimum purchase amount, then we would not redeem any shares that would reduce your holdings below the minimum purchase amount. In the event that you were redeeming all of your shares, there would be no holding period requirement for shares purchased pursuant to our dividend reinvestment plan.
If we did not completely satisfy a stockholder’s redemption request at month-end because the program administrator did not receive the request in time or because of the restrictions on the number of shares we could redeem under the program, we would treat the unsatisfied portion of the redemption request as a request for redemption at the next redemption date funds are available for redemption unless the stockholder withdraws his or her request before the next date for redemptions. Any stockholder may withdraw a redemption request upon written notice to the program administrator if such notice is received by us at least five business days before the date for redemptions.
In several respects we would treat redemptions sought upon a stockholder’s death or “qualifying disability” differently from other redemptions:
| • | | there is no one-year holding requirement; |
| • | | until we establish an estimated value per share, which we expect to be three years after the completion of our offering stage, the redemption price is the amount paid to acquire the shares from us; and |
| • | | once we have established an estimated value per share, the redemption price will be the estimated value of the shares, as determined by our advisor or another firm chosen for that purpose. |
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In order for a disability to entitle a stockholder to the special redemption terms described above (a “qualifying disability”), (1) the stockholder must receive a determination of disability based upon a physical or mental condition or impairment arising after the date the stockholder acquired the shares to be redeemed, and (2) such determination of disability must be made by the governmental agency responsible for reviewing the disability retirement benefits that the stockholder could be eligible to receive (the “applicable governmental agency”). The “applicable governmental agencies” are limited to the following: (i) if the stockholder paid Social Security taxes and, therefore, could be eligible to receive Social Security disability benefits, then the applicable governmental agency is the Social Security Administration or the agency charged with responsibility for administering Social Security disability benefits at that time if other than the Social Security Administration; (ii) if the stockholder did not pay Social Security taxes and, therefore, could not be eligible to receive Social Security disability benefits, but the stockholder could be eligible to receive disability benefits under the Civil Service Retirement System (“CSRS”), then the applicable governmental agency is the U.S. Office of Personnel Management or the agency charged with responsibility for administering CSRS benefits at that time if other than the Office of Personnel Management; or (iii) if the stockholder did not pay Social Security taxes and therefore could not be eligible to receive Social Security benefits but suffered a disability that resulted in the stockholder’s discharge from military service under conditions that were other than dishonorable and, therefore, could be eligible to receive military disability benefits, then the applicable governmental agency is the Department of Veterans Affairs or the agency charged with the responsibility for administering military disability benefits at that time if other than the Department of Veterans Affairs.
Disability determinations by governmental agencies for purposes other than those listed above, including but not limited to worker’s compensation insurance, administration or enforcement of the Rehabilitation Act or Americans with Disabilities Act, or waiver of insurance premiums will not entitle a stockholder to the special redemption terms described above. Redemption requests following an award by the applicable governmental agency of disability benefits must be accompanied by: (1) the investor’s initial application for disability benefits and (2) a Social Security Administration Notice of Award, a U.S. Office of Personnel Management determination of disability under CSRS, a Department of Veterans Affairs record of disability-related discharge or such other documentation issued by the applicable governmental agency that we deem acceptable and demonstrates an award of the disability benefits.
We understand that the following disabilities do not entitle a worker to Social Security disability benefits:
| • | | disabilities occurring after the legal retirement age; and |
| • | | disabilities that do not render a worker incapable of performing substantial gainful activity. |
Therefore, such disabilities will not qualify for the special redemption terms, except in the limited circumstances when the investor is awarded disability benefits by the other “applicable governmental agencies” described above.
Our board of directors may amend, suspend or terminate the program for any reason upon 30 days’ notice. We would notify you of such developments in our annual or quarterly reports that we publicly file with the SEC or by means of a separate mailing to you, accompanied by disclosure in a current or periodic report under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. During this offering, we would also include this information in a prospectus supplement or post-effective amendment to the registration statement, as required under federal securities laws.
Our share redemption program only provides stockholders a limited ability to redeem shares for cash until a secondary market develops for our shares, at which time the program will terminate. No such market presently exists, and we cannot assure you that any market for your shares will ever develop.
Qualifying stockholders who desire to redeem their shares must give written notice to us at KBS Real Estate Investment Trust, c/o Phoenix Transfer, Inc., 2401 Kerner Boulevard, San Rafael CA 94901.
Registrar and Transfer Agent
We have engaged a third party, Phoenix Transfer, Inc., to serve as the registrar and transfer agent for our common stock.
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Restrictions on Roll-Up Transactions
A Roll-up Transaction is a transaction involving the acquisition, merger, conversion or consolidation, directly or indirectly, of us and the issuance of securities of an entity that is created or would survive after the successful completion of a Roll-up Transaction, which we refer to as a Roll-up Entity. This term does not include:
| • | | a transaction involving our securities that have been for at least 12 months listed on a national securities exchange; or |
| • | | a transaction involving only our conversion into a trust or association if, as a consequence of the transaction, there will be no significant adverse change in the voting rights of our stockholders, the term of our existence, the compensation to our advisor or our investment objectives. |
In connection with any proposed Roll-up Transaction, an appraisal of all our assets will be obtained from a competent independent appraiser. Our assets will be appraised on a consistent basis, and the appraisal will be based on an evaluation of all relevant information and will indicate the value of our assets as of a date immediately preceding the announcement of the proposed Roll-up Transaction. The appraisal will assume an orderly liquidation of assets over a 12-month period. The terms of the engagement of the independent appraiser will clearly state that the engagement is for our benefit and the benefit of our stockholders. A summary of the appraisal, indicating all material assumptions underlying the appraisal, will be included in a report to our stockholders in connection with any proposed Roll-up Transaction.
In connection with a proposed Roll-up Transaction, the person sponsoring the Roll-up Transaction must offer to our stockholders who vote “no” on the proposal the choice of:
| (1) | accepting the securities of the Roll-up Entity offered in the proposed Roll-up Transaction; or |
| (A) | remaining as stockholders of us and preserving their interests in us on the same terms and conditions as existed previously; or |
| (B) | receiving cash in an amount equal to the stockholders’ pro rata share of the appraised value of our net assets. |
We are prohibited from participating in any proposed Roll-up Transaction:
| • | | that would result in our stockholders having democracy rights in a Roll-up Entity that are less than those provided in our charter and bylaws, including rights with respect to the election and removal of directors and the other voting rights of our stockholders, annual reports, annual and special meetings of stockholders, the amendment of our charter and our dissolution; |
| • | | that includes provisions that would operate to materially impede or frustrate the accumulation of shares by any purchaser of the securities of the Roll-up Entity, except to the minimum extent necessary to preserve the tax status of the Roll-up Entity, or that would limit the ability of an investor to exercise the voting rights of its securities of the Roll-up Entity on the basis of the number of shares held by that investor; |
| • | | in which investors’ rights of access to the records of the Roll-up Entity would be less than those provided in our charter and described in the section of this prospectus entitled “Description of Shares — Meetings and Special Voting Requirements;” or |
| • | | in which any of the costs of the Roll-up Transaction would be borne by us if the Roll-up Transaction would not be approved by our stockholders. |
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PLAN OF DISTRIBUTION
General
We are offering up to 80,000,000 shares of common stock to our stockholders pursuant to our dividend reinvestment plan at a purchase price initially equal to $9.50 per share. Three years after the completion of our offering stage, shares issued pursuant to our dividend reinvestment plan will be priced at the estimated value per share of our common stock, as determined by our advisor or another firm chosen for that purpose. We may continue to offer shares under our dividend reinvestment plan until we have sold all 80,000,000 shares through the reinvestment of dividends. In many states, we will need to renew the registration statement or file a new registration statement to continue the offering. We may terminate this offering at any time.
To the extent permitted under state securities laws, if we paid selling commissions in connection with the sale of shares to you in our primary offering, we may pay a 3% selling commission on any shares issued to you under our dividend reinvestment plan. We will not pay selling commissions on shares issued to residents of Ohio under the dividend reinvestment plan commencing with plan purchases for dividend record dates after September 30, 2008. We will pay selling commissions to KBS Capital Markets Group, the dealer manager of our primary offering. KBS Capital Markets Group will reallow any selling commissions payable on shares purchased through the dividend reinvestment plan to the broker-dealer associated with such account. We will not pay any dealer manager fee for shares sold under our dividend reinvestment plan.
Broker-dealers may agree to waive selling commissions on dividend reinvestment plan shares in which case no selling commissions will be paid to any person in connection with the sale of such shares. All sales of shares under our dividend reinvestment plan will be at the same price regardless of whether we pay selling commissions on the sale of the shares. If no selling commissions are paid on the sale of the dividend reinvestment plan shares, the amount that would have been paid as a selling commission is retained and used by us.
In addition to selling commissions, we will incur expenses related to the offering, such as our legal, accounting, printing, mailing and filing fees. KBS Capital Advisors has agreed to reimburse us to the extent selling commissions and other organization and offering expenses incurred by us in connection with the dividend reinvestment plan exceed 15% of aggregate gross offering proceeds from the plan. See “Estimated Use of Proceeds” and “Management Compensation.”
Our dealer manager, KBS Capital Markets Group, is a recently formed company with a limited operating history. KBS Capital Markets Group registered as a broker-dealer with the Securities and Exchange Commission in October 2004. Our primary offering, which commenced January 27, 2006, was the first offering conducted by KBS Capital Markets Group LLC. We ceased offering shares in our primary offering on May 30, 2008. The principal business of KBS Capital Markets Group is to distribute securities offered by KBS-sponsored programs. KBS Capital Markets Group is indirectly owned and controlled by our sponsors, Peter M. Bren, Charles J. Schreiber, Jr., Peter McMillan III and Keith D. Hall, all of whom are also our executive officers.
To the extent permitted by law and our charter, we will indemnify the broker-dealers that participated in our primary offering, other broker-dealers who sign a servicing agreement with respect to our dividend reinvestment plan and KBS Capital Markets Group against some civil liabilities, including certain liabilities under the Securities Act. See “Management — Limited Liability and Indemnification of Directors, Officers, Employees and Other Agents.”
Enrollment Procedures
You may elect to participate in the dividend reinvestment plan by completing the Account Update Form or other approved enrollment form available from your financial advisor or by calling our investor services line at 1-866-584-1381, administered by Phoenix Transfer, Inc. Your participation in the dividend reinvestment plan will begin with the next distribution made after receipt of your enrollment form. You can choose to have all or a portion of your distributions reinvested through the dividend reinvestment plan. You may also change the percentage of your distributions that will be reinvested at any time by completing a new Account Update Form or other form provided for that purpose. You should consult with your financial advisor before making any decision to increase your level of participation.
You are required to represent in the enrollment form that you have received a copy of this prospectus, as amended and supplemented.
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Suitability Standards
Our sponsor, those selling shares on our behalf and the broker-dealer or registered investment adviser associated with the account have the responsibility to make every reasonable effort to determine that your purchase of shares in this offering is a suitable and appropriate investment for you based on information provided by you regarding your financial situation and investment objectives. In making this determination, these persons have the responsibility to ascertain that you:
| • | | meet the minimum income and net worth standards set forth under “Suitability Standards” immediately following the cover page of this prospectus; |
| • | | can reasonably benefit from an investment in our shares based on your overall investment objectives and portfolio structure; |
| • | | are able to bear the economic risk of the investment based on your overall financial situation; |
| • | | are in a financial position appropriate to enable you to realize to a significant extent the benefits described in this prospectus of an investment in our shares; and |
| • | | have apparent understanding of: |
| • | | the fundamental risks of the investment; |
| • | | the risk that you may lose your entire investment; |
| • | | the lack of liquidity of our shares; |
| • | | the restrictions on transferability of our shares; |
| • | | the background and qualifications of our sponsors and their affiliates; and |
| • | | the tax consequences of your investment. |
Relevant information for this purpose will include at least your age, investment objectives, investment experience, income, net worth, financial situation and other investments as well as any other pertinent factors. Those selling shares on our behalf must maintain, for at least a six-year period, records of the information used to determine that an investment in shares is suitable and appropriate for you.
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LEGAL MATTERS
The validity of the shares of our common stock being offered hereby has been passed upon for us by DLA Piper LLP (US), Raleigh, North Carolina. DLA Piper LLP (US) has also reviewed the statements relating to certain federal income tax matters that are likely to be material to U.S. holders of our common stock under the caption “Federal Income Tax Considerations” and has passed upon our qualification as a REIT for federal income tax purposes.
EXPERTS
The (i) consolidated balance sheets of KBS Real Estate Investment Trust, Inc. as of December 31, 2007 and 2006, the related consolidated statements of operations, stockholders’ equity, and cash flows for the years ended December 31, 2007 and 2006 and the accompanying financial statement schedules; (ii) the statement of Revenues Over Certain Operating Expenses of the Crescent Green Buildings for the year ended December 31, 2005; (iii) the statement of Revenues Over Certain Operating Expenses of the 625 Second Street Building for the year ended December 31, 2006; (iv) the statement of Revenues Over Certain Operating Expenses of the Sabal VI Building for the year ended December 31, 2006; (v) the statement of Revenues Over Certain Operating Expenses of The Offices at Kensington for the year ended December 31, 2006; (vi) the statement of Revenues Over Certain Operating Expenses of the Royal Ridge Building for the year ended December 31, 2006; (vii) the statement of Revenues Over Certain Operating Expenses of the 9815 Goethe Road Building for the year ended December 31, 2006; (viii) the statement of Revenues Over Certain Operating Expenses of the Bridgeway Technology Center for the year ended December 31, 2006; (ix) the statement of Revenues Over Certain Operating Expenses of the Opus National Industrial Portfolio for the year ended December 31, 2006; (x) the combined statement of Revenues Over Certain Operating Expenses of the National Industrial Portfolio for the year ended December 31, 2006; (xi) the statement of Revenues Over Certain Operating Expenses of Plano Corporate Center I & II for the year ended December 31, 2006; (xii) the statement of Revenues Over Certain Operating Expenses of the 2200 West Loop South Building for the year ended December 31, 2006; (xiii) the statement of Revenues Over Certain Operating Expenses of ADP Plaza for the year ended December 31, 2006; (xiv) the combined statement of Revenues Over Certain Operating Expenses of the Nashville Flex Portfolio for the year ended December 31, 2006; (xv) the statement of Revenues Over Certain Operating Expenses of Patrick Henry Corporate Center for the year ended December 31, 2006; (xvi) the combined statement of Revenues Over Certain Operating Expenses of Woodfield Preserve Office Center for the year ended December 31, 2006; (xvii) the statement of Revenues Over Certain Operating Expenses of the South Towne Corporate Center I and II for the year ended December 31, 2006; and (xviii) the statement of Revenues Over Certain Operating Expenses of Rivertech I & II for the year ended December 31, 2006; (xix) the statement of Revenues Over Certain Operating Expenses of Tysons Dulles Plaza for the year ended December 31, 2007; (xx) the statement of Revenues Over Certain Operating Expenses of University Park Buildings for the year ended December 31, 2007; and (xxi) the statement of Revenues Over Certain Operating Expenses of North Creek Parkway Center for the year ended December 31, 2007, all incorporated by reference herein, have been audited by Ernst & Young LLP, independent registered public accounting firm, as set forth in their reports thereon incorporated by reference herein, and are incorporated by reference in reliance upon such reports given on the authority of such firm as experts in accounting and auditing.
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INCORPORATION OF CERTAIN INFORMATION BY REFERENCE
SEC rules allow us to incorporate by reference information into this prospectus. This means that we can disclose important information to you by referring you to another document. Any information referred to in this way is considered part of this prospectus from the date we file that document. Any reports filed by us with the SEC after the date of this prospectus and before the date that the offering of the securities by means of this prospectus is terminated will automatically update and, where applicable, supersede any information contained in this prospectus or incorporated by reference in this prospectus. We incorporate by reference into this prospectus the following documents or information filed with the SEC (other than, in each case, documents or information deemed to have been furnished and not filed in accordance with SEC rules):
| • | | Our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2007, filed March 31, 2008; |
| • | | Our Proxy Statement on Schedule 14A, filed April 30, 2008; |
| • | | Our Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the period ended March 31, 2008, filed May 15, 2008; |
| • | | Our Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the period ended June 30, 2008, filed August 14, 2008; |
| • | | Our Current Reports on Form 8-K and 8-K/A filed February 12, 2007, April 12, 2007, July 3, 2007, August 7, 2007, October 9, 2007, January 4, 2008, January 11, 2008, January 23, 2008, January 31, 2008, February 5, 2008, February 26, 2008, April 1, 2008, April 3, 2008, April 14, 2008, May 15, 2008, May 20, 2008, August 1, 2008, August 6, 2008, August 18, 2008, August 19, 2008, August 28, 2008, September 12, 2008, September 24, 2008 and September 25, 2008; and |
| • | | The description of our common stock contained in our Registration Statement on Form 8-A12G/A (Reg. No. 000-52606), filed September 19, 2008. |
All documents filed by KBS Real Estate Investment Trust, Inc. pursuant to Sections 13(a), 13(c), 14 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 subsequent to the date of this prospectus and prior to the termination of this offering of the securities made hereby shall be deemed to be incorporated by reference into this prospectus.
We hereby undertake to provide without charge to each person, including any beneficial owner, to whom a prospectus is delivered, upon written or oral request of that person, a copy of any document incorporated herein by reference (or incorporated into the documents that this prospectus incorporates by reference). Requests for such documents should be directed to:
KBS Capital Markets Group LLC
660 Newport Center Drive, Suite 1200
Newport Beach, California 92660
Telephone: (866) KBS-4CMG or (866) 527-4264
Fax: (949) 717-6201
www.kbs-cmg.com
WHERE YOU CAN FIND MORE INFORMATION
We are required to file annual, quarterly and current reports, proxy statements and other information with the SEC. You may read and copy any documents filed by us at the SEC’s public reference room at 100 F Street, N.E., Washington, D.C. 20549. Please call the SEC at 1-800-SEC-0330 for further information on the public reference room. Our filings with the SEC are also available to the public through the SEC’s Internet site at http://www.sec.gov. We have filed with the SEC a registration statement relating to the securities covered by this prospectus. This prospectus is a part of the registration statement and does not contain all the information in the registration statement. Whenever a reference is made in this prospectus to a contract or other document of ours, the reference is only a summary and you should refer to the exhibits that are a part of the registration statement for a copy of the contract or other document. You may review a copy of the registration statement at the SEC’s public reference room in Washington, D.C., as well as through the SEC’s Internet site.
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APPENDIX A
SECOND AMENDED AND RESTATED DIVIDEND REINVESTMENT PLAN
KBS Real Estate Investment Trust, Inc., a Maryland corporation (the “Company”), has adopted a Dividend Reinvestment Plan (the “DRP”), the terms and conditions of which are set forth below. Capitalized terms shall have the same meaning as set forth in the Company’s charter unless otherwise defined herein.
1. Number of Shares Issuable. The number of shares of Common Stock authorized for issuance under the DRP is 80,000,000.
2. Participants. “Participants” are holders of the Company’s shares of Common Stock who elect to participate in the DRP.
3. Dividend Reinvestment. The Company will apply that portion (as designated by a Participant) of the dividends and other distributions (“Distributions”) declared and paid in respect of a Participant’s shares of Common Stock to the purchase of additional shares of Common Stock for such Participant. To the extent required by state securities laws, such shares will be sold through the broker-dealer and/or dealer manager through whom the Company sold the underlying shares to which the Distributions relate unless the Participant makes a new election through a different distribution channel. To the extent permitted under state securities laws, the Company will pay selling commissions on shares of Common Stock purchased in the DRP if the Company paid selling commissions on the underlying shares to which the Distributions relate in the Company’s initial public offering. Participating broker-dealers may agree to waive selling commissions on dividend reinvestment plan shares.
4. Procedures for Participation. Qualifying stockholders may elect to become a Participant by completing and executing the Subscription Agreement, an enrollment form or any other Company-approved authorization form as may be available from the Company, the dealer manager or participating broker-dealers. To increase their participation, Participants must complete a new enrollment form and, to the extent required by state securities laws, make the election through the dealer manager or the Participant’s broker-dealer, as applicable. Participation in the DRP will begin with the next Distribution payable after receipt of a Participant’s subscription, enrollment or authorization. Shares will be purchased under the DRP on the date that the Company makes a Distribution. Distributions will be paid monthly as authorized and declared by the Company’s board of directors.
5. Purchase of Shares. Until completion of the Company’s offering stage, Participants will acquire Common Stock at a price of $9.50 per share. Three years after completion of the Company’s offering stage, Participants will acquire Common Stock at a price equal to the estimated value per share of the Company’s Common Stock, as determined by the Company’s advisor or other firm chosen by the board of directors for that purpose. The Company’s offering stage will be complete when the Company is no longer publicly offering equity securities and has not done so for one year. For the purpose of determining when the Company’s offering stage is complete, public equity offerings do not include offerings on behalf of selling stockholders or offerings related to any dividend reinvestment plan, employee benefit plan or redemption of interests in KBS Limited Partnership, the Company’s operating partnership. Participants in the DRP may purchase fractional shares so that 100% of the Distributions will be used to acquire shares. However, a Participant will not be able to acquire shares under the DRP to the extent such purchase would cause it to exceed the ownership limits set forth in the Company’s charter, as amended, unless exempted by the Company’s board of directors.
6. Taxation of Distributions. The reinvestment of Distributions in the DRP does not relieve Participants of any taxes that may be payable as a result of those Distributions and their reinvestment pursuant to the terms of this DRP.
7. Share Certificates. The shares issuable under the DRP shall be uncertificated until the board of directors determines otherwise.
8. Voting of DRP Shares. In connection with any matter requiring the vote of the Company’s stockholders, each Participant will be entitled to vote all of the whole shares acquired by the Participant through the DRP. Fractional shares will not be voted.
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9. Reports. Within 90 days after the end of the calendar year, the Company shall provide each Participant with (i) an individualized report on the Participant’s investment, including the purchase date(s), purchase price and number of shares owned, as well as the amount of Distributions received during the prior year; and (ii) all material information regarding the DRP and the effect of reinvesting dividends, including the tax consequences thereof. The Company shall provide such information reasonably requested by the dealer manager or a participating broker-dealer, in order for the dealer manager or participating broker-dealer to meet its obligations to deliver written notification to Participants of the information required by Rule 10b-10(b) promulgated under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934.
10. Termination by Participant. A Participant may terminate participation in the DRP at any time by delivering to the Company a written notice. To be effective for any Distribution, such notice must be received by the Company at least ten business days prior to the last day of the fiscal period to which the Distribution relates. Any transfer of shares by a Participant will terminate participation in the DRP with respect to the transferred shares. Upon termination of DRP participation, Distributions will be distributed to the stockholder in cash.
11. Amendment or Termination of DRP by the Company. The board of directors of the Company may amend or terminate the DRP for any reason; provided that any amendment that adversely affects the rights or obligations of a Participant (as determined in the sole discretion of the board of directors) shall only take effect upon ten days’ written notice to the Participants.
12. Liability of the Company. The Company shall not be liable for any act done in good faith, or for any good faith omission to act.
13. Governing Law. The DRP shall be governed by the laws of the State of Maryland.
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We have not authorized any dealer, salesperson or other individual to give any information or to make any representations that are not contained in this prospectus. If any such information or statements are given or made, you should not rely upon such information or representation. This prospectus does not constitute an offer to sell any securities other than those to which this prospectus relates, or an offer to sell, or a solicitation of an offer to buy, to any person in any jurisdiction where such an offer or solicitation would be unlawful. This prospectus speaks as of the date set forth below. You should not assume that the delivery of this prospectus or that any sale made pursuant to this prospectus implies that the information contained in this prospectus will remain fully accurate and correct as of any time subsequent to the date of this prospectus. _______________ TABLE OF CONTENTS | | | | KBS REAL ESTATE INVESTMENT TRUST, INC. 80,000,000 Shares of Common Stock __________________________ PROSPECTUS __________________________ |
| | Page | | |
Suitability Standards | | i | | |
Table of Contents | | ii | | |
Prospectus Summary | | 3 | | |
Cautionary Note Regarding Forward- Looking Statements | | 18 | | |
Dividend Reinvestment Plan | | 18 | | |
Estimated Use of Proceeds | | 20 | | |
Management | | 21 | | |
Management Compensation | | 29 | | |
Conflicts of Interest | | 35 | | |
Investment Objectives and Criteria | | 43 | | |
Liquidity Events of Other Public KBS-Sponsored Programs | | 51 | | September 25, 2008 |
Federal Income Tax Considerations | | 52 | | |
Description of Shares | | 69 | | |
Plan of Distribution | | 78 | | |
Legal Matters | | 80 | | |
Experts | | 80 | | |
Incorporation of Certain Information by Reference | | 81 | | |
Where You Can Find More Information | | 81 | | |
Appendix A — Second Amended and Restated Dividend Reinvestment Plan | | A-1 | | |
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Our shares are not FDIC insured, may lose value and are not bank guaranteed. | | | | |
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PART II. INFORMATION NOT REQUIRED IN PROSPECTUS
Item 14. Other Expenses of Issuance and Distribution
The following table sets forth the costs and expenses payable by KBS Real Estate Investment Trust, Inc. (the “Company”) in connection with the distribution of the shares registered under the Company’s dividend reinvestment plan other than selling commissions.
| | | |
Item | | Amount |
SEC registration fee | | $ | 89,452 |
FINRA filing fee* | | | - |
Legal fees and expenses | | | 500,000 |
Blue sky fees and expenses | | | 248,700 |
Accounting fees and expenses | | | 34,000 |
Printing | | | 700,000 |
Postage and delivery of materials | | | 330,000 |
Miscellaneous expenses | | | 7,848 |
| | | |
Total | | $ | 1,910,000 |
| | | |
* Maximum FINRA filing fee paid in connection with the primary offering.
Item 15. Indemnification of Directors and Officers
Subject to the significant conditions set forth below, the Company has included in its charter a provision limiting the liability of its directors and officers to the Company and its stockholders for money damages except for liability resulting from (a) actual receipt of an improper benefit or profit in money, property or services or (b) active and deliberate dishonesty established by a final judgment as being material to the cause of action.
Subject to the significant conditions set forth below, the charter also provides that the Company shall indemnify a director, officer or the advisor or any of its affiliates against any and all losses or liabilities reasonably incurred by them (other than when sued by or in right of the Company) in connection with or by reason of any act or omission performed or omitted to be performed on behalf of the Company in such capacity.
Under the Company’s charter, the Company shall not indemnify a director, the advisor or any of the advisor’s affiliates (each an “Indemnitee”) for any liability or loss suffered by an Indemnitee, nor shall it exculpate an Indemnitee, unless all of the following conditions are met: (i) an Indemnitee has determined, in good faith, that the course of conduct that caused the loss or liability was in the best interests of the Company; (ii) the Indemnitee was acting on behalf of or performing services for the Company; (iii) such liability or loss was not the result of (A) negligence or misconduct by the Indemnitee, excluding an Independent Director, or (B) gross negligence or willful misconduct by an Independent Director; and (iv) such indemnification or agreement to hold harmless is recoverable only out of the Company’s net assets and not from its stockholders. Notwithstanding the foregoing, an Indemnitee shall not be indemnified by the Company for any losses, liability or expenses arising from or out of an alleged violation of federal or state securities laws by such party unless one or more of the following conditions are met: (i) there has been a successful adjudication on the merits of each count involving alleged securities law violations as to the particular Indemnitee; (ii) such claims have been dismissed with prejudice on the merits by a court of competent jurisdiction as to the particular Indemnitee; and (iii) a court of competent jurisdiction approves a settlement of the claims against a particular Indemnitee and finds that indemnification of the settlement and the related costs should be made, and the court considering the request for indemnification has been advised of the position of the Commission and of the published position of any state securities regulatory authority in which securities of the Company were offered or sold as to indemnification for violations of securities laws.
The charter provides that the advancement of Company funds to an Indemnitee for legal expenses and other costs incurred as a result of any legal action for which indemnification is being sought is permissible only if (in addition to the procedures required by Maryland law) all of the following conditions are satisfied: (i) the legal action relates to acts or omissions with respect to the performance of duties or services on behalf of the Company; (ii) the legal action is initiated by a third party who is not a stockholder or the legal action is initiated by a stockholder acting in his or her capacity as such and a court of competent jurisdiction specifically approves such advancement; and (iii) the Indemnitee undertakes to repay the advanced funds to the Company, together with the applicable legal rate of interest thereon, if the Indemnitee is found not to be entitled to indemnification.
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It is the position of the Commission that indemnification of directors and officers for liabilities arising under the Securities Act is against public policy and is unenforceable pursuant to Section 14 of the Securities Act.
The Company will also purchase and maintain insurance on behalf of all of its directors and executive officers against liability asserted against or incurred by them in their official capacities with the Company, whether or not the Company is required or has the power to indemnify them against the same liability.
Item 16. Exhibits
(b) Exhibits.The following exhibits are filed as part of this registration statement:
| | |
Ex. | | Description |
| |
1.1 | | Dealer Manager Agreement with Selected Dealer Agreement, dated as of January 27, 2006, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the period ended March 31, 2006 |
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1.2 | | Selected Dealer Agreement between the Company, KBS Capital Markets Group LLC, KBS Capital Advisors LLC, KBS Holdings LLC and Ameriprise Financial Services, Inc., dated as of April 16, 2007, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 1.2 to Post-Effective Amendment No. 8 to the Company’s Registration Statement on Form S-11, Commission File No. 333-126087 |
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4.1 | | Statement regarding restrictions on transferability of shares of common stock (to appear on stock certificate or to be sent upon request and without charge to stockholders issued shares without certificates), incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.2 to the Company’s Registration Statement on Form S-11, Commission File No. 333-126087 |
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4.2 | | Second Amended and Restated Dividend Reinvestment Plan, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.3 to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the period ended June 30, 2008 |
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4.3 | | Share Redemption Program, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.4 to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the period ended June 30, 2008 |
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5 | | Opinion of DLA Piper US LLP re legality, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 5 to Pre-Effective Amendment No. 5 to the Company’s Registration Statement on Form S-11, Commission File No. 333-126087 |
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8 | | Opinion of DLA Piper US LLP re tax matters |
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23.1 | | Consent of DLA Piper US LLP (included in Exhibit 5) |
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23.2 | | Consent of Ernst & Young LLP |
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24 | | Power of Attorney, incorporated by reference to the signature page to the Company’s Registration Statement on Form S-11, Commission File No. 333-126087 |
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Item 17. Undertakings
(a) The Company undertakes to file, during any period in which offers or sales are being made, a post-effective amendment to this Registration Statement (i) to include any prospectus required by Section 10(a)(3) of the Securities Act of 1933 (the “Act”); (ii) to reflect in the prospectus any facts or events arising after the effective date of this Registration Statement (or the most recent post-effective amendment thereof) which, individually or in the aggregate, represent a fundamental change in the information set forth in the Registration Statement; and (iii) to include any material information with respect to the plan of distribution not previously disclosed in the Registration Statement or any material change to such information in the Registration Statement; provided, however, that clauses (i), (ii) and (iii) above do not apply if the Registration Statement is on Form S-3, and the information required to be included in a post-effective amendment by those clauses is contained in reports filed with or furnished to the Commission by the Company pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 that are incorporated by reference in the Registration Statement, or is contained in a form of prospectus filed pursuant to Rule 424(b) that is part of the Registration Statement.
(b) The Company undertakes (i) that, for the purpose of determining any liability under the Act, each such post-effective amendment shall be deemed to be a new Registration Statement relating to the securities offered therein and the offering of such securities at that time shall be deemed to be the initial bona fide offering thereof and (ii) to remove from registration by means of a post-effective amendment any of the securities being registered which remain unsold at the termination of the offering.
(c) The Company undertakes that, for the purpose of determining liability under the Act to any purchaser, each prospectus filed pursuant to Rule 424(b) as part of a registration statement relating to an offering shall be deemed to be part of and included in the registration statement as of the date it is first used after effectiveness; provided, however, that no statement made in a registration statement or prospectus that is part of the registration statement or made in a document incorporated or deemed incorporated by reference into the registration statement or prospectus that is part of the registration statement will, as to a purchaser with a time of contract of sale prior to such first use, supersede or modify any statement that was made in the registration statement or prospectus that was part of the registration statement or made in any such document immediately prior to such date of first use.
(d) The Company undertakes that, for purposes of determining any liability under the Act, each filing of the Registrant’s annual report pursuant to Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (and, where applicable, each filing of any employee benefit plan’s annual report pursuant to Section 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934) that is incorporated by reference in the Registration Statement shall be deemed to be a new Registration Statement relating to the securities offered therein, and the offering of such securities at that time shall be deemed to be the initial bona fide offering thereof.
(e) The Company undertakes to deliver or cause to be delivered with the prospectus, to each person to whom the prospectus is sent or given, the latest annual report to security holders that is incorporated by reference in the prospectus and furnished pursuant to and meeting the requirements of Rule 14a-3 or Rule 14c-3 under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934; and, where interim financial information required to be presented by Article 3 of Regulation S-X are not set forth in the prospectus, to deliver, or cause to be delivered to each person to whom the prospectus is sent or given, the latest quarterly report that is specifically incorporated by reference in the prospectus to provide such interim financial information.
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SIGNATURES
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Act of 1933, the registrant certifies that it has reasonable grounds to believe that it meets all of the requirements for filing on Form S-3 and has duly caused this registration statement to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized, in the City of Newport Beach, State of California, on September 24, 2008.
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| | KBS REAL ESTATE INVESTMENT TRUST, INC. |
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By: | | /s/ Charles J. Schreiber, Jr. |
| | Charles J. Schreiber, Jr. |
| | Chief Executive Officer |
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Act of 1933, this registration statement has been signed by the following persons in the capacities and on the dates indicated:
| | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | Name | | Title | | Date | | |
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| | | | /s/ Charles J. Schreiber, Jr. Charles J. Schreiber, Jr. | | Chairman of Board, Chief Executive Officer and Director | | September 24, 2008 | | |
| | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | |
| | | | /s/ Stacie K. Yamane Stacie K. Yamane | | Chief Financial Officer and Controller | | September 24, 2008 | | |
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| | | | * Peter McMillan III | | Executive Vice President, Treasurer, Secretary and Director | | September 24, 2008 | | |
| | | | | | | | | |
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| | | | * Hank Adler | | Director | | September 24, 2008 | | |
| | | | | |
| | | | * Barbara R. Cambon | | Director | | September 24, 2008 | | |
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| | | | * Stuart A. Gabriel, Ph.D. | | Director | | September 24, 2008 | | |
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| | *By: | | /s/ Charles J. Schreiber, Jr. Charles J. Schreiber, Jr. Attorney-In-Fact | | | | September 24, 2008 | | |