A description of our common stock can be found in our Registration Statement on Form 8-A, filed with the Commission on October 7, 2005.
The material terms of any series of preferred stock that we offer, together with any material U.S. federal income tax considerations relating to such preferred stock, will be described in a prospectus supplement.
Our articles of incorporation authorize our board of directors to establish one or more series of preferred stock and to determine the terms of and rights attaching to such preferred stock, including with respect to, among other things, dividends, conversion, voting, redemption, liquidation, designation and the number of shares constituting any such series. The issuance of shares of preferred stock may have the effect of discouraging, delaying or preventing a change of control of us or the removal of our management. The issuance of shares of preferred stock with voting and conversion rights may adversely affect the voting power of the holders of shares of our common stock.
We may offer unsecured general obligations or secured obligations, which may be senior (the “senior debt securities”) or subordinated (the “subordinated debt securities”). The senior debt securities and subordinated debt securities are together referred to in this prospectus as the “debt securities.” Any debt securities offered pursuant to this prospectus may be convertible debt securities. The debt securities may be issued from time to time in one or more series, under one or more indentures, the form of which is attached as an exhibit to the registration statement of which this prospectus forms a part, each dated as of a date on or prior to the issuance of the debt securities to which it relates. If we issue subordinated debt securities, the terms and provisions of those securities will be set forth in a supplemental indenture. When we refer to an “indenture” in this prospectus, we are referring to the applicable indenture entered into between us and the trustee to be named in such indenture, as supplemented by any supplemental indenture. The indentures will be filed either as exhibits to an amendment to the registration statement of which this prospectus forms a part or a prospectus supplement, or as exhibits to reports filed under the Exchange Act that will be incorporated by reference into the registration statement of which this prospectus forms a part or a prospectus supplement. Each indenture will be subject to and governed by the Trust Indenture Act of 1939, or “Trust Indenture Act.” If we issue any subordinated debt securities, the description of those securities and the subordinated indenture will be set forth in the related prospectus supplement.
The following description of the terms of the debt securities sets forth certain general terms and provisions. The statements below are not complete and are subject to, and are qualified in their entirety by reference to, all of the provisions of the applicable indenture and any applicable U.S. federal income tax considerations, as well as any applicable modifications of, or additions to, the general terms of the debt securities described below, which modifications and additions may be contained in the applicable prospectus supplement or supplemental indenture. Accordingly, for a complete description of the terms of a particular issue of debt securities, the general description of the debt securities set forth below should be read in conjunction with the applicable prospectus supplement and indenture, as amended o r supplemented from time to time.
If we decide to issue any debt securities pursuant to this prospectus, we will describe in a prospectus supplement the terms of the debt securities being offered, including the following:
Some or all of the debt securities may be issued as discounted debt securities, bearing no interest or interest at a rate which at the time of issuance is below market rates, to be sold at a substantial discount below the stated principal amount. One or more series of debt securities may be variable rate debt securities that may be exchanged for fixed rate securities. U.S. federal income tax consequences and other special considerations applicable to any such securities will be described in the applicable prospectus supplement.
We expect most debt securities to be issued in fully registered form without coupons, in denominations of $1,000 and any integral multiple thereof. Subject to the limitations provided in the indenture and in the prospectus supplement, the debt securities may be transferred or exchanged at the principal corporate trust office of the applicable trustee. No service charge will be made for any transfer or exchange of the debt securities, but we may require payment of a sum sufficient to cover any tax or other governmental charge payable in connection with these debt securities.
Global Securities
We expect that the following provisions will generally apply to depository arrangements for any portion of a series of debt securities to be represented by a global security. Any additional or different terms of the depository arrangement will be described in the applicable prospectus supplement.
The debt securities of a series may be issued in whole or in part in the form of one or more global securities that will be deposited with, or on behalf of, a depository identified in the applicable prospectus supplement and registered in the name of the depository or a nominee for the depository. In such a case, one or more global securities will be issued in a denomination or aggregate denominations equal to the portion of the aggregate principal amount of outstanding debt securities of the series to be represented by the global security or securities. Unless and until it is exchanged in whole or in part for the individual debt securities in definitive certificated form, a global security may not be transferred except as a whole by the depository for such global security to a nominee of such depository, or by a nominee of such depository to such depository or another nominee of such depository, or by such depository or any such nominee to a successor of such depository or a nominee of such successor, and except in the circumstances described in the applicable prospectus supplement.
Upon the issuance of any global security, and the deposit of such global security with or on behalf of the depository for such global security, the depository will credit, on its book-entry registration and transfer system, the respective principal amounts of the individual debt securities represented by such global security to the accounts of institutions that have accounts with such depository or its nominee. The accounts to be credited will be designated by the underwriters or agents engaging in the distribution of the debt securities or by us if the debt securities are offered and sold directly by us. Ownership of beneficial interests in a global security will be limited to participating institutions or persons that may hold interests through such participating institutions. Ownership of beneficial interests b y participating institutions in a global security will be shown on, and the transfer of such beneficial interests will be effected only through, records maintained by the depository for such global security or by its nominee. Ownership of beneficial interests in a global security by persons that hold such interests through participating institutions will be shown on, and the transfer of such beneficial interests within the participating institutions will be effected only through, records maintained by those participating institutions. The laws of some jurisdictions may require that purchasers of securities take physical delivery of such securities in certificated form. Such limitations and laws may impair the ability to transfer beneficial interests in a global security.
So long as the depository for a global security, or its nominee, is the registered owner of such global security, such depository or its nominee, as the case may be, will be considered the sole owner or holder of the debt securities represented by such global security for all purposes under the applicable indenture. Except as otherwise provided in the applicable indenture and prospectus supplement, and except as specified below, owners of beneficial interests in a global security will not be entitled to have debt securities of the series represented by such global security registered in their names, will not receive or be entitled to receive physical delivery of any debt securities of such series in certificated form and will not be considered the owners or holders thereof for any purposes under the indenture. Acc ordingly, each person owning a beneficial interest in a global security must rely on the procedures of the depository and, if such person is not a participating institution, on the procedures of the participating institution through which such person owns its interest, to exercise any rights of a holder under the indenture.
The depository may grant proxies and otherwise authorize participating institutions to give or take any request, demand, authorization, direction, notice, consent, waiver or other action which a holder is entitled to give or take under the applicable indenture. We understand that, under existing industry practices, if we request any action of holders or any owner of a beneficial interest in a global security desires to give any notice or take any action a holder is entitled to give or take under the applicable indenture, the depository would authorize the participating institutions to give the notice or take the action, and participating institutions would authorize beneficial owners owning through such participating institutions to give the notice or take the action or would otherwise act upon the instructions of beneficial owners owning through them.
Unless otherwise provided in the applicable prospectus supplement, payments of principal, premium and interest on individual debt securities represented by a global security registered in the name of a depository or its nominee will be made by us to such depository or its nominee, as the case may be, as the registered owner of such global security.
We expect that the depository for any debt securities represented by a global security, or its nominee, upon receipt of any payment of principal, premium or interest, will credit participating institutions’ accounts with payments in amounts proportionate to their respective beneficial interests in the principal amount of such global security as shown on the records of the depository or its nominee. We also expect that payments by participating institutions to owners of beneficial interests in a global security held through such participating institutions will be governed by standing instructions and customary practices, as is now the case with the securities held for the accounts of customers in bearer form or registered in “street names.” Such payments will be the responsibility of su ch participating institutions. None of us, the trustee for the debt securities or any agent of ours or the trustees will have any responsibility or liability for any aspect of the records relating to or payments made on account of beneficial interests in a global security, or for maintaining, supervising or reviewing any records relating to such beneficial interests.
Unless otherwise specified in the applicable prospectus supplement or indenture, a global security of any series will be exchangeable for certificated debt securities of the same series only if:
| ● | the depository for such global securities notifies us that it is unwilling or unable to continue as depository or such depository ceases to be a clearing agency registered under the Exchange Act and, in either case, a successor depository is not appointed by us within 90 days of such event; |
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| ● | we in our sole discretion determine that the global security shall be exchangeable for certificated debt securities; or |
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| ● | there shall have occurred and be continuing an event of default under the applicable indenture with respect to the debt securities of that series. |
If definitive debt securities are issued, an owner of a beneficial interest in the global security will be entitled to physical delivery of individual debt securities in certificated form of the series represented by that global security equal in principal amount to their beneficial interest, and to have the debt securities in certificated form registered in their name.
Covenants
The covenants, if any, that will apply to a particular series of debt securities will be set forth in the indenture relating to such series of debt securities and described in a prospectus supplement. These covenants may limit or restrict, among other things:
| ● | the ability of us or our subsidiaries to incur either secured or unsecured debt, or both; |
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| ● | our ability to make certain payments, dividends, redemptions or repurchases; |
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| ● | our ability to create dividend and other payment restrictions affecting our subsidiaries; |
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| ● | our ability to make investments; |
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| ● | mergers and consolidations by us or our subsidiaries; |
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| ● | sales of assets by us; |
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| ● | our ability to enter into transactions with affiliates; |
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| ● | our ability to incur liens; and |
| ● | our ability to enter into sale and leaseback transactions. |
You should carefully read the applicable prospectus supplement and indenture for a description of the specific covenants applicable to the series of debt securities being offered.
Modification of the Indenture
Modifications and amendments of the indenture as it applies to a series of debt securities may be made without notice to any holder but with the written consent of the holders of a majority in principal amount of the then outstanding debt securities of such series.
However, no such modification or amendment may, without the consent of the holder of each outstanding debt security affected thereby:
| ● | reduce the principal amount of debt securities whose holders must consent to an amendment, modification, supplement or waiver; |
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| ● | reduce the rate of or extend the time of payment for interest on any debt security; |
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| ● | reduce the principal amount or extend the stated maturity of any debt security; |
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| ● | reduce the amount payable upon the redemption of any debt security or add redemption provisions to any debt security; |
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| ● | make any debt security payable in money other than that stated in the indenture or the debt security; or |
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| ● | impair the right to institute suit for the enforcement of any payment with respect to the debt securities. |
Without the consent of any holder, we and the trustee may amend or supplement the indenture to surrender any right or power conferred upon us by the indenture, to add further covenants, restrictions, conditions or provisions for the protection of holders, to cure any ambiguity, omission, defect or inconsistency, to provide for the assumption by a successor of our obligations under the indenture as permitted thereunder, to provide for the issuance of additional debt securities in accordance with the limitations set forth in the indenture or to make any other change that does not adversely affect the rights of any holder.
Events of Default
Each of the following constitutes an event of default with respect to a series of debt securities:
| ● | our failure to pay interest (including additional interest, if applicable) on any debt securities within 30 days of when such amount becomes due and payable; |
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| ● | default in any payment of principal amount or redemption price with respect to any debt security when such amount becomes due and payable; |
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| ● | default in the performance of any applicable covenant or agreement with respect to the debt securities or the applicable indenture which continues for 60 days after we receive notice of such default; |
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| ● | default under any debt for money borrowed by us or any subsidiary that results in acceleration of the maturity of such debt, or failure to pay any such debt at maturity, in an aggregate amount in excess of a minimum amount set forth in the applicable indenture, without such debt having been discharged or acceleration having been rescinded or annulled within 10 days after we receive notice of such default; |
| ● | any judgment or judgments for the payment of money (to the extent not insured by a reputable and creditworthy insurer that has not contested coverage with respect to the underlying claim) in an aggregate amount in excess of a minimum amount set forth in the applicable indenture that shall be rendered against us or any subsidiary and that shall not be waived, satisfied or discharged for any period of 60 consecutive days during which a stay of enforcement shall not be in effect; and |
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| ● | certain events of bankruptcy, insolvency or reorganization affecting us or any of our significant subsidiaries. |
There may be such other or different events of default as described in the applicable prospectus supplement and indenture with respect to any class or series of offered debt securities.
A default under the third bullet point above is not an event of default until the trustee or the holders of not less than 25% in aggregate principal amount of the debt securities of such series then outstanding notify us of the default and we do not cure such default within the time specified after receipt of such notice. Such notice must specify the default, demand that it be remedied and state that such notice is a “Notice of Default.”
We will deliver to the trustee, within 30 days after the occurrence thereof, written notice in the form of an officers’ certificate of any event that with the giving of notice or the lapse of time or both would become an event of default, its status and what action we are taking or propose to take with respect thereto.
If an event of default (other than an event of default resulting from certain events involving bankruptcy, insolvency or reorganization with respect to us) shall have occurred and be continuing, the trustee or the registered holders of not less than 25% in aggregate principal amount of the debt securities of such series then outstanding may declare, by notice to us in writing (and to the trustee, if given by holders of such debt securities) specifying the event of default, to be immediately due and payable the principal amount of all the debt securities in such series then outstanding, plus accrued but unpaid interest to the date of acceleration. In case an event of default resulting from certain events of bankruptcy, insolvency or reorganization with respect to us shall occur, such amount with respect to all the debt securities shall be due and payable immediately without any declaration or other act on the part of the trustee or the holders of the debt securities. After any such acceleration, but before a judgment or decree based on acceleration is obtained by the trustee, the registered holders of a majority in aggregate principal amount of the debt securities of such series then outstanding may, under certain circumstances, rescind and annul such acceleration and waive such event of default if all events of default, other than the nonpayment of accelerated principal, premium or interest, have been cured or waived as provided in the indenture.
In addition, the holders of at least a majority in principal amount of the then outstanding debt securities of a series may waive an existing default and its consequences under the indenture, except a default in the payment of principal or interest and in respect of certain covenants and provisions of the indenture which cannot be amended without the consent of the holder of each outstanding debt security in a series.
Subject to the provisions of the indenture relating to the duties of the trustee, in case an event of default shall occur and be continuing, the trustee will be under no obligation to exercise any of its rights or powers under the indenture at the request or direction of any of the holders of the debt securities, unless such holders shall have offered to the trustee indemnity or security reasonably satisfactory to it against any loss, liability or expense. Subject to such provisions for the indemnification of the trustee, the holders of a majority in aggregate principal amount of the debt securities then outstanding will have the right to direct the time, method and place of conducting any proceeding for any remedy available to the trustee or exercising any trust or power conferred on the trustee with respect to t he debt securities.
No holder of debt securities will have any right to institute any proceeding with respect to the indenture, or for the appointment of a receiver or trustee, or for any remedy thereunder, unless:
| ● | such holder has previously given to the trustee written notice of a continuing event of default; |
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| ● | the registered holders of at least 25% in aggregate principal amount of the debt securities of such series then outstanding have made a written request and offered indemnity to the trustee reasonably satisfactory to it to institute such proceeding as trustee; and |
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| ● | the trustee shall not have received from the registered holders of a majority in aggregate principal amount of the debt securities of such series then outstanding a direction inconsistent with such request and shall have failed to institute such proceeding within 60 days. |
However, such limitations do not apply to a suit instituted by a holder of any debt security for enforcement of payment of the principal of, and premium, if any, or interest on, such debt security on or after the respective due dates expressed in such debt security.
If a default with respect to the debt securities occurs and is continuing and is known to the trustee, the trustee must mail to each holder notice of the default within 90 days after it occurs. The trustee may withhold the notice if and so long as a committee of its trust officers in good faith determines that withholding notice is in the interest of the holders of the debt securities.
We are required to furnish to the trustee, within 120 days after the end of each fiscal year, a statement of an officer regarding compliance with the indenture. Within 30 days after the occurrence of any default or event of default, we are required to deliver to the trustee written notice in the form of an officer’s certificate a statement specifying our status and what actions we are taking or propose to take with respect thereto.
Defeasance and Discharge
We may terminate at any time all our obligations with respect to any series of debt securities and the applicable indenture, which we refer to in this prospectus as “legal defeasance,” except for certain obligations, including those respecting the defeasance trust, to replace mutilated, destroyed, lost or stolen debt securities and to maintain a registrar and paying agent in respect of the debt securities. In addition, we may also terminate at any time our obligations with respect to any series of debt securities with respect to certain covenants that are described in the applicable indenture, which we refer to in this prospectus as “covenant defeasance,” except for certain covenants, including the covenant to make payments in respect of the principal, premium, if any, and interest on the d ebt securities. In the event covenant defeasance occurs, certain events (not including nonpayment, bankruptcy, receivership, reorganization and insolvency events) described under “—Events of Default” will no longer constitute events of default with respect to the debt securities. We may exercise the legal defeasance option notwithstanding our prior exercise of the covenant defeasance option.
If we exercise our legal defeasance option with respect to a series of debt securities, payment of such debt securities may not be accelerated because of an event of default with respect thereto. If we exercise the covenant defeasance option with respect to a series of debt securities, payment of such debt securities may not be accelerated because of an event of default specified in the third bullet point under “—Events of Default.”
The legal defeasance option or the covenant defeasance option with respect to a series of debt securities may be exercised only if:
| ● | we irrevocably deposit in trust with the trustee money or U.S. Government obligations or a combination thereof for the payment of principal of and interest on such debt securities to maturity; |
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| ● | we deliver to the trustee a certificate from a nationally recognized firm of independent registered public accountants expressing their opinion that the payments of principal and interest when due on the deposited U.S. Government obligations plus any deposited money without investment will provide cash at such times and in such amounts as will be sufficient to pay principal and interest when due on all the debt securities to maturity; |
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| ● | 123 days pass after the deposit is made and during the 123-day period no default described in the sixth bullet point under “—Events of Default” occurs with respect to us or any other person making such deposit which is continuing at the end of the period; |
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| ● | no default or event of default has occurred and is continuing on the date of such deposit; |
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| ● | such deposit does not constitute a default under any other agreement or instrument binding us; |
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| ● | we deliver to the trustee an opinion of counsel to the effect that the trust resulting from the deposit does not require registration under the Investment Company Act of 1940; |
| ● | in the case of the legal defeasance option, we deliver to the trustee an opinion of counsel stating that: |
| | ● | we have received from the Internal Revenue Service, or the “IRS,” a ruling; or |
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| | ● | since the date of the indenture there has been a change in the applicable U.S. federal income tax law, to the effect, in either case, that, and based thereon such opinion of counsel shall confirm that, the holders of such debt securities will not recognize income, gain or loss for U.S. federal income tax purposes as a result of such defeasance and will be subject to U.S. federal income tax on the same amounts, in the same manner and at the same time as would have been the case if such defeasance had not occurred; |
| ● | in the case of the covenant defeasance option, we deliver to the trustee an opinion of counsel to the effect that the holders of such debt securities will not recognize income, gain or loss for U.S. federal income tax purposes as a result of such covenant defeasance and will be subject to U.S. federal income tax on the same amounts, in the same manner and at the same times as would have been the case if such covenant defeasance had not occurred; and |
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| ● | we deliver to the trustee an officers’ certificate and an opinion of counsel, each stating that all conditions precedent to the defeasance and discharge of such debt securities have been complied with as required by the indenture. |
A prospectus supplement will further describe the provisions, if any, of any particular series of offered debt securities permitting a discharge defeasance.
Discharge of the Indenture
When (i) we deliver to the trustee all outstanding debt securities of a series (other than debt securities replaced because of mutilation, loss, destruction or wrongful taking) for cancellation or (ii) all outstanding debt securities of a series have become due and payable, whether at maturity or as a result of the mailing of a notice of redemption, and we irrevocably deposit with the trustee funds sufficient to pay at maturity or upon redemption all outstanding debt securities of a series, including interest thereon, and if in either case we pay all other sums related to such debt securities payable under the indenture by us, then the indenture shall, subject to certain surviving provisions, cease to be of further effect as to all outstanding debt securities of such series. The trustee shall acknowledge satisfaction and discharge of the indenture with respect to such series of debt securities on our demand accompanied by an officers’ certificate and an opinion of counsel.
Regarding the Trustee
Except during the continuance of an event of default, the trustee will perform only such duties as are specifically set forth in the indenture. During the existence of an event of default, the trustee will exercise such rights and powers vested in it under the indenture and use the same degree of care and skill in its exercise as a prudent person would exercise under the circumstances in the conduct of such person’s own affairs.
The indenture and provisions of the Trust Indenture Act that are incorporated by reference therein contain limitations on the rights of the trustee, should it become one of our creditors, to obtain payment of claims in certain cases or to realize on certain property received by it in respect of any such claim as security or otherwise. The trustee is permitted to engage in other transactions with us or any of our affiliates; provided, however, that if it acquires any conflicting interest (as defined in the indenture or in the Trust Indenture Act), it must eliminate such conflict or resign.
No Recourse
None of our directors, officers, employees, stockholders or affiliates, as such, will have any liability for any of our obligations under the debt securities or the indenture. Each holder will waive and release all such liability subject to any liability imposed by the Securities Act or the Trust Indenture Act.
Provisions Applicable Only To Subordinated Debt Securities
As set forth in a prospectus supplement, the subordinated debt securities may be senior or junior to, or rank pari passu with, our other subordinated obligations and will be subordinated to all of our existing and future senior indebtedness, as may be defined in the applicable prospectus supplement.
The consolidated financial statements of DHT Maritime, Inc. appearing in DHT Holdings, Inc.’s Annual Report on Form 20-F for the year ended December 31, 2009 and the effectiveness of DHT Maritime’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2009 have been audited by Ernst & Young AS, independent registered public accounting firm, as set forth in their reports thereon, included therein, and incorporated herein by reference in reliance upon such reports given on the authority of such firm as experts in accounting and auditing.
The validity of the securities offered by this prospectus and certain other matters relating to Marshall Islands law will be passed upon for us by Reeder & Simpson P.C. Certain other legal matters relating to United States law will be passed upon for us by Cravath, Swaine & Moore LLP, New York, New York.
DHT Holdings, Inc. is a Marshall Islands corporation and our principal executive offices are located outside the United States in Jersey, the Channel Islands. A majority of our directors and officers reside outside the United States. In addition, a substantial portion of our assets and the assets of our directors and officers are located outside the United States. As a result, you may have difficulty serving legal process within the United States upon us or any of these persons. You may also have difficulty enforcing, both in and outside the United States, judgments you may obtain in United States courts against us or these persons in any action, including actions based upon the civil liability provisions of United States federal or state securities laws. Furthermore, it is uncertain whether the courts of the Mars hall Islands would enter judgments in original actions brought in those courts predicated on U.S. federal or state securities laws.
The following is a discussion of the material Marshall Islands and U.S. federal income tax considerations relevant to the acquisition, ownership and disposition of our common stock. This discussion does not purport to deal with the tax consequences of owning common stock to all categories of investors, some of which (such as financial institutions, regulated investment companies, real estate investment trusts, tax-exempt organizations, insurance companies, persons holding our common stock as part of a hedging, integrated, conversion or constructive sale transaction or a straddle, traders in securities that have elected the mark-to-market method of accounting for their securities, persons liable for alternative minimum tax, persons who are investors in pass-through entities, dealers in securities or currencies and investors whose functional currency is not the United States dollar) may be subject to special rules.
WE RECOMMEND THAT YOU CONSULT YOUR OWN TAX ADVISORS CONCERNING THE OVERALL TAX CONSEQUENCES ARISING IN YOUR OWN PARTICULAR SITUATION UNDER UNITED STATES FEDERAL, STATE, LOCAL OR FOREIGN LAW OF THE OWNERSHIP OF OUR COMMON STOCK.
Marshall Islands Tax Considerations
The following are the material Marshall Islands tax consequences of our activities to us and stockholders of our common stock. We are incorporated in the Marshall Islands. Under current Marshall Islands law, we are not subject to tax on income or capital gains, and no Marshall Islands withholding tax will be imposed upon payments of dividends by us to our stockholders.
U.S. Federal Income Tax Considerations
This discussion is based on the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, or the “Code,” Treasury regulations issued thereunder, published administrative interpretations of the IRS and judicial decisions as of the date hereof, all of which are subject to change at any time, possibly on a retroactive basis.
Taxation of Operating Income: In General
Our vessel-owning subsidiaries have elected to be treated as disregarded entities for U.S. federal income tax purposes. As a result, for purposes of the discussion below, our subsidiaries are treated as branches rather than as separate corporations.
Unless exempt from U.S. federal income taxation under the rules contained in Section 883 of the Code (discussed below), a foreign corporation is subject to U.S. federal income taxation on its shipping income that is treated as derived from sources within the United States, referred to as “United States source shipping income.” For these purposes “shipping income” means any income that is derived from the use of vessels, from the hiring or leasing of vessels for use on a time, voyage or bareboat charter basis, from the participation in a pool, partnership, strategic alliance, joint operating agreement, code sharing arrangement or other joint venture it directly or indirectly owns or participates in that generates such income, or from the performance of services directly relat ed to those uses. For tax purposes, United States source shipping income includes (i) 50% of shipping income that is attributable to transportation that begins or ends, but that does not both begin and end, in the United States and (ii) 100% of shipping income that is attributable to transportation that both begins and ends in the United States.
Shipping income attributable to transportation exclusively between non-United States ports will be considered to be 100% derived from sources outside the United States. Shipping income derived from sources outside the United States will not be subject to any United States federal income tax.
In the absence of exemption from tax under Section 883, our gross United States source shipping income would be subject to a 4% tax imposed without allowance for deductions, as described below. We have not, nor do we believe we will, engage in transportation that produces income which is considered to be 100% from sources within the United States.
Exemption of operating income from U.S. federal income taxation
Under Section 883 of the Code and the regulations thereunder, we will be exempt from U.S. federal income taxation on our United States source shipping income if:
| ● | we are organized in a foreign country, or the “country of organization,” that grants an “equivalent exemption” to corporations organized in the United States; and |
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| | (A) more than 50% of the value of our stock is owned, directly or indirectly, by individuals who are “residents” of our country of organization or of another foreign country that grants an “equivalent exemption” to corporations organized in the United States, referred to as the “50% Ownership Test,” or |
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| | (B) our stock is “primarily and regularly traded on an established securities market” in our country of organization, in another country that grants an “equivalent exemption” to United States corporations, or in the United States, referred to as the “Publicly-Traded Test.” |
The Marshall Islands, the jurisdiction where we and our ship-owning subsidiaries are incorporated, grants an “equivalent exemption” to United States corporations. Therefore, we will be exempt from U.S. federal income taxation with respect to our United States source shipping income if either the 50% Ownership Test or the Publicly-Traded Test is met. Because shares of our common stock are traded on the NYSE, it is difficult to satisfy the 50% Ownership Test due to the widely-held ownership of our stock.
As to the Publicly-Traded Test, the regulations under Code Section 883 provide, in pertinent part, that stock of a foreign corporation will be considered to be “primarily traded” on an established securities market in a country if the number of shares of each class of stock that is traded during any taxable year on all established securities markets in that country exceeds the number of shares in each such class that is traded during that year on established securities markets in any other single country. We believe that our common stock, which is, and will continue to be, the sole class of our issued and outstanding stock, is, and will continue to be, “primarily traded” on the NYSE, which is an established securities market for these purposes.
The Publicly-Traded Test also requires our common stock to be “regularly traded” on an established securities market. Under the regulations, our common stock is considered to be “regularly traded” on an established securities market if one or more classes of our stock representing more than 50% of our outstanding shares, by both total combined voting power of all classes of stock entitled to vote and total value, are listed on the market, referred to as the “listing threshold.” The regulations further require that with respect to each class of stock relied upon to meet the listing threshold, (i) such class of stock is traded on the market, other than in minimal quantities, on at least 60 days during the taxable year or 1/6 of the days in a short taxable year; and (ii) the aggregate number of shares of such class of stock traded on such market during the taxable year is at least 10% of the average number of shares of such class of stock outstanding during such year (as appropriately adjusted in the case of a short taxable year). We believe we satisfy, and will continue to satisfy, the trading frequency and trading volume tests. However, even if we do not satisfy both tests, the regulations provide that the trading frequency and trading volume tests will be deemed satisfied if our common stock is traded on an established market in the United States and such stock is regularly quoted by dealers making a market in such stock. We believe this is and will continue to be the case.
Notwithstanding the foregoing, a class of our stock will not be considered to be “regularly traded” on an established securities market for any taxable year in which 50% or more of the vote and value of the outstanding shares of such class are owned, actually or constructively under certain stock attribution rules, on more than half the days during the taxable year by persons who each own 5% or more of the value of such class of our outstanding stock, referred to as the “5 Percent Override Rule.”
In order to determine the persons who actually or constructively own 5% or more of our stock, or “5% Stockholders,” we are permitted to rely on those persons that are identified on Schedule 13G and Schedule 13D filings with the Commission as having a 5% or more beneficial interest in our common stock. In addition, an investment company identified on a Schedule 13G or Schedule 13D filing which is registered under the Investment Company Act of 1940, as amended, will not be treated as a 5% Stockholder for such purposes.
In the event the 5 Percent Override Rule is triggered, the 5 Percent Override Rule will nevertheless not apply if we can establish that among the closely-held group of 5% Stockholders, there are sufficient 5% Stockholders that are considered to be “qualified stockholders” for purposes of Section 883 to preclude non-qualified 5% Stockholders in the closely-held group from owning 50% or more of each class of our stock for more than half the number of days during the taxable year.
We believe that we have satisfied and will continue to satisfy the Publicly-Traded Test and that the 5 Percent Override Rule has not been and will not be applicable to us. However, no assurance can be given that this will be the case in the future.
In any year that the 5 Percent Override Rule is triggered with respect to us, we are eligible for the exemption from tax under Section 883 only if we can nevertheless satisfy the Publicly-Traded Test (which requires, among other things, showing that the exception to the 5 Percent Override Rule applies) or if we can satisfy the 50% Ownership Test. In either case, we would have to satisfy certain substantiation requirements regarding the identity of our stockholders in order to qualify for the Section 883 exemption. These requirements are onerous and there is no assurance that we would be able to satisfy them.
To the extent the benefits of Section 883 are unavailable, our United States source shipping income, to the extent not considered to be “effectively connected” with the conduct of a United States trade or business, as described below, would be subject to a 4% tax imposed by Section 887 of the Code on a gross basis, without the benefit of deductions. Since under the sourcing rules described above, no more than 50% of our shipping income would be treated as being United States source shipping income, the maximum effective rate of U.S. federal income tax on its shipping income would never exceed 2% under the 4% gross basis tax regime.
To the extent the benefits of the Section 883 exemption are unavailable and our United States source shipping income is considered to be “effectively connected” with the conduct of a United States trade or business, as described below, any such “effectively connected” United States source shipping income, net of applicable deductions, would be subject to the U.S. federal corporate income tax currently imposed at rates of up to 35%. In addition, we may be subject to the 30% “branch profits” tax on earnings effectively connected with the conduct of such trade or business, as determined after allowance for certain adjustments, and on certain interest paid or deemed paid attributable to the conduct of our United States trade or business.
Our United States source shipping income would be considered “effectively connected” with the conduct of a United States trade or business only if:
| ● | we had, or were considered to have, a fixed place of business in the United States involved in the earning of United States source shipping income; and |
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| ● | substantially all of our United States source shipping income was attributable to regularly scheduled transportation, such as the operation of a vessel that followed a published schedule with repeated sailings at regular intervals between the same points for voyages that begin or end in the United States. |
We do not have, nor will we permit circumstances that would result in our having, any vessel sailing to or from the United States on a regularly scheduled basis. Based on the foregoing and on the expected mode of our shipping operations and other activities, we believe that none of our United States source shipping income is or will be “effectively connected” with the conduct of a United States trade or business.
United States taxation of gain on sale of vessels
Regardless of whether we qualify for exemption under Section 883, we will not be subject to U.S. federal income taxation with respect to gain realized on a sale of a vessel, provided the sale is considered to occur outside of the United States under U.S. federal income tax principles. In general, a sale of a vessel will be considered to occur outside of the United States for this purpose if title to the vessel, and risk of loss with respect to the vessel, pass to the buyer outside of the United States. It is expected that any sale of a vessel will be considered to occur outside of the United States.
U.S. Federal Income Taxation of “United States Holders”
As used herein, the term “United States Holder” means a beneficial owner of common stock that:
| ● | is an individual United States citizen or resident, a United States corporation or other United States entity taxable as a corporation, an estate the income of which is subject to U.S. federal income taxation regardless of its source, or a trust if a court within the United States is able to exercise primary jurisdiction over the administration of the trust and one or more United States persons have the authority to control all substantial decisions of the trust; |
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| ● | owns our common stock as a capital asset; and |
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| ● | owns less than 10% of our common stock for U.S. federal income tax purposes. |
If a partnership holds our common stock, the tax treatment of a partner will generally depend upon the status of the partner and upon the activities of the partnership. If you are a partner in a partnership holding our common stock, we suggest that you consult your tax advisor.
Distributions
Subject to the discussion of passive foreign investment companies, or “PFICs,” below, any distributions made by us with respect to our common stock to a United States Holder will generally constitute dividends to the extent of our current or accumulated earnings and profits, as determined under United States federal income tax principles. Distributions in excess of such earnings and profits will be treated first as a nontaxable return of capital to the extent of the United States Holder’s tax basis in his common stock on a dollar-for-dollar basis and thereafter as capital gain. Because we are not a United States corporation, United States Holders that are corporations will not be entitled to claim a dividends received deduction with respect to any distributions they receive from us. Dividend s paid with respect to our common stock will generally be treated as “passive income” for purposes of computing allowable foreign tax credits for United States foreign tax credit purposes.
Dividends paid on our common stock to a United States Holder who is an individual, trust or estate (a “United States Non-Corporate Holder”) will generally be treated as “qualified dividend income” that is taxable to such United States Non-Corporate Holder at a preferential tax rate of 15% (for payments made in taxable years beginning before this preferential tax rate expires on January 1, 2011) provided that (i) the common stock is readily tradable on an established securities market in the United States (such as the NYSE); (ii) we are not a PFIC for the taxable year during which the dividend is paid or the immediately preceding taxable year (see discussion below); (iii) the United States Non-Corporate Holder has owned the common stock for more than 60 days in the 121-day period beginn ing 60 days before the date on which the common stock becomes ex-dividend and (iv) the United States Non-Corporate Holder is not under an obligation to make related payments with respect to positions in substantially similar or related property. Special rules may apply to any “extraordinary dividend”—generally, a dividend in an amount which is equal to or in excess of 10% of a stockholder’s adjusted basis in a share of common stock—paid by us. If we pay an “extraordinary dividend” on our common stock that is treated as “qualified dividend income,” then any loss derived by a United States Non-Corporate Holder from the sale or exchange of such common stock will be treated as long-term capital loss to the extent of such dividend.
There is no assurance that any dividends paid on our common stock will be eligible for the 15% preferential tax rate in the hands of a United States Non-Corporate Holder. Moreover, it is unclear whether the 15% preferential tax rate on dividends will be extended before January 1, 2011 or, in the alternative, whether it will expire on such date. Any dividends that we pay from earnings and profits which are not eligible for this preferential tax rate will be taxed at ordinary income rates in the hands of a United States Non-Corporate Holder.
In addition, even if we are not a PFIC, under proposed legislation, dividends of a corporation incorporated in a country without a “comprehensive income tax system” paid to United States Non-Corporate Holders would not be eligible for the 15% tax rate. Although the term “comprehensive income tax system” is not defined in the proposed legislation, we believe this rule would apply to us because we are incorporated in the Marshall Islands.
Sale, exchange or other disposition of common stock
Provided that we are not a PFIC for any taxable year, a United States Holder generally will recognize taxable gain or loss upon a sale, exchange or other disposition of our common stock in an amount equal to the difference between the amount realized by the United States Holder from such sale, exchange or other disposition and the United States Holder’s tax basis in such stock. Such gain or loss will be treated as long-term capital gain or loss if the United States Holder’s holding period is greater than one year at the time of the sale, exchange or other disposition. Such capital gain or loss will generally be treated as United States source income or loss, as applicable, for United States foreign tax credit purposes. Long-term capital gains of United States Non-Corporate Holders are eligible for reduced rates of taxation. A United States Holder’s ability to deduct capital losses against ordinary income is subject to certain limitations.
PFIC status and significant tax consequences
Special U.S. federal income tax rules apply to a United States Holder that holds stock in a foreign corporation classified as a PFIC for U.S. federal income tax purposes. In particular, United States Non-Corporate Holders will not be eligible for the 15% tax rate on qualified dividends. In general, we will be treated as a PFIC with respect to a United States Holder if, for any taxable year in which such holder held our common stock, either:
| ● | at least 75% of our gross income for such taxable year consists of “passive income” (e.g., dividends, interest, capital gains and rents derived other than in the active conduct of a rental business); or |
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| ● | at least 50% of the average value of our assets during such taxable year consists of “passive assets” (i.e., assets that produce, or are held for the production of, passive income). |
Income earned, or deemed earned, by us in connection with the performance of services would not constitute passive income. By contrast, rental income would generally constitute “passive income” unless we were treated under specific rules as deriving our rental income in the active conduct of a trade or business.
We believe that it is more likely than not that we are not currently a PFIC and will not be a PFIC. In this regard, we intend to treat the gross income we derive or are deemed to derive from our time chartering activities as services income, rather than rental income. Accordingly, we believe that our income from our time chartering activities does not constitute “passive income,” and that the assets we own and operate in connection with the production of that income do not constitute passive assets.
We believe there is legal authority supporting this position, consisting of case law and IRS pronouncements concerning the characterization of income derived from time charters as service income for other tax purposes. However, the existing legal authorities do not specifically relate to the statutory provisions governing PFICs and do not relate to circumstances substantially similar to our own. In the context of a different set of rules under the Code, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit has held that, contrary to the position of the IRS in that case, income received under a time charter of vessels should be treated as rental income rather than services income. Even though the IRS took the contrary position in that case, in recent unofficial guidance the IRS cited the Fifth Circuit decision favor ably to support the conclusion that income received under a time charter of vessels engaged in the exploration for, or exploitation of, natural resources should be characterized as leasing or rental income. If the IRS were to apply the reasoning of this unofficial guidance to our shipping operations, the gross income we derive or are deemed to derive from our time chartering activities would be treated as rental income, and we would probably be a PFIC. As a result, the IRS or a court could disagree with our position that we are not currently a PFIC. No assurance can be given that this result will not occur. In addition, although we intend to conduct our affairs in a manner to avoid, to the extent possible, being classified as a PFIC with respect to any taxable year, we cannot assure you that the nature of our operations will not change in the future, or that we can avoid PFIC status in the future.
Under recently enacted legislation, if we were to be treated as a PFIC for any taxable year after 2010, a United States Holder would be required to file an annual report with the IRS for that year with respect to such holder’s common stock. In addition, as discussed more fully below, a United States Holder would be subject to different taxation rules depending on whether the United States Holder made an election to treat us as a “Qualified Electing Fund,” which election is referred to as a “QEF election.” As an alternative to making a QEF election, a United States Holder should be able to make a “mark-to-market” election with respect to our common stock, as discussed below.
Taxation of United States Holders making a timely QEF election
If we were a PFIC and a United States Holder made a timely QEF election, which United States Holder is referred to as an “Electing Holder,” the Electing Holder would report each year for United States federal income tax purposes its pro rata share of our ordinary earnings and our net capital gain (which gain shall not exceed our earnings and profits for the taxable year), if any, for our taxable year that ends with or within the taxable year of the Electing Holder, regardless of whether or not distributions were received from us by the Electing Holder. Any such ordinary income would not be eligible for the preferential tax rates applicable to qualified dividend income as discussed above. The Electing Holder’s adjusted tax basis in the common stock would be increased to reflect taxed but undi stributed earnings and profits. Distributions of earnings and profits that had been previously taxed would, pursuant to this election, result in a corresponding reduction in the adjusted tax basis in the common stock and would not be taxed again once distributed. An Electing Holder would not, however, be entitled to a deduction for its pro rata share of any losses that we incurred with respect to any year. An Electing Holder would generally recognize capital gain or loss on the sale, exchange or other disposition of our common stock. A United States Holder would make a QEF election with respect to any year that we are a PFIC by filing one copy of IRS Form 8621 with his U.S. federal income tax return. If we were treated as a PFIC for any taxable year, we would provide each United States Holder with all necessary information in order to make the QEF election described above. Even if a United States Holder makes a QEF election for one of our taxable years, if we were a PFIC for a prior taxable year during which the holder was a stockholder and for which the holder did not make a timely QEF election, different and more adverse tax consequences would apply.
Taxation of United States Holders making a “mark-to-market” election
Alternatively, if we were treated as a PFIC for any taxable year and, as we believe, our stock is treated as “marketable stock,” a United States Holder would be allowed to make a “mark-to-market” election with respect to our common stock, provided the United States Holder completes and files IRS Form 8621 in accordance with the relevant instructions and related Treasury regulations. If that election is made, the United States Holder generally would include as ordinary income in each taxable year the excess, if any, of the fair market value of the common stock at the end of the taxable year over such holder’s adjusted tax basis in the common stock. The United States Holder would also be permitted an ordinary loss in respect of the excess, if any, of the United States Holder’ s adjusted tax basis in the common stock over its fair market value at the end of the taxable year, but only to the extent of the net amount previously included in income as a result of the mark-to-market election. A United States Holder’s tax basis in his common stock would be adjusted to reflect any such income or loss amount. Gain realized on the sale, exchange or other disposition of our common stock would be treated as ordinary income, and any loss realized on the sale, exchange or other disposition of the common stock would be treated as ordinary loss to the extent that such loss does not exceed the net mark-to-market gains previously included by the United States Holder in income.
Taxation of United States Holders not making a timely QEF or “mark-to-market” election
Finally, if we were treated as a PFIC for any taxable year, a United States Holder who does not make either a QEF election or a “mark-to-market” election for that year, referred to as a “Non-Electing Holder,” would be subject to special rules with respect to (i) any excess distribution (i.e., the portion of any distributions received by the Non-Electing Holder on our common stock in a taxable year in excess of 125% of the average annual distributions received by the Non-Electing Holder in the three preceding taxable years, or, if shorter, the Non-Electing Holder’s holding period for the common stock), and (ii) any gain realized on the sale, exchange or other disposition of our common stock. Under these special rules:
| ● | the excess distribution or gain would be allocated ratably over the Non-Electing Holder’s aggregate holding period for the common stock; |
| ● | the amount allocated to the current taxable year and any taxable year prior to the first taxable year in which we were a PFIC during the Non-Electing Holder’s holding period would be taxed as ordinary income; and |
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| ● | the amount allocated to each of the other taxable years would be subject to tax at the highest rate of tax in effect for the applicable class of taxpayer for that year, and an interest charge for the deemed deferral benefit would be imposed with respect to the resulting tax attributable to each such other taxable year. |
These penalties would not apply to a qualified pension, profit sharing or other retirement trust or other tax-exempt organization that did not borrow money or otherwise utilize leverage in connection with its acquisition of our common stock. If we were a PFIC and a Non-Electing Holder who was an individual died while owning our common stock, such holder’s successor generally would not receive a step-up in tax basis with respect to such stock. Certain of these rules would apply to a United States Holder who made a QEF election for one of our taxable years if we were a PFIC in a prior taxable year during which the holder was a stockholder and for which the holder did not make a QEF election.
U.S. Federal Income Taxation of “Non-United States Holders”
A beneficial owner of common stock (other than a partnership) that is not a United States Holder is referred to herein as a “Non-United States Holder.”
Dividends on common stock
Non-United States Holders generally will not be subject to U.S. federal income tax or withholding tax on dividends received from us with respect to our common stock, unless that dividend income is effectively connected with the Non-United States Holder’s conduct of a trade or business in the United States. If the Non-United States Holder is entitled to the benefits of a United States income tax treaty with respect to those dividends, that income is taxable only if it is attributable to a permanent establishment maintained by the Non-United States Holder in the United States.
Sale, exchange or other disposition of common stock
Non-United States Holders generally will not be subject to U.S. federal income tax or withholding tax on any gain realized upon the sale, exchange or other disposition of our common stock, unless:
| ● | the gain is effectively connected with the Non-United States Holder’s conduct of a trade or business in the United States (and, if the Non-United States Holder is entitled to the benefits of an income tax treaty with respect to that gain, that gain is attributable to a permanent establishment maintained by the Non-United States Holder in the United States); or |
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| ● | the Non-United States Holder is an individual who is present in the United States for 183 days or more during the taxable year of disposition and other conditions are met. |
If the Non-United States Holder is engaged in a United States trade or business for U.S. federal income tax purposes, the income from the common stock, including dividends and the gain from the sale, exchange or other disposition of the stock, that is effectively connected with the conduct of that trade or business will generally be subject to regular U.S. federal income tax in the same manner as discussed in the previous section relating to the taxation of United States Holders. In addition, if you are a corporate Non-United States Holder, your earnings and profits that are attributable to the effectively connected income, which are subject to certain adjustments, may be subject to an additional branch profits tax at a rate of 30%, or at a lower rate as may be specified by an applicable income tax treaty.
Backup Withholding and Information Reporting
In general, dividend payments or other taxable distributions made within the United States to you will be subject to information reporting requirements if you are a United States Non-Corporate Holder. Such payments or distributions may also be subject to backup withholding tax if you are a United States Non-Corporate Holder and you:
| ● | fail to provide an accurate taxpayer identification number; |
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| ● | are notified by the IRS that you have failed to report all interest or dividends required to be shown on your federal income tax returns; or |
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| ● | in certain circumstances, fail to comply with applicable certification requirements. |
Non-United States Holders may be required to establish their exemption from information reporting and backup withholding by certifying their status on IRS Form W-8BEN, W-8ECI or W-8IMY, as applicable.
If you are a Non-United States Holder and you sell our common stock to or through a United States office of a broker, the payment of the proceeds is subject to both United States backup withholding and information reporting unless you certify that you are a non-United States person, under penalties of perjury, or you otherwise establish an exemption. If you sell our common stock through a non-United States office of a non-United States broker and the sales proceeds are paid to you outside the United States, then information reporting and backup withholding generally will not apply to that payment. However, United States information reporting requirements, but not backup withholding, will apply to a payment of sales proceeds, even if that payment is made to you outside the United States, if you sell our common stock through a non-United States office of a broker that is a United States person or has some other contacts with the United States. Such information reporting requirements will not apply, however, if the broker has documentary evidence in its records that you are a non-United States person and certain other conditions are met, or you otherwise establish an exemption.
Backup withholding tax is not an additional tax. Rather, you generally may obtain a refund of any amounts withheld under backup withholding rules that exceed your income tax liability by filing a refund claim with the IRS.