| Summary of Significant Accounting Policies | Summary of Significant Accounting Policies Use of Estimates. The preparation of financial statements in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (GAAP) requires the Bank’s management to make subjective assumptions and estimates, which are based upon the information then available to the Bank and are inherently uncertain and subject to change. These assumptions and estimates may affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities, and the reported amounts of income and expenses. Actual results could differ significantly from these estimates. Estimated Fair Values. The estimated fair value amounts, recorded on the Statements of Condition and in the note disclosures for the periods presented, have been determined by the Bank using available market and other pertinent information and reflect the Bank’s best judgment of appropriate valuation methods. Although the Bank uses its best judgment in estimating the fair value of these financial instruments, there are inherent limitations in any valuation technique. Therefore, these fair values may not be indicative of the amounts that would have been realized in market transactions at the reporting dates. Financial Instruments Meeting Netting Requirements. The Bank has certain financial instruments, including derivative instruments and securities purchased under agreements to resell, that are subject to offset under master netting agreements or by operation of law. The Bank has elected to offset its derivative asset and liability positions, as well as cash collateral received or pledged, when it has the legal right of offset under these master agreements. The Bank does not have any offsetting liabilities related to its securities purchased under agreements to resell for the periods presented. The net exposure for these financial instruments can change on a daily basis; therefore, there may be a delay between the time this exposure change is identified and additional collateral is requested, and the time when this collateral is received or pledged. There may be a delay for excess collateral to be returned. For derivative instruments, any excess cash collateral received or pledged is recognized as a derivative liability or derivative asset based on the terms of the individual master agreement between the Bank and its derivative counterparty. Additional information regarding these agreements is provided in Note 15—Derivatives and Hedging Activities. Based on the fair value of the related securities held as collateral, the securities purchased under agreements to resell were fully collateralized for the periods presented. Adoption of Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments Accounting Guidance . Beginning on January 1, 2020, the Bank adopted, on a modified retrospective basis, new accounting guidance pertaining to the measurement of credit losses on financial instruments that requires a financial asset or group of financial assets measured at amortized cost to be presented at the net amount expected to be collected. The new guidance also requires credit losses relating to these financial instruments, as well as available-for-sale securities, to be recorded through the allowance for credit losses. Key changes as compared to prior accounting guidance are detailed below. Consistent with the modified retrospective method of adoption, the prior period has not been revised to conform to the new basis of accounting. Key changes to the accounting policies are detailed within this note. Interest-bearing Deposits, Securities Purchased under Agreements to Resell, and Federal Funds Sold. Interest-bearing deposits, securities purchased under agreements to resell, and federal funds sold provide short-term liquidity and are carried at amortized cost. Interest on interest-bearing deposits, securities purchased under agreements to resell, and federal funds sold is accrued as earned and recorded in interest income on the Statements of Income. Accrued interest receivable is recorded separately on the Statements of Condition. These investments are generally transacted with counterparties that have received a credit rating of triple-B or greater (investment grade) by a nationally recognized statistical rating organization (NRSRO) including the following: Standard and Poor’s (S&P), Moody’s Investors Service (Moody’s), and Fitch Ratings. All of these investments were with counterparties rated investment grade as of December 31, 2020. These investments are evaluated quarterly for expected credit losses. If applicable, an allowance for credit losses is recorded with a corresponding credit loss expense (or reversal of credit loss expense). The Bank uses the collateral maintenance provision practical expedient to evaluate potential credit losses related to securities purchased under agreements to resell. Consequently, a credit loss would be recognized if there is a collateral shortfall which the Bank does not believe the counterparty will replenish in accordance with its contractual terms. The credit loss would be limited to the difference between the fair value of the collateral and the investment’s amortized cost. Securities purchased under agreements to resell are short-term and are structured such that they are evaluated regularly to determine if the market value of the underlying securities decreases below the market value required as collateral (i.e., subject to collateral maintenance provisions). If so, the counterparty must place an equivalent amount of additional securities as collateral or remit an equivalent amount of cash, generally by the next business day. Based upon the collateral held as security and collateral maintenance provisions with its counterparties, the Bank determined that no allowance for credit losses was needed for its securities purchased under agreements to resell as of December 31, 2020 and 2019. The carrying value of securities purchased under agreements excludes accrued interest receivable that was not material as of December 31, 2020 and 2019. Federal funds sold are unsecured loans that are generally transacted on an overnight term. All investments in interest-bearing deposits and federal funds sold were repaid or expected to be repaid according to the contractual terms as of December 31, 2020 and 2019. No allowance for credit losses was recorded for these assets as of December 31, 2020 and 2019. The carrying values of interest-bearing deposits excludes accrued interest receivable that was not material as of December 31, 2020 and 2019. The carrying values of federal funds sold excludes accrued interest receivable that was not material as of December 31, 2020 and $10 as of December 31, 2019. Investment Securities. Investment securities that the Bank has both the ability and intent to hold to maturity are classified as held-to-maturity and carried at amortized cost, which is original cost net of periodic principal repayments and amortization of premiums and accretion of discounts. Accrued interest receivable is recorded separately on the Statements of Condition. Amortization of premiums and accretion of discounts are computed using the contractual level-yield method (contractual interest method), adjusted for actual prepayments. The contractual interest method recognizes the income effects of premiums and discounts over the contractual life of the securities based on the actual behavior of the underlying assets, including adjustments for actual prepayment activities, and reflects the contractual terms of the securities without regard to changes in estimated prepayments based on assumptions about future borrower behavior. Held-to-maturity securities are evaluated quarterly for expected credit losses on a pool basis unless an individual assessment is deemed necessary because the securities do not possess similar risk characteristics. If applicable, an allowance for credit losses is recorded with a corresponding credit loss expense (or reversal of credit loss expense). The allowance for credit losses excludes uncollectible accrued interest receivable, which is measured separately. Prior to January 1, 2020, credit losses were recorded as a direct write-down of the held-to-maturity security carrying value. The Bank’s held-to-maturity securities consist of U.S. agency obligations, government-sponsored enterprise debt obligations, state or local housing agency debt obligations, and MBS issued by the Government National Mortgage Association (Ginnie Mae), the Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation (Freddie Mac), and the Federal National Mortgage Association (Fannie Mae) that are backed by single-family or multifamily mortgage loans. The Bank only purchase securities considered investment quality. All of these investments were rated double-A, or above, by a NRSRO as of December 31, 2020, based on the lowest long-term credit rating for each security. The Bank has not established an allowance for credit loss on any of its held-to-maturity securities as of December 31, 2020 because the securities: (1) were all highly-rated and/or had short remaining terms to maturity, (2) had not experienced, nor did the Bank expect, any payment default on the instruments, and (3) in the case of U.S., government-sponsored enterprises, or other agency obligations, carry an implicit or explicit government guarantee such that the Bank considers the risk of nonpayment to be zero. The Bank classifies certain investment securities acquired for purposes of liquidity and asset-liability management as trading investments and carries these securities at their estimated fair value. The Bank does not participate in speculative trading practices in these investments and generally holds them until maturity, except to the extent management deems necessary to manage the Bank’s liquidity position. The Bank records changes in the fair value of these investments in noninterest income (loss) as “Net gains (losses) on trading securities” on the Statements of Income, along with gains and losses on sales of investment securities using the specific identification method. The Bank classifies certain securities that are not held-to-maturity or trading as available-for-sale and carries these securities at their estimated fair value. The Bank records changes in the fair value of these investments in other comprehensive income. For securities classified as available-for-sale, the Bank evaluates an individual security for impairment on a quarterly basis by comparing the security’s fair value to its amortized cost. Accrued interest receivable is recorded separately on the Statements of Condition. Impairment exists when the fair value of the investment is less than its amortized cost (i.e., in an unrealized loss position). In assessing whether a credit loss exists on an impaired security, the Bank considers whether there would be a shortfall in receiving all cash flows contractually due. When a shortfall is considered possible, the Bank compares the present value of cash flows to be collected from the security with the amortized cost basis of the security. If the present value of cash flows is less than amortized cost, an allowance for credit losses is recorded with a corresponding adjustment to the provision (reversal) for credit losses. The allowance is limited by the amount of the unrealized loss. The allowance for credit losses excludes uncollectible accrued interest receivable, which is measured separately. If management intends to sell an impaired security classified as available-for-sale, or more likely than not will be required to sell the security before expected recovery of its amortized cost basis, any allowance for credit losses is written off and the amortized cost basis is written down to the security’s fair value at the reporting date with any incremental impairment reported in earnings. If management does not intend to sell an impaired security classified as available-for-sale and it is not more likely than not that management will be required to sell the debt security, then the credit portion of the difference is recognized as an allowance for credit losses and any remaining difference between the security’s fair value and amortized cost is recorded as net unrealized gains (losses) on available-for-sale securities within other comprehensive income. For improvements in cash flows of available-for-sale securities, interest income follows the recognition pattern pursuant to the impairment guidance in effect prior to January 1, 2020 and recoveries of amounts previously written off are recorded when received. For improvements in impaired available-for-sale securities with an allowance for credit losses recognized after the adoption of the new guidance, the allowance for credit losses associated with recoveries may be derecognized up to its full amount. Effective January 1, 2020, the net noncredit portion of other-than-temporary impairment gains (losses) on available-for-sale securities was reclassified to net unrealized gains (losses) on available-for-sale securities within other comprehensive income. Other-than-temporary Impairment of Investment Securitie s. Beginning January 1, 2020, the Bank adopted new accounting guidance pertaining to the measurement of credit losses on financial instruments. Prior to January 1, 2020, the Bank evaluated its individual available-for-sale and held-to-maturity securities in unrealized loss positions for other-than-temporary impairment on a quarterly basis. A security was considered impaired when its fair value was less than its amortized cost. The Bank considered an other-than-temporary impairment to have occurred under any of the following circumstances: • the Bank had an intent to sell the impaired debt security; • if, based on available evidence, the Bank believed it was more likely than not that it would be required to sell the impaired debt security before the recovery of its amortized cost basis; or • the Bank did not expect to recover the entire amortized cost basis of the impaired debt security. If either of the first two conditions above was met, the Bank recognizes an other-than-temporary impairment loss in earnings equal to the entire difference between the security’s amortized cost basis and its fair value as of the Statements of Condition date. For securities in an unrealized loss position that meet neither of the first two conditions, the Bank performed a cash flow analysis to determine if it would recover the entire amortized cost basis of each of these securities. The present value of the cash flows expected to be collected was compared to the amortized cost basis of the debt security to determine whether a credit loss exists. If there was a credit loss (the difference between the present value of the cash flows expected to be collected and the amortized cost basis of the debt security), the carrying value of the debt security was adjusted to its fair value. However, rather than recognizing the entire difference between the amortized cost basis and fair value in earnings, only the amount of the impairment representing the credit loss (i.e., the credit component) was recognized in earnings, while the amount related to all other factors (i.e., the non-credit component) was recognized in other comprehensive income. The credit loss on a debt security was limited to the amount of that security’s unrealized losses. For subsequent accounting of an other-than-temporarily impaired security, the Bank recorded an additional other-than-temporary impairment if the present value of cash flows expected to be collected was less than the amortized cost of the security. The total amount of this additional other-than-temporary impairment (both credit and non-credit component, if any) was determined as the difference between the security’s amortized cost, less the amount of other-than-temporary impairment recognized in other comprehensive income prior to the determination of this additional other-than-temporary impairment, and its fair value. Any additional credit loss was limited to that security’s unrealized losses or the difference between the security’s amortized cost and its fair value as of the Statements of Condition date. This additional credit loss, up to the amount in accumulated other comprehensive income related to the security, was reclassified out of accumulated other comprehensive income and recognized in earnings. Any credit loss in excess of the related other comprehensive income was recorded as additional total other-than-temporary impairment loss and recognized in earnings. For debt securities classified as available-for-sale, the Bank did not accrete the other-than-temporary impairment recognized in accumulated other comprehensive income to the carrying value. Rather, subsequent related increases and decreases (if not an other-than-temporary impairment) in the fair value of available-for-sale securities were netted against the non-credit component of other-than-temporary impairment recognized previously in accumulated other comprehensive income. Upon subsequent evaluation of a debt security where there is no additional other-than-temporary impairment, the Bank adjusted the accretable yield on a prospective basis if there was a significant increase in the security’s expected cash flows. As of the impairment measurement date, a new accretable yield was calculated for the impaired investment security. This adjusted yield was then used to calculate the interest income recognized over the remaining life of the security so as to match the amount and timing of future cash flows expected to be collected. Subsequent significant increases in estimated cash flows change the accretable yield on a prospective basis. Advances. The Bank reports advances (secured loans to members, former members, or housing associates) at amortized cost. Amortized cost is original cost net of periodic principal repayments and amortization of premiums and accretion of discounts (including discounts related to the Affordable Housing Program (AHP) and Economic Development and Growth Enhancement Program (EDGE)), net deferred fees or costs, and fair value hedge adjustments. The Bank accretes the discounts on advances and amortizes the recognized unearned commitment fees and hedging adjustments to interest income using the contractual interest method. The Bank records interest on advances to interest income as earned. Accrued interest receivable is recorded separately on the Statements of Condition. In accordance with the new accounting guidance pertaining to the measurement of credit losses on financial instruments, advances are evaluated quarterly for expected credit losses. If applicable, an allowance for credit losses is recorded with a corresponding credit loss expense (or reversal of credit loss expense). The Bank manages its credit exposure to advances through an integrated approach that includes (1) establishing a credit limit for each borrower; (2) an ongoing review of each borrower’s financial condition; and (3) collateral and lending policies to limit risk of loss, while balancing each borrower’s needs for a reliable source of funding. In addition, the Bank lends to financial institutions within its district and housing associates in accordance with federal statutes and Finance Agency regulations. Specifically, the Bank complies with the FHLBank Act, which requires the Bank to obtain sufficient collateral to fully secure advances. The estimated value of the collateral required to secure each borrower’s advances is calculated by applying discounts to the fair value or unpaid principal balance of the collateral, as applicable. The Bank accepts certain investment securities, residential mortgage loans, deposits, and other real estate related assets as collateral. The Bank’s capital stock owned by its member borrower is also pledged as additional collateral. Collateral arrangements may vary depending upon borrower credit quality, financial condition and performance, borrowing capacity, and the Bank’s overall credit exposure to the borrower. The Bank can call for additional or substitute collateral to protect its security interest. The Bank believes that these policies effectively manage credit risk from advances. Based upon the financial condition of the borrower, the Bank either allows a borrower to retain physical possession of the collateral pledged to it or requires the borrower to specifically assign the collateral to or place the collateral in physical possession of the Bank or its safekeeping agent. The Bank requires its borrowers to execute an advances and security agreement that establishes the Bank’s security interest in all collateral pledged by the borrower to the Bank. The Bank perfects its security interest in all pledged collateral. The FHLBank Act affords any security interest granted to the Bank by a borrower priority over the claims or rights of any other party (including any receiver, conservator, trustee, or similar party having rights of a lien creditor), except for claims or rights of a third party that (1) would be entitled to priority under otherwise applicable law, and (2) is an actual bona fide purchaser for value or is an actual secured party whose security interest is perfected in accordance with state law. Using a risk-based approach and taking into consideration each borrower’s financial strength, the Bank considers the types and amounts of pledged collateral to be the primary indicator of credit quality on its advances. The Bank had rights to collateral on a borrower-by-borrower basis with an estimated value equal to or greater than its outstanding extensions of credit as of December 31, 2020 and 2019. The Bank continues to evaluate and make changes to its collateral policies, as necessary, based on current market conditions. No advance was past due, on nonaccrual status, or considered impaired as of December 31, 2020 and 2019. In addition, there were no troubled debt restructurings (TDRs) related to advances as of December 31, 2020 and 2019. Based upon the collateral held as security, the Bank’s collateral policies, credit analysis, and the repayment history on advances, the Bank did not anticipate any credit losses on advances as of December 31, 2020 and 2019. Accordingly, the Bank has not recorded any allowance for credit losses on advances as of December 31, 2020 and 2019. Prepayment Fees . The Bank charges a borrower a prepayment fee when the borrower prepays certain advances before the original maturity date. The Bank records prepayment fees, net of basis adjustments related to hedging activities included in the carrying value of the advance as part of the advances line item in the interest income section of the Statements of Income. In cases in which there is a prepayment of an existing advance and a contemporaneous funding of a new advance, the Bank evaluates whether the new advance meets the accounting criteria to qualify as a modification of an existing advance or whether it constitutes a new advance. If the new advance qualifies as a modification of the existing advance, the hedging basis adjustments and the net prepayment fee on the prepaid advance are recorded in the carrying value of the modified advance and amortized over the life of the modified advance using the contractual interest method. This amortization is recorded in advance interest income. If the Bank determines that the transaction does not qualify as a modification of an existing advance, it is treated as an advance termination with subsequent funding of a new advance, and the Bank records the net fees as prepayment fees on advances, which is included in the advances line item in the interest income section of the Statements of Income. Mortgage Loans Held for Portfolio. The Bank classifies mortgage loans that it has the intent and ability to hold for the foreseeable future, or until maturity or payoff, as held for portfolio. These mortgage loans are reported at amortized cost, which is original cost, net of periodic principal repayments and amortization of premiums and accretion of discounts, fair value hedge adjustments on loans initially classified as mortgage loan commitments, and direct write-downs. Accrued interest receivable is recorded separately on the Statements of Condition. The Bank performs at least quarterly an assessment of its mortgage loans held for portfolio to estimate expected credit losses. If applicable, an allowance for credit losses is recorded with a corresponding credit loss expense (or reversal of credit loss expense). The Bank defers and amortizes premiums and accretes discounts (1) paid to and received by the participating financial institutions (PFIs), and (2) mark-to-market basis adjustments on loans initially classified as mortgage loan commitments, as interest income using the contractual interest method. A mortgage loan is considered past due when the principal or interest payment is not received in accordance with the contractual terms of the loan. The Bank places a conventional mortgage loan on nonaccrual status when the collection of the contractual principal or interest from the borrower is 90 days or more past due. When a mortgage loan is placed on nonaccrual status, accrued but uncollected interest is reversed against interest income. The Bank records cash payments received on nonaccrual loans as interest income and as a reduction of principal as specified in the contractual agreement. A loan on nonaccrual status may be restored to accrual status when the contractual principal and interest are less than 90 days past due. A government-guaranteed or -insured loan is not placed on nonaccrual status when the collection of the contractual principal or interest is 90 days or more past due because of (1) the U.S. government guarantee or insurance on the loan, and (2) the contractual obligation of the loan servicer to repurchase the loan when certain criteria are met. A mortgage loan is considered impaired when, based on current information and events, it is probable that the Bank will be unable to collect all amounts due according to the contractual terms of the mortgage loan agreement. Interest income is recognized in the same manner as nonaccrual loans. Finance Agency regulations require that mortgage loans held in the Bank’s portfolios be credit enhanced. For conventional mortgage loans, PFIs retain a portion of the credit risk on the loans they sell to the Bank by providing credit enhancement either through a direct liability to pay credit losses up to a specified amount or through a contractual obligation to provide supplemental mortgage insurance. PFIs are paid a credit enhancement fee (CE Fee) for assuming credit risk, and in some instances, all or a portion of the CE Fee may be performance based. CE Fees are paid monthly based on the remaining unpaid principal balance of the loans in a master commitment. CE Fees are recorded as an offset to mortgage loan interest income. To the extent that the Bank experiences losses in a master commitment, it may be able to recapture CE Fees paid to the PFI to offset these losses. At least quarterly, the Bank performs an assessment of its mortgage loans held for portfolio to estimate expected credit losses. The Bank measures expected credit losses on mortgage loans on a collective basis, pooling loans with similar risk characteristics. If a mortgage loan no longer shares risk characteristics with other loans, it is removed from the pool and evaluated for expected credit losses on an individual basis. When developing the allowance for credit losses, the Bank measures the estimated loss over the remaining life of a mortgage loan, which also considers how the Bank’s credit enhancements mitigate credit losses. If a loan was purchased at a discount, the discount does not offset the allowance for credit losses. The allowance excludes uncollectible accrued interest receivable, as the Bank writes off accrued interest receivable by reversing interest income if a mortgage loan is placed on nonaccrual status. The Bank invested in government-guaranteed or -insured fixed-rate mortgage loans secured by one-to-four family residential properties. Government-guaranteed or -insured mortgage loans are mortgage loans guaranteed or insured by the Department of Veterans Affairs or the Federal Housing Administration. The servicer provides and maintains insurance or a guarantee from the applicable government agency. The servicer is responsible for compliance with all government agency requirements and for obtaining the benefit of the applicable insurance or guarantee with respect to defaulted government-guaranteed or -insured mortgage loans. Any losses incurred on these loans that are not recovered from the issuer or the guarantor are absorbed by the servicers. Therefore, the Bank only has credit risk for these loans if the servicer fails to pay for losses not covered by insurance or guarantees. Based on the Bank’s assessment of its servicers and the collateral backing these loans, the Bank did not establish an allowance for credit losses for its government-guaranteed or -insured mortgage loan portfolio as of December 31, 2020 and 2019. Modified loans that are considered a TDR are evaluated individually for impairment. All other conventional residential mortgage loans are evaluated collectively for impairment. The allowance for conventional residential mortgage loans is determined by an analysis (performed at least quarterly) that includes segregating the portfolio into various aging groups. For loans that are 60 days or less past due, the Bank calculates a loss severity, default rate, and the expected loss based on individual loan characteristics. For loans that are more than 60 days past due, the allowance is determined using an automated valuation model. Modified loans that are considered a TDR are individually evaluated for impairment when determining the related allowance for credit losses. Credit loss is measured by factoring in expected cash shortfalls (i.e., loss severity rate) incurred as of the reporting date, as well as the economic loss attributable to delaying the original contractual principal and interest due dates. On March 27, 2020, the Coronavirus, Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act (the CARES Act) providing optional, temporary relief from accounting for certain loan modifications as TDRs was signed into law. Under the CARES Act, TDR relief is available to banks for loan modifications related to the adverse effects of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) (COVID-related modifications) granted to borrowers that are current as of December 31, 2019. TDR relief applies to COVID-related modifications made from March 1, 2020, until the earlier of December 31, 2020, or 60 days following the termination of the national emergency declared by the President of the United States on March 13, 2020. On December 27, 2020, the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2021, was signed into law, extending the applicable period to the earlier of January 1, 2022, or 60 days following the termination of the national emergency declared on March 13, 2020. The Bank has elected to apply the TDR relief provided by the CARES Act. As such, all COVID-related modifications meeting the provisions of the CARES Act will be excluded from TDR classification and accounting. COVID-related modifications that do not meet the provisions of the CARES Act will continue to be assessed for TDR classification . Refer to Note 9 — Mortgage Loans Held for Portfolio for additional information. A charge-off is recorded if it is estimated that the amortized cost and any applicable accrued interest in the loan will not be recovered. The Bank evaluates whether to record a charge-off on a conventional residential mortgage loan upon the occurrence of a confirming event. Once a loan is 180 days delinquent, the Bank classifies as a loss and charges off the portion of outstanding conventional residential mortgage loan balances in excess of the fair value of the underlying property, less costs to sell and adjusted for any available credit enhancements. Real estate owned (REO) includes assets that have been received in satisfaction of debt through foreclosures. REO is initially recorded at fair value, less estimated selling costs and is subsequently carried at the lower of that amount or current fair value, less estimated selling costs. The Bank recognizes a charge-off to the allowance for credit losses if the fair value of the REO, less estimated selling costs is less than the recorded investment in the loan at the date of transfer from loans to REO. Any subsequent realized gains, realized or u |
