Estimated Fair Value | Note 19 - Estimated Fair Values We estimate fair value amounts by using available market and other pertinent information and the most appropriate valuation methods. Although we use our best judgment in estimating the fair values of financial instruments, there are inherent limitations in any valuation technique. Therefore, these estimated fair values may not be indicative of the amounts that would have been realized in market transactions at the reporting dates. Certain estimates of the fair value of financial assets and liabilities are highly subjective and require judgments regarding significant factors such as the amount and timing of future cash flows, prepayment speeds, interest-rate volatility, and the discount rates that appropriately reflect market and credit risks. The use of different assumptions could have a material effect on the fair value estimates. Fair Value Hierarchy . GAAP establishes a fair value hierarchy and requires us to maximize the use of significant observable inputs and minimize the use of significant unobservable inputs when measuring estimated fair value. The inputs are evaluated, and an overall level for the estimated fair value measurement is determined. This overall level is an indication of the extent of the market observability of the estimated fair value measurement for the asset or liability. The fair value hierarchy prioritizes the inputs used to measure fair value into three broad levels: Level 1 Inputs. Quoted prices (unadjusted) for identical assets or liabilities in an active market that we can access on the measurement date. Level 2 Inputs. Inputs other than quoted prices within level 1 that are observable inputs for the asset or liability, either directly or indirectly. If the asset or liability has a specified or contractual term, a level 2 input must be observable for substantially the full term of the asset or liability. Level 2 inputs include (i) quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities in active markets; (ii) quoted prices for identical or similar assets or liabilities in markets that are not active; (iii) inputs other than quoted prices that are observable for the asset or liability (e.g., interest rates and yield curves that are observable at commonly quoted intervals and implied volatilities); and (iv) inputs that are derived principally from or corroborated by observable market data by correlation or other means. Level 3 Inputs. Unobservable inputs for the asset or liability. We review the fair value hierarchy classifications on a quarterly basis. Changes in the observability of the inputs may result in a reclassification of certain assets or liabilities. Such reclassifications are reported as transfers in/out at estimated fair value as of the beginning of the quarter in which the changes occur. There were no such reclassifications during the years ended December 31, 2017 , 2016 , or 2015 . The following tables present the carrying value and estimated fair value of our financial instruments. The total of the estimated fair values does not represent an estimate of our overall market value as a going concern, which would take into account, among other considerations, future business opportunities and the net profitability of assets and liabilities. December 31, 2017 Estimated Fair Value Carrying Netting Financial Instruments Value Total Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Adjustment (1) Assets: Cash and due from banks $ 55,269 $ 55,269 $ 55,269 $ — $ — $ — Interest-bearing deposits 660,342 660,342 659,926 416 — — Securities purchased under agreements to resell 2,605,460 2,605,461 — 2,605,461 — — Federal funds sold 1,280,000 1,280,000 — 1,280,000 — — AFS securities 7,128,758 7,128,758 — 6,910,224 218,534 — HTM securities 5,897,668 5,919,299 — 5,874,413 44,886 — Advances 34,055,064 34,001,397 — 34,001,397 — — Mortgage loans held for portfolio, net 10,356,341 10,426,213 — 10,413,134 13,079 — Accrued interest receivable 105,314 105,314 — 105,314 — — Derivative assets, net 128,206 128,206 — 300,014 — (171,808 ) Grantor trust assets (2) 21,698 21,698 21,698 — — — Liabilities: Deposits 564,799 564,799 — 564,799 — — Consolidated Obligations: Discount notes 20,358,157 20,394,192 — 20,394,192 — — Bonds 37,895,653 37,998,928 — 37,998,928 — — Accrued interest payable 135,691 135,691 — 135,691 — — Derivative liabilities, net 2,718 2,718 — 76,988 — (74,270 ) MRCS 164,322 164,322 164,322 — — — December 31, 2016 Estimated Fair Value Carrying Netting Financial Instruments Value Total Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Adjustment (1) Assets: Cash and due from banks $ 546,612 $ 546,612 $ 546,612 $ — $ — $ — Interest-bearing deposits 150,225 150,225 150,072 153 — — Securities purchased under agreements to resell 1,781,309 1,781,309 — 1,781,309 — — Federal funds sold 1,650,000 1,650,000 — 1,650,000 — — AFS securities 6,059,835 6,059,835 — 5,790,716 269,119 — HTM securities 5,819,573 5,848,692 — 5,791,111 57,581 — Advances 28,095,953 28,059,477 — 28,059,477 — — Mortgage loans held for portfolio, net 9,501,397 9,587,394 — 9,567,140 20,254 — Accrued interest receivable 93,716 93,716 — 93,716 — — Derivative assets, net 134,848 134,848 — 233,101 — (98,253 ) Grantor trust assets (2) 18,117 18,117 18,117 — — — Liabilities: Deposits 524,073 524,073 — 524,073 — — Consolidated Obligations: Discount notes 16,801,763 16,819,659 — 16,819,659 — — Bonds 33,467,279 33,614,346 — 33,614,346 — — Accrued interest payable 98,411 98,411 — 98,411 — — Derivative liabilities, net 25,225 25,225 — 103,107 — (77,882 ) MRCS 170,043 170,043 170,043 — — — (1) Represents the application of the netting requirements that allow the settlement of (i) positive and negative positions and (ii) cash collateral and related accrued interest held or placed, with the same clearing agent and/or counterparty (includes fair value adjustments on derivatives of $24,954 at December 31, 2017 for which variation margin payments are characterized as daily settled contracts). (2) Included in other assets. Summary of Valuation Techniques and Significant Inputs. Cash and Due from Banks. The estimated fair value equals the carrying value. Interest-Bearing Deposits. The estimated fair value equals the carrying value. Securities Purchased Under Agreements to Resell. The estimated fair value of overnight securities purchased under agreements to resell approximates the carrying value. The estimated fair value of term securities purchased under agreements to resell is determined by calculating the present value of the future cash flows. The discount rates used in these calculations are the rates for securities with similar terms. Federal Funds Sold. The estimated fair value of overnight federal funds sold approximates the carrying value. The estimated fair value of term federal funds sold is determined by calculating the present value of the expected future cash flows. The discount rates used in these calculations are the rates for federal funds with similar terms. AFS and HTM Securities - MBS. The estimated fair value incorporates prices from multiple third-party pricing vendors, when available. These pricing vendors use various proprietary models to price MBS. The inputs to those models are derived from various sources, including, but not limited to, benchmark yields, reported trades, dealer estimates, issuer spreads, benchmark securities, bids, offers, and other market-related data. Because many private-label RMBS do not trade on a daily basis, the pricing vendors use other available information, as applicable, such as benchmark curves, benchmarking of like securities, sector groupings and matrix pricing to determine the prices for individual securities. We conduct reviews of the pricing vendors' processes, methodologies and control procedures to confirm and further augment our understanding of the vendors' prices for agency and private-label RMBS. Each pricing vendor has an established challenge process in place for all MBS valuations, which facilitates resolution of potentially erroneous prices identified by us. Our valuation technique for estimating the fair values of MBS initially requires the establishment of a "median" price for each security. All prices that are within a specified tolerance threshold of the median price are then included in the "cluster" of prices that are averaged to compute a "default" price. All prices that are outside the threshold (i.e., outliers) are subject to further analysis (including, but not limited to, comparison to prices provided by an additional third-party valuation service, prices for similar securities, and/or non-binding dealer estimates) to determine if an outlier is a better estimate of fair value. If so, then the outlier (or the other price as appropriate) is used as the final price rather than the default price. In all cases, the final price is used to determine the estimated fair value of the security. As of December 31, 2017 , two or three prices were received for substantially all of our MBS. Based on the lack of significant market activity and observable inputs for private-label RMBS and home equity loan ABS, the recurring fair value measurements for those securities were classified as level 3 within the fair value hierarchy as of December 31, 2017 and 2016 . AFS and HTM Securities - non-MBS. The estimated fair value is determined using market-observable price quotes from third-party pricing vendors, such as the Composite Bloomberg Bond Trader screen, thus falling under the market approach. Advances. We determine the estimated fair value by calculating the present value of expected future cash flows from the advances (excluding the amount of the accrued interest receivable). The discount rates used in these calculations are equivalent to the replacement advance rates for advances with similar terms. In accordance with the Finance Agency's regulations, advances with a maturity or repricing period greater than six months require a prepayment fee sufficient to make us financially indifferent to the borrower's decision to prepay the advances. Therefore, the estimated fair value of advances appropriately excludes prepayment risk. The inputs used to determine the estimated fair value of advances are as follows: • LIBOR swap curve - we use the LIBOR swap curve, which represents the fixed rates on which fixed-rate payments are swapped in exchange for payments of three-month LIBOR; • Volatility assumption - to estimate the fair value of advances with optionality, we use market-based expectations of future interest-rate volatility implied from current market prices for certain benchmark options; • Spread adjustment to the LIBOR swap curve - the spreads are calculated for various structures of advances using current internal advance pricing indications; or • CO curve - for cost-of-funds floating-rate advances that do not use the inputs above, we use the CO curve, which represents the fixed rates at which the FHLBanks can currently issue debt of various maturities. Mortgage Loans Held for Portfolio. The estimated fair value of performing mortgage loans is determined based on quoted market prices for similar mortgage loans, if available, or modeled prices. The modeled pricing starts with prices for new MBS issued by GSEs or similar new mortgage loans, adjusted for underlying assumptions or characteristics. Prices are then interpolated for differences in coupon between our mortgage loans and the referenced MBS or mortgage loans. The prices of the referenced MBS and the mortgage loans are highly dependent upon the underlying prepayment and other assumptions. Changes in the prepayment assumptions can have a material effect on the fair value estimates. The estimated fair value for certain single-family nonperforming loans represents an estimate of the prices we would receive if we were to sell these loans in the nonperforming whole-loan market. These nonperforming loans are 90 days or greater delinquent. We use pricing indications provided by a third-party vendor that transacts whole loan sales within this market segment as an estimate of fair value for these loans. These nonperforming loans are classified as level 3 in the fair value hierarchy. We record non-recurring fair value adjustments to reflect partial charge-offs on impaired mortgage loans. We estimate the fair value of these assets using a current property value obtained from a third-party. Accrued interest receivable and payable. The estimated fair value equals the carrying value. Derivative assets/liabilities. We base the estimated fair values of derivatives with similar terms on market prices when available. However, active markets do not exist for many of our derivatives. Consequently, fair values for these instruments are generally estimated using standard valuation techniques such as discounted cash-flow analysis and comparisons to similar instruments. In limited instances, fair value estimates for derivatives are obtained from dealers and are corroborated by using a pricing model and observable market data (e.g., the LIBOR or OIS curves). A discounted cash flow analysis utilizes market-observable inputs (inputs that are actively quoted and can be validated to external sources). Inputs by class of derivative are as follows: Interest-rate related: • LIBOR curve to project, but OIS curve to discount, cash flows for collateralized interest-rate swaps; and • Volatility assumption - market-based expectations of future interest-rate volatility implied from current market prices for similar options. TBAs: • TBA securities prices - market-based prices are determined by coupon, maturity and expected term until settlement. MDCs: • TBA securities prices - prices are then adjusted for differences in coupon, average loan rate and seasoning. The estimated fair values of our derivative assets and liabilities include accrued interest receivable/payable and related cash collateral, including initial and variation margin, posted to/received from counterparties. The estimated fair values of the accrued interest receivable/payable and cash collateral equal their carrying values due to their short-term nature. We adjust the estimated fair values of our derivatives for counterparty nonperformance risk, particularly credit risk, as appropriate. We compute our nonperformance risk adjustment by using observable credit default swap spreads and estimated probability default rates applied to our exposure after considering collateral held or placed. Grantor Trust Assets. Grantor trust assets, included as a component of other assets, are carried at estimated fair value based on quoted market prices as of the last business day of the reporting period. Deposits. The estimated fair values are generally equal to their carrying values because the deposits are primarily overnight instruments or due on demand. We determine the estimated fair values of term deposits by calculating the present value of expected future cash flows from the deposits and excluding accrued interest payable. The discount rates used in these calculations are the costs of deposits with similar terms. Consolidated Obligations. We assume the estimated fair value of discount notes is equal to par value due to their short-term nature. We determine the estimated fair value of CO bonds by using prices received from up to three designated third-party pricing vendors. These pricing vendors use various proprietary models. The inputs to those models are derived from various sources including, but not limited to, benchmark yields, reported trades, dealer estimates, issuer spreads, benchmark securities, bids, offers, and other market-related data. Since many CO bonds do not trade on a daily basis, the pricing vendors use other available information, as applicable, such as benchmark curves, benchmarking of like securities, sector groupings and matrix pricing to determine the prices for individual CO bonds. We conduct reviews of the three pricing vendors' processes, methodologies and control procedures to confirm and further augment our understanding of the vendors' prices. Each pricing vendor has an established challenge process in place for all valuations, which facilitates the resolution of potentially erroneous prices identified by us. As of December 31, 2017 , three prices were received for substantially all of our CO bonds, and the final prices for substantially all of those bonds were computed by averaging the three prices. Mandatorily Redeemable Capital Stock. The estimated fair value of capital stock subject to mandatory redemption is equal to its par value and includes, if applicable, an estimated dividend earned at the time of reclassification from capital to liabilities until that amount is paid. In the ordinary course of business, our stock can only be acquired and redeemed at par value. It is not traded, and no market mechanism exists for the exchange of our stock outside the cooperative structure of our Bank. Estimated Fair Value Measurements . The following tables present, by level within the fair value hierarchy, the estimated fair value of our financial assets and liabilities that are recorded at estimated fair value on a recurring or non-recurring basis on our statement of condition. Netting December 31, 2017 Total Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Adjustment (1) AFS securities: GSE and TVA debentures $ 4,403,929 $ — $ 4,403,929 $ — $ — GSE MBS 2,506,295 — 2,506,295 — — Private-label RMBS 218,534 — — 218,534 — Total AFS securities 7,128,758 — 6,910,224 218,534 — Derivative assets: Interest-rate related 128,096 — 299,904 — (171,808 ) Interest-rate forwards 37 — 37 — — MDCs 73 — 73 — — Total derivative assets, net 128,206 — 300,014 — (171,808 ) Grantor trust assets (2) 21,698 21,698 — — — Total assets at recurring estimated fair value $ 7,278,662 $ 21,698 $ 7,210,238 $ 218,534 $ (171,808 ) Derivative liabilities: Interest-rate related $ 2,669 $ — $ 76,939 $ — $ (74,270 ) Interest-rate forwards 1 — 1 — — MDCs 48 — 48 — — Total derivative liabilities, net 2,718 — 76,988 — (74,270 ) Total liabilities at recurring estimated fair value $ 2,718 $ — $ 76,988 $ — $ (74,270 ) Mortgage loans held for portfolio (3) $ 2,637 $ — $ — $ 2,637 $ — Total assets at non-recurring estimated fair value $ 2,637 $ — $ — $ 2,637 $ — Netting December 31, 2016 Total Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Adjustment (1) AFS securities: GSE and TVA debentures $ 4,714,634 $ — $ 4,714,634 $ — $ — GSE MBS 1,076,082 — 1,076,082 — — Private-label RMBS 269,119 — — 269,119 — Total AFS securities 6,059,835 — 5,790,716 269,119 — Derivative assets: Interest-rate related 134,206 — 232,459 — (98,253 ) Interest-rate forwards 339 — 339 — — MDCs 303 — 303 — — Total derivative assets, net 134,848 — 233,101 — (98,253 ) Grantor trust assets (2) 18,117 18,117 — — — Total assets at recurring estimated fair value $ 6,212,800 $ 18,117 $ 6,023,817 $ 269,119 $ (98,253 ) Derivative liabilities: Interest-rate related $ 24,402 $ — $ 102,284 $ — $ (77,882 ) Interest-rate forwards 352 — 352 — — MDCs 471 — 471 — — Total derivative liabilities, net 25,225 — 103,107 — (77,882 ) Total liabilities at recurring estimated fair value $ 25,225 $ — $ 103,107 $ — $ (77,882 ) Mortgage loans held for portfolio (4) $ 3,492 $ — $ — $ 3,492 $ — Total assets at non-recurring estimated fair value $ 3,492 $ — $ — $ 3,492 $ — (1) Represents the application of the netting requirements that allow us to settle (i) positive and negative positions and (ii) cash collateral and related accrued interest held or placed, with the same clearing agent and/or counterparty (includes fair value adjustments on derivatives of $24,954 at December 31, 2017 for which variation margin payments are characterized as daily settled contracts). (2) Included in other assets. (3) Amounts are as of the date the fair value adjustment was recorded during the year ended December 31, 2017 . (4) Amounts are as of the date the fair value adjustment was recorded during the year ended December 31, 2016 . Level 3 Disclosures for All Assets and Liabilities that are Measured at Fair Value on a Recurring Basis. The table below presents a rollforward of our AFS private-label RMBS measured at estimated fair value on a recurring basis using level 3 significant inputs. The estimated fair values were determined using a pricing source, such as a dealer quote or comparable security price, for which the significant unobservable inputs used to determine the price were not readily available. Level 3 Rollforward - AFS private-label RMBS 2017 2016 2015 Balance, beginning of year $ 269,119 $ 319,186 $ 401,050 Total realized and unrealized gains (losses): Accretion of credit losses in interest income 6,778 9,348 8,708 Net losses on changes in fair value in other income (loss) (166 ) (197 ) (61 ) Net change in fair value not in excess of cumulative non-credit losses in OCI 29 (156 ) (238 ) Unrealized gains (losses) in OCI 2,189 (3,332 ) (7,766 ) Reclassification of non-credit portion in OCI to other income (loss) 166 197 61 Purchases, issuances, sales and settlements: Settlements (59,581 ) (55,927 ) (82,568 ) Balance, end of year $ 218,534 $ 269,119 $ 319,186 Net gains (losses) included in earnings attributable to changes in fair value relating to assets still held at end of year $ 6,612 $ 8,291 $ 8,647 |