Investments | 1.25 1.00 - 1.25 <1.00 December 31, 2022 LTV Ratios: Less than 50.00% $ 511 $ 4 $ 11 $ 526 22 % $ 490 24 % 50.00% to 59.99% 706 — — 706 29 % 615 30 % 60.00% to 74.99% 1,154 3 — 1,157 48 % 955 45 % 75.00% to 84.99% — — 18 18 1 % 14 1 % Commercial mortgage loans (a) $ 2,371 $ 7 $ 29 $ 2,407 100 % $ 2,074 100 % December 31, 2021 LTV Ratios: Less than 50.00% $ 626 $ 33 $ 9 $ 668 31 % $ 745 33 % 50.00% to 59.99% 470 — — 470 22 % 481 21 % 60.00% to 74.99% 1,036 — — 1,036 47 % 1,039 46 % Commercial mortgage loans $ 2,132 $ 33 $ 9 $ 2,174 100 % $ 2,265 100 % (a) Excludes loans under development with an amortized cost and estimated fair value of $9 million. We recognize mortgage loans as delinquent when payments on the loan are greater than 30 days past due. At December 31, 2022, we had one CML that was delinquent in principal or interest payments as shown in the risk rating exposure table below. At December 31, 2021, we had no CMLs that were delinquent in principal or interest payments. Residential Mortgage Loans Residential mortgage loans ("RMLs") represented approximately 5% and 4% of our total investments at December 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, respectively. Our residential mortgage loans are closed end, amortizing loans and 100% of the properties are located in the United States. We diversify our RML portfolio by state to attempt to reduce concentration risk. The distribution of RMLs by state with highest-to-lowest concentration are reflected in the following tables, gross of valuation allowances (dollars in millions): December 31, 2022 U.S. State: Amortized Cost % of Total Florida $ 324 15 % Texas 215 10 % New Jersey 172 8 % Pennsylvania 153 7 % California 139 6 % New York 138 6 % Georgia 125 6 % All Other States (1) 914 42 % Total mortgage loans $ 2,180 100 % (1) The individual concentration of each state is equal to or less than to 5%. December 31, 2021 U.S. State: Amortized Cost % of Total Florida $ 234 15 % Texas 170 10 % New Jersey 153 10 % All Other States (1) 1,049 65 % Total residential mortgage loans $ 1,606 100 % (1) The individual concentration of each state is less than 9%. RMLs have a primary credit quality indicator of either a performing or nonperforming loan. We define non-performing RMLs as those that are 90 or more days past due or in nonaccrual status, which is assessed monthly. The credit quality of RMLs was as follows (dollars in millions): December 31, 2022 December 31, 2021 Performance indicators: Amortized Cost % of Total Amortized Cost % of Total Performing $ 2,118 97 % $ 1,533 95 % Non-performing 62 3 % 73 5 % Total residential mortgage loans, gross of valuation allowance $ 2,180 100 % $ 1,606 100 % Allowance for expected loan loss (32) — % (25) — % Total residential mortgage loans, net of valuation allowance $ 2,148 100 % $ 1,581 100 % Loans segregated by risk rating exposure were as follows, gross of valuation allowances (in millions): December 31, 2022 Amortized Cost by Origination Year 2022 2021 2020 2019 2018 Prior Total Residential mortgages Current (less than 30 days past due) $ 766 $ 884 $ 214 $ 185 $ 23 $ 33 $ 2,105 30-89 days past due 2 7 — 4 — — 13 90 days or more past due 3 9 15 34 1 — 62 Total residential mortgages $ 771 $ 900 $ 229 $ 223 $ 24 $ 33 $ 2,180 Commercial mortgages Current (less than 30 days past due) $ 350 $ 1,300 $ 488 $ — $ — $ 269 $ 2,407 30-89 days past due — — — — — — — 90 days or more past due — — — — — 9 9 Total commercial mortgages $ 350 $ 1,300 $ 488 $ — $ — $ 278 $ 2,416 December 31, 2021 Amortized Cost by Origination Year 2021 2020 2019 2018 2017 Prior Total Residential mortgages Current (less than 30 days past due) $ 795 $ 293 $ 323 $ 50 $ 36 $ 21 $ 1,518 30-89 days past due 5 4 6 1 — — 16 90 days or more past due 1 23 46 2 — — 72 Total residential mortgages $ 801 $ 320 $ 375 $ 53 $ 36 $ 21 $ 1,606 Commercial mortgages Current (less than 30 days past due) $ 1301 $ 543 $ — $ 6 $ — $ 324 $ 2,174 30-89 days past due — — — — — — — 90 days or more past due — — — — — — — Total commercial mortgages $ 1,301 $ 543 $ — $ 6 $ — $ 324 $ 2,174 December 31, 2022 Amortized Cost by Origination Year 2022 2021 2020 2019 2018 Prior Total Commercial mortgages LTV Less than 50.00% $ 70 $ 120 $ 207 $ — $ — $ 129 $ 526 50.00% to 59.99% 149 268 158 — — 131 706 60.00% to 74.99% 113 912 123 — — 9 1,157 75.00% to 84.99% 9 — — — — 9 18 Total commercial mortgages (a) $ 341 $ 1300 $ 488 $ — $ — $ 278 $ 2,407 Commercial mortgages DSCR Greater than 1.25x $ 329 $ 1,300 $ 488 $ — $ — $ 254 $ 2,371 1.00x - 1.25x 3 — — — — 4 7 Less than 1.00x 9 — — — — 20 29 Total commercial mortgages (a) $ 341 $ 1300 $ 488 $ — $ — $ 278 $ 2,407 (a) Excludes loans under development with an amortized cost and estimated fair value of $9 million. December 31, 2021 Amortized Cost by Origination Year 2021 2020 2019 2018 2017 Prior Total Commercial mortgages LTV Less than 50.00% $ 120 $ 229 $ — $ 6 $ — $ 313 $ 668 50.00% to 59.99% 267 192 — — — 11 470 60.00% to 74.99% 914 122 — — — — 1,036 Total commercial mortgages $ 1,301 $ 543 $ — $ 6 $ — $ 324 $ 2,174 Commercial mortgages DSCR Greater than 1.25x $ 1,301 $ 543 $ — $ 4 $ — $ 284 $ 2,132 1.00x - 1.25x — — — 2 — 31 33 Less than 1.00x — — — — — 9 9 Total commercial mortgages $ 1,301 $ 543 $ — $ 6 $ — $ 324 $ 2,174 Non-accrual loans by amortized cost were as follows (in millions): Amortized cost of loans on non-accrual December 31, 2022 December 31, 2021 Residential mortgage $ 64 $ 72 Commercial mortgage 9 — Total non-accrual mortgages $ 73 $ 72 Immaterial interest income was recognized on non-accrual financing receivables for the years ended December 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021. It is our policy to cease to accrue interest on loans that are 90 days or more delinquent. For loans less than 90 days delinquent, interest is accrued unless it is determined that the accrued interest is not collectible. If a loan becomes 90 days or more delinquent, it is our general policy to initiate foreclosure proceedings unless a workout arrangement to bring the loan current is in place. As of December 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, we had $71 million and $72 million, respectively, of mortgage loans that were over 90 days past due, of which $38 million and $39 million was in the process of foreclosure as of December 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, respectively. Allowance for Expected Credit Loss We estimate expected credit losses for our CML and RML portfolios using a probability of default/loss given default model. Significant inputs to this model include, where applicable, the loans' current performance, underlying collateral type, location, contractual life, LTV, DSC and Debt to Income or FICO. The model projects losses using a two year reasonable and supportable forecast and then reverts over a three year period to market-wide historical loss experience. Changes in our allowance for expected credit losses on mortgage loans are recognized in Recognized gains and losses, net in the accompanying Consolidated Statements of Earnings. The allowances for our mortgage loan portfolio is summarized as follows (in millions): Year ended December 31, 2022 Year ended December 31, 2021 Residential Mortgage Commercial Mortgage Total Residential Mortgage Commercial Mortgage Total Beginning Balance $ 25 $ 6 $ 31 $ 37 $ 2 $ 39 Provision for loan losses 7 4 11 (12) 4 (8) Ending Balance $ 32 $ 10 $ 42 $ 25 $ 6 $ 31 Seven months ended December 31, 2020 Residential Mortgage Commercial Mortgage Total Beginning Balance — — — Provision for loan losses 30 2 32 For initial credit losses on purchased loans accounted for as PCD financial assets 7 — 7 Ending Balance $ 37 $ 2 $ 39 An allowance for expected credit loss is not measured on accrued interest income for CMLs as we have a process to write-off interest on loans that enter into non-accrual status (90 days or more past due). Allowances for expected credit losses are measured on accrued interest income for RMLs and were immaterial as of December 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021. Interest and Investment Income The major sources of Interest and investment income reported on the accompanying Consolidated Statements of Earnings were as follows (in millions): Year ended December 31, 2022 December 31, 2021 December 31, 2020 Fixed maturity securities, available-for-sale $ 1,489 $ 1,267 $ 708 Equity securities 31 23 19 Preferred securities 67 63 59 Mortgage loans 186 131 50 Invested cash and short-term investments 61 7 8 Limited partnerships 110 589 76 Tax deferred property exchange income 103 16 33 Other investments 41 32 25 Gross investment income 2,088 2,128 978 Investment expense (197) (167) (78) Interest and investment income $ 1,891 $ 1,961 $ 900 The Company’s Interest and investment income is shown net of amounts attributable to certain funds withheld reinsurance agreements which is passed along to the reinsurer in accordance with the terms of these agreements. Interest and Investment Income attributable to these agreements, and thus excluded from the totals in the table above, was $109 million, $53 million and $21 million for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021 and for the period from June 1 to December 31, 2020. Recognized Gains and Losses, net Details underlying Recognized gains and losses, net reported on the accompanying Consolidated Statements of Earnings were as follows (in millions): Year ended December 31, 2022 December 31, 2021 December 31, 2020 Net realized (losses) gains on fixed maturity available-for-sale securities $ (253) $ 111 $ 102 Net realized/unrealized (losses) gains on equity securities (2) (386) (434) 241 Net realized/unrealized (losses) gains on preferred securities (3) (230) (14) 15 Realized (losses) gains on other invested assets (68) 8 (25) Change in allowance for expected credit losses (41) 8 (37) Derivatives and embedded derivatives: Realized (losses) gains on certain derivative instruments (164) 456 76 Unrealized (losses) gains on certain derivative instruments (693) 159 161 Change in fair value of reinsurance related embedded derivatives (1) 352 34 (53) Change in fair value of other derivatives and embedded derivatives (10) 6 8 Realized (losses) gains on derivatives and embedded derivatives (515) 655 192 Recognized gains and losses, net $ (1,493) $ 334 $ 488 (1) Change in fair value of reinsurance related embedded derivatives is due to activity related to the reinsurance treaties with Kubera (novated from Kubera to Somerset effective October 31, 2021) and Aspida Re. (2) Includes net valuation (losses) gains of $(387) million, $(436) million and $248 million for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020 respectively. (3) Includes net valuation losses of $198million, $14 million, and $40 million for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively. The proceeds from the sale of fixed-maturity securities and the gross gains and losses associated with those transactions were as follows (in millions): Year ended December 31, 2022 December 31, 2021 December 31, 2020 Proceeds $ 3,264 $ 4,749 $ 1,946 Gross gains 14 158 116 Gross losses (252) (49) (12) Unconsolidated Variable Interest Entities The Company owns investments in VIEs that are not consolidated within our financial statements. A VIE is an entity that does not have sufficient equity to finance its own activities without additional financial support, where investors lack certain characteristics of a controlling financial interest, or where the entity is structured with non-substantive voting rights. VIEs are consolidated by their ‘primary beneficiary’, a designation given to an entity that receives both the benefits from the VIE as well as the substantive power to make its key economic decisions. While the Company participates in the benefits from VIEs in which it invests, but does not consolidate, the substantive power to make the key economic decisions for each respective VIE resides with entities not under common control with the Company. It is for this reason that the Company is not considered the primary beneficiary for the VIE investments that are not consolidated. We invest in various limited partnerships and limited liability companies primarily as a passive investor. These investments are primarily in credit funds with a bias towards current income, real assets, or private equity. Limited partnership and limited liability company interests are accounted for under the equity method and are included in Investments in unconsolidated affiliates on our Consolidated Balance Sheets. In addition, we invest in structured investments that may be VIEs, but for which we are not the primary beneficiary. These structured investments typically invest in fixed income investments and are managed by third parties and include asset-backed securities, commercial mortgage-backed securities and residential mortgage-backed securities included in fixed maturity securities available for sale on our Consolidated Balance Sheets. Our maximum exposure to loss with respect to these VIEs is limited to the investment carrying amounts reported in our Consolidated Balance Sheets for limited partnerships and the amortized costs of our fixed maturity securities, in addition to any required unfunded commitments (also refer to Note H Commitments and Contingencies ). The following table summarizes the carrying value and the maximum loss exposure of our unconsolidated VIEs: December 31, 2022 December 31, 2021 Carrying Value Maximum Loss Exposure Carrying Value Maximum Loss Exposure Investments in unconsolidated affiliates $ 2,427 $ 4,030 $ 2,350 $ 3,496 Fixed maturity securities 15,680 17,404 12,382 12,802 Total unconsolidated VIE investments $ 18,107 $ 21,434 $ 14,732 $ 16,298 Concentrations Our underlying investment concentrations that exceed 10% of shareholders equity are as follows (in millions): December 31, 2022 Blackstone Wave Asset Holdco (1) $ 741 __________________ (1) Represents a special purpose vehicle that holds investments in numerous limited partnership investments whose underlying investments are further diversified by holding interest in multiple individual investments and industries. Investment in Cannae Holdings, Inc. ("Cannae") Included in equity securities as of December 31, 2021 were 5,775,598 shares of Cannae common stock (NYSE: CNNE). The fair value of this investment based on quoted market prices was $203 million as of December 31, 2021. During the year ended December 31, 2022, we sold all 5,775,598 shares of CNNE common stock back to Cannae for approximately $109 million in the aggregate. As of December 31, 2022, we held no shares of CNNE common stock." id="sjs-B4">Investments Our fixed maturity securities investments have been designated as available-for-sale and are carried at fair value, net of allowance for expected credit losses, with unrealized gains and losses included in AOCI, net of associated adjustments for DAC, VOBA, DSI, UREV, SOP 03-1 reserves, and deferred income taxes. Our preferred and equity securities investments are carried at fair value with unrealized gains and losses included in net earnings (loss). The Company’s consolidated investments are summarized as follows (in millions): December 31, 2022 Amortized Cost Allowance for Expected Credit Losses Gross Unrealized Gains Gross Unrealized Losses Fair Value Available-for-sale securities Asset-backed securities $ 12,209 $ (8) $ 36 $ (770) $ 11,467 Commercial mortgage-backed securities 3,337 (1) 11 (284) 3,063 Corporates 17,396 (22) 32 (3,069) 14,337 Hybrids 806 — 9 (84) 731 Municipals 1,749 — 4 (293) 1,460 Residential mortgage-backed securities 1,638 (8) 6 (109) 1,527 U.S. Government 287 — — (16) 271 Foreign Governments 286 — — (47) 239 Total available-for-sale securities $ 37,708 $ (39) $ 98 $ (4,672) $ 33,095 December 31, 2021 Amortized Cost Allowance for Expected Credit Losses Gross Unrealized Gains Gross Unrealized Losses Fair Value Available-for-sale securities Asset-backed securities $ 8,516 $ (3) $ 220 $ (38) $ 8,695 Commercial mortgage-backed/asset-backed securities 2,684 (2) 308 (11) 2,979 Corporates 15,822 — 830 (158) 16,494 Hybrids 838 — 74 — 912 Municipals 1,445 — 67 (11) 1,501 Residential mortgage-backed securities 731 (3) 7 (4) 731 U.S. Government 393 — 3 (2) 394 Foreign Governments 276 — 9 (1) 284 Total available-for-sale securities $ 30,705 $ (8) $ 1,518 $ (225) $ 31,990 Securities held on deposit with various state regulatory authorities had a fair value of $17,870 million and $22,343 million at December 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, respectively. As of December 31, 2022, we held $27 million of investments that were non-income producing for a period greater than twelve months. As of December 31, 2021, we held no material investments that were non-income producing for a period greater than twelve months. As of December 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, the Company's accrued interest receivable balance was $365 million and $253 million, respectively. Accrued interest receivable is classified within Prepaid expenses and other assets In accordance with our FHLB agreements, the investments supporting the funding agreement liabilities are pledged as collateral to secure the FHLB funding agreement liabilities and are not available to the Company for general purposes. The collateral investments had a fair value of $3,387 million and $2,469 million at December 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, respectively. The amortized cost and fair value of fixed maturity securities by contractual maturities, as applicable, are shown below. Actual maturities may differ from contractual maturities because issuers may have the right to call or prepay obligations. December 31, 2022 December 31, 2021 (in millions) (in millions) Amortized Cost Fair Value Amortized Cost Fair Value Corporates, Non-structured Hybrids, Municipal and Government securities: Due in one year or less $ 536 $ 527 $ 426 $ 431 Due after one year through five years 3,288 3,089 2,998 3,051 Due after five years through ten years 2,171 1,939 2,389 2,458 Due after ten years 14,503 11,457 12,930 13,608 20,498 17,012 18,743 19,548 Other securities, which provide for periodic payments: Asset-backed securities 12,209 11,467 8,516 8,695 Commercial mortgage-backed securities 3,337 3,063 2,684 2,979 Structured hybrids 26 26 31 37 Residential mortgage-backed securities 1,638 1,527 731 731 17,210 16,083 11,962 12,442 Total fixed maturity available-for-sale securities $ 37,708 $ 33,095 $ 30,705 $ 31,990 Allowance for Current Expected Credit Loss We regularly review AFS securities for declines in fair value that we determine to be credit related. For our fixed maturity securities, we generally consider the following in determining whether our unrealized losses are credit related, and if so, the magnitude of the credit loss: • The extent to which the fair value is less than the amortized cost basis; • The reasons for the decline in value (credit event, currency or interest-rate related, including general credit spread widening); • The financial condition of and near-term prospects of the issuer (including issuer's current credit rating and the probability of full recovery of principal based upon the issuer's financial strength); • Current delinquencies and nonperforming assets of underlying collateral; • Expected future default rates; • Collateral value by vintage, geographic region, industry concentration or property type; • Subordination levels or other credit enhancements as of the balance sheet date as compared to origination; and • Contractual and regulatory cash obligations and the issuer's plans to meet such obligations. We recognize an allowance for current expected credit losses on fixed maturity securities in an unrealized loss position when it is determined, using the factors discussed above, a component of the unrealized loss is related to credit. We measure the credit loss using a discounted cash flow model that utilizes the single best estimate cash flow and the recognized credit loss is limited to the total unrealized loss on the security (i.e. the fair value floor). Cash flows are discounted using the implicit yield of bonds at their time of purchase and the current book yield for asset and mortgage backed securities as well as variable rate securities. We recognize the expected credit losses in Recognized gains and losses, net in the Consolidated Statements of Earnings, with an offset for the amount of non-credit impairments recognized in AOCI. We do not measure a credit loss allowance on accrued investment income because we write-off accrued interest through Interest and investment income when collectability concerns arise. We consider the following in determining whether write-offs of a security’s amortized cost is necessary: • We believe amounts related to securities have become uncollectible; or • We intend to sell a security; or • It is more likely than not that we will be required to sell a security prior to recovery. The fair value and gross unrealized losses of available-for-sale securities, excluding securities in an unrealized loss position with an allowance for expected credit loss, aggregated by investment category and duration of fair value below amortized cost were as follows (dollars in millions): December 31, 2022 Less than 12 months 12 months or longer Total Fair Value Gross Unrealized Fair Value Gross Unrealized Fair Value Gross Unrealized Available-for-sale securities Asset-backed securities $ 7,001 $ (410) $ 3,727 $ (360) $ 10,728 $ (770) Commercial mortgage-backed securities 2,079 (169) 475 (116) 2,554 (285) Corporates 9,913 (1,735) 3,523 (1,330) 13,436 (3,065) Hybrids 628 (83) 3 (1) 631 (84) Municipals 998 (180) 352 (113) 1,350 (293) Residential mortgage-backed securities 992 (51) 184 (22) 1,176 (73) U.S. Government 130 (7) 140 (8) 270 (15) Foreign Government 119 (32) 59 (14) 178 (46) Total available-for-sale securities $ 21,860 $ (2,667) $ 8,463 $ (1,964) $ 30,323 $ (4,631) Total number of available-for-sale securities in an unrealized loss position less than twelve months 3,114 Total number of available-for-sale securities in an unrealized loss position twelve months or longer 1,296 Total number of available-for-sale securities in an unrealized loss position 4,410 December 31, 2021 Less than 12 months 12 months or longer Total Fair Value Gross Unrealized Fair Value Gross Unrealized Fair Value Gross Unrealized Available-for-sale securities Asset-backed securities $ 4,410 $ (31) $ 146 $ (7) $ 4,556 $ (38) Commercial mortgage-backed securities 603 (11) 1 — 604 (11) Corporates 5,391 $ (132) $ 394 $ (26) $ 5,785 $ (158) Hybrids 3 — — — 3 — Municipals 410 (5) 85 (6) 495 (11) Residential mortgage-backed securities 325 (3) 11 (1) 336 (4) U.S. Government 219 (2) 4 — 223 (2) Foreign Government 82 (1) 5 — 87 (1) Total available-for-sale securities $ 11,443 $ (185) $ 646 $ (40) $ 12,089 $ (225) Total number of available-for-sale securities in an unrealized loss position less than twelve months 2,056 Total number of available-for-sale securities in an unrealized loss position twelve months or longer 68 Total number of available-for-sale securities in an unrealized loss position 2,124 We determined the increase in unrealized losses as of December 31, 2022 was caused by higher treasury rates as well as wider spreads. This is in part due to the Federal Reserve's action to increase rates in efforts to combat inflation. For securities in an unrealized loss position as of December 31, 2022, our allowance for expected credit loss was $39 million. We believe that the unrealized loss position for which we have not recorded an allowance for expected credit loss as of December 31, 2022 was primarily attributable to interest rate increases, near-term illiquidity, and other macroeconomic uncertainties as opposed to issuer specific credit concerns. Mortgage Loans Our mortgage loans are collateralized by commercial and residential properties. Commercial Mortgage Loans Commercial mortgage loans ("CMLs") represented approximately 6% of our total investments at December 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021. The mortgage loans in our investment portfolio, are generally comprised of high quality commercial first lien and mezzanine real estate loans. Mortgage loans are primarily on income producing properties including industrial properties, retail buildings, multifamily properties and office buildings We diversify our CML portfolio by geographic region and property type to attempt to reduce concentration risk. We continuously evaluate CMLs based on relevant current information to ensure properties are performing at a consistent and acceptable level to secure the related debt. The distribution of CMLs, gross of valuation allowances, by property type and geographic region is reflected in the following tables (dollars in millions): December 31, 2022 December 31, 2021 Amortized Cost % of Total Amortized Cost % of Total Property Type: Hotel $ 18 1 % $ 19 1 % Industrial 520 22 % 497 23 % Mixed Use 12 1 % 13 1 % Multifamily 1,013 42 % 894 41 % Office 330 14 % 343 16 % Retail 105 4 % 121 6 % Student Housing 83 3 % 83 4 % Other 335 13 % 204 8 % Total commercial mortgage loans, gross of valuation allowance $ 2,416 100 % $ 2,174 100 % Allowance for expected credit loss (10) (6) Total commercial mortgage loans, net of valuation allowance $ 2,406 $ 2,168 U.S. Region: East North Central $ 151 6 % $ 137 6 % East South Central 76 3 % 79 4 % Middle Atlantic 326 13 % 293 13 % Mountain 355 15 % 236 11 % New England 158 7 % 149 7 % Pacific 708 28 % 649 30 % South Atlantic 521 22 % 459 21 % West North Central 4 1 % 12 1 % West South Central 117 5 % 160 7 % Total commercial mortgage loans, gross of valuation allowance $ 2,416 100 % $ 2,174 100 % Allowance for expected credit loss (10) (6) Total commercial mortgage loans, net of valuation allowance $ 2,406 $ 2,168 LTV and debt service coverage ("DSC") ratios are measures commonly used to assess the risk and quality of mortgage loans. The LTV ratio is expressed as a percentage of the amount of the loan relative to the value of the underlying property. A LTV ratio in excess of 100% indicates the unpaid loan amount exceeds the underlying collateral. The DSC ratio, based upon the most recently received financial statements, is expressed as a percentage of the amount of a property’s net income to its debt service payments. A DSC ratio of less than 1.00 indicates that a property’s operations do not generate sufficient income to cover debt payments. We normalize our DSC ratios to a 25-year amortization period for purposes of our general loan allowance evaluation. The following tables presents the recorded investment in CMLs by LTV and DSC ratio categories and estimated fair value by the indicated loan-to-value ratios, gross of valuation allowances (dollars in millions) : Debt-Service Coverage Ratios Total Amount % of Total Estimated Fair Value % of Total >1.25 1.00 - 1.25 <1.00 December 31, 2022 LTV Ratios: Less than 50.00% $ 511 $ 4 $ 11 $ 526 22 % $ 490 24 % 50.00% to 59.99% 706 — — 706 29 % 615 30 % 60.00% to 74.99% 1,154 3 — 1,157 48 % 955 45 % 75.00% to 84.99% — — 18 18 1 % 14 1 % Commercial mortgage loans (a) $ 2,371 $ 7 $ 29 $ 2,407 100 % $ 2,074 100 % December 31, 2021 LTV Ratios: Less than 50.00% $ 626 $ 33 $ 9 $ 668 31 % $ 745 33 % 50.00% to 59.99% 470 — — 470 22 % 481 21 % 60.00% to 74.99% 1,036 — — 1,036 47 % 1,039 46 % Commercial mortgage loans $ 2,132 $ 33 $ 9 $ 2,174 100 % $ 2,265 100 % (a) Excludes loans under development with an amortized cost and estimated fair value of $9 million. We recognize mortgage loans as delinquent when payments on the loan are greater than 30 days past due. At December 31, 2022, we had one CML that was delinquent in principal or interest payments as shown in the risk rating exposure table below. At December 31, 2021, we had no CMLs that were delinquent in principal or interest payments. Residential Mortgage Loans Residential mortgage loans ("RMLs") represented approximately 5% and 4% of our total investments at December 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, respectively. Our residential mortgage loans are closed end, amortizing loans and 100% of the properties are located in the United States. We diversify our RML portfolio by state to attempt to reduce concentration risk. The distribution of RMLs by state with highest-to-lowest concentration are reflected in the following tables, gross of valuation allowances (dollars in millions): December 31, 2022 U.S. State: Amortized Cost % of Total Florida $ 324 15 % Texas 215 10 % New Jersey 172 8 % Pennsylvania 153 7 % California 139 6 % New York 138 6 % Georgia 125 6 % All Other States (1) 914 42 % Total mortgage loans $ 2,180 100 % (1) The individual concentration of each state is equal to or less than to 5%. December 31, 2021 U.S. State: Amortized Cost % of Total Florida $ 234 15 % Texas 170 10 % New Jersey 153 10 % All Other States (1) 1,049 65 % Total residential mortgage loans $ 1,606 100 % (1) The individual concentration of each state is less than 9%. RMLs have a primary credit quality indicator of either a performing or nonperforming loan. We define non-performing RMLs as those that are 90 or more days past due or in nonaccrual status, which is assessed monthly. The credit quality of RMLs was as follows (dollars in millions): December 31, 2022 December 31, 2021 Performance indicators: Amortized Cost % of Total Amortized Cost % of Total Performing $ 2,118 97 % $ 1,533 95 % Non-performing 62 3 % 73 5 % Total residential mortgage loans, gross of valuation allowance $ 2,180 100 % $ 1,606 100 % Allowance for expected loan loss (32) — % (25) — % Total residential mortgage loans, net of valuation allowance $ 2,148 100 % $ 1,581 100 % Loans segregated by risk rating exposure were as follows, gross of valuation allowances (in millions): December 31, 2022 Amortized Cost by Origination Year 2022 2021 2020 2019 2018 Prior Total Residential mortgages Current (less than 30 days past due) $ 766 $ 884 $ 214 $ 185 $ 23 $ 33 $ 2,105 30-89 days past due 2 7 — 4 — — 13 90 days or more past due 3 9 15 34 1 — 62 Total residential mortgages $ 771 $ 900 $ 229 $ 223 $ 24 $ 33 $ 2,180 Commercial mortgages Current (less than 30 days past due) $ 350 $ 1,300 $ 488 $ — $ — $ 269 $ 2,407 30-89 days past due — — — — — — — 90 days or more past due — — — — — 9 9 Total commercial mortgages $ 350 $ 1,300 $ 488 $ — $ — $ 278 $ 2,416 December 31, 2021 Amortized Cost by Origination Year 2021 2020 2019 2018 2017 Prior Total Residential mortgages Current (less than 30 days past due) $ 795 $ 293 $ 323 $ 50 $ 36 $ 21 $ 1,518 30-89 days past due 5 4 6 1 — — 16 90 days or more past due 1 23 46 2 — — 72 Total residential mortgages $ 801 $ 320 $ 375 $ 53 $ 36 $ 21 $ 1,606 Commercial mortgages Current (less than 30 days past due) $ 1301 $ 543 $ — $ 6 $ — $ 324 $ 2,174 30-89 days past due — — — — — — — 90 days or more past due — — — — — — — Total commercial mortgages $ 1,301 $ 543 $ — $ 6 $ — $ 324 $ 2,174 December 31, 2022 Amortized Cost by Origination Year 2022 2021 2020 2019 2018 Prior Total Commercial mortgages LTV Less than 50.00% $ 70 $ 120 $ 207 $ — $ — $ 129 $ 526 50.00% to 59.99% 149 268 158 — — 131 706 60.00% to 74.99% 113 912 123 — — 9 1,157 75.00% to 84.99% 9 — — — — 9 18 Total commercial mortgages (a) $ 341 $ 1300 $ 488 $ — $ — $ 278 $ 2,407 Commercial mortgages DSCR Greater than 1.25x $ 329 $ 1,300 $ 488 $ — $ — $ 254 $ 2,371 1.00x - 1.25x 3 — — — — 4 7 Less than 1.00x 9 — — — — 20 29 Total commercial mortgages (a) $ 341 $ 1300 $ 488 $ — $ — $ 278 $ 2,407 (a) Excludes loans under development with an amortized cost and estimated fair value of $9 million. December 31, 2021 Amortized Cost by Origination Year 2021 2020 2019 2018 2017 Prior Total Commercial mortgages LTV Less than 50.00% $ 120 $ 229 $ — $ 6 $ — $ 313 $ 668 50.00% to 59.99% 267 192 — — — 11 470 60.00% to 74.99% 914 122 — — — — 1,036 Total commercial mortgages $ 1,301 $ 543 $ — $ 6 $ — $ 324 $ 2,174 Commercial mortgages DSCR Greater than 1.25x $ 1,301 $ 543 $ — $ 4 $ — $ 284 $ 2,132 1.00x - 1.25x — — — 2 — 31 33 Less than 1.00x — — — — — 9 9 Total commercial mortgages $ 1,301 $ 543 $ — $ 6 $ — $ 324 $ 2,174 Non-accrual loans by amortized cost were as follows (in millions): Amortized cost of loans on non-accrual December 31, 2022 December 31, 2021 Residential mortgage $ 64 $ 72 Commercial mortgage 9 — Total non-accrual mortgages $ 73 $ 72 Immaterial interest income was recognized on non-accrual financing receivables for the years ended December 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021. It is our policy to cease to accrue interest on loans that are 90 days or more delinquent. For loans less than 90 days delinquent, interest is accrued unless it is determined that the accrued interest is not collectible. If a loan becomes 90 days or more delinquent, it is our general policy to initiate foreclosure proceedings unless a workout arrangement to bring the loan current is in place. As of December 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, we had $71 million and $72 million, respectively, of mortgage loans that were over 90 days past due, of which $38 million and $39 million was in the process of foreclosure as of December 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, respectively. Allowance for Expected Credit Loss We estimate expected credit losses for our CML and RML portfolios using a probability of default/loss given default model. Significant inputs to this model include, where applicable, the loans' current performance, underlying collateral type, location, contractual life, LTV, DSC and Debt to Income or FICO. The model projects losses using a two year reasonable and supportable forecast and then reverts over a three year period to market-wide historical loss experience. Changes in our allowance for expected credit losses on mortgage loans are recognized in Recognized gains and losses, net in the accompanying Consolidated Statements of Earnings. The allowances for our mortgage loan portfolio is summarized as follows (in millions): Year ended December 31, 2022 Year ended December 31, 2021 Residential Mortgage Commercial Mortgage Total Residential Mortgage Commercial Mortgage Total Beginning Balance $ 25 $ 6 $ 31 $ 37 $ 2 $ 39 Provision for loan losses 7 4 11 (12) 4 (8) Ending Balance $ 32 $ 10 $ 42 $ 25 $ 6 $ 31 Seven months ended December 31, 2020 Residential Mortgage Commercial Mortgage Total Beginning Balance — — — Provision for loan losses 30 2 32 For initial credit losses on purchased loans accounted for as PCD financial assets 7 — 7 Ending Balance $ 37 $ 2 $ 39 An allowance for expected credit loss is not measured on accrued interest income for CMLs as we have a process to write-off interest on loans that enter into non-accrual status (90 days or more past due). Allowances for expected credit losses are measured on accrued interest income for RMLs and were immaterial as of December 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021. Interest and Investment Income The major sources of Interest and investment income reported on the accompanying Consolidated Statements of Earnings were as follows (in millions): Year ended December 31, 2022 December 31, 2021 December 31, 2020 Fixed maturity securities, available-for-sale $ 1,489 $ 1,267 $ 708 Equity securities 31 23 19 Preferred securities 67 63 59 Mortgage loans 186 131 50 Invested cash and short-term investments 61 7 8 Limited partnerships 110 589 76 Tax deferred property exchange income 103 16 33 Other investments 41 32 25 Gross investment income 2,088 2,128 978 Investment expense (197) (167) (78) Interest and investment income $ 1,891 $ 1,961 $ 900 The Company’s Interest and investment income is shown net of amounts attributable to certain funds withheld reinsurance agreements which is passed along to the reinsurer in accordance with the terms of these agreements. Interest and Investment Income attributable to these agreements, and thus excluded from the totals in the table above, was $109 million, $53 million and $21 million for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021 and for the period from June 1 to December 31, 2020. Recognized Gains and Losses, net Details underlying Recognized gains and losses, net reported on the accompanying Consolidated Statements of Earnings were as follows (in millions): Year ended December 31, 2022 December 31, 2021 December 31, 2020 Net realized (losses) gains on fixed maturity available-for-sale securities $ (253) $ 111 $ 102 Net realized/unrealized (losses) gains on equity securities (2) (386) (434) 241 Net realized/unrealized (losses) gains on preferred securities (3) (230) (14) 15 Realized (losses) gains on other invested assets (68) 8 (25) Change in allowance for expected credit losses (41) 8 (37) Derivatives and embedded derivatives: Realized (losses) gains on certain derivative instruments (164) 456 76 Unrealized (losses) gains on certain derivative instruments (693) 159 161 Change in fair value of reinsurance related embedded derivatives (1) 352 34 (53) Change in fair value of other derivatives and embedded derivatives (10) 6 8 Realized (losses) gains on derivatives and embedded derivatives (515) 655 192 Recognized gains and losses, net $ (1,493) $ 334 $ 488 (1) Change in fair value of reinsurance related embedded derivatives is due to activity related to the reinsurance treaties with Kubera (novated from Kubera to Somerset effective October 31, 2021) and Aspida Re. (2) Includes net valuation (losses) gains of $(387) million, $(436) million and $248 million for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020 respectively. (3) Includes net valuation losses of $198million, $14 million, and $40 million for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively. The proceeds from the sale of fixed-maturity securities and the gross gains and losses associated with those transactions were as follows (in millions): Year ended December 31, 2022 December 31, 2021 December 31, 2020 Proceeds $ 3,264 $ 4,749 $ 1,946 Gross gains 14 158 116 Gross losses (252) (49) (12) Unconsolidated Variable Interest Entities The Company owns investments in VIEs that are not consolidated within our financial statements. A VIE is an entity that does not have sufficient equity to finance its own activities without additional financial support, where investors lack certain characteristics of a controlling financial interest, or where the entity is structured with non-substantive voting rights. VIEs are consolidated by their ‘primary beneficiary’, a designation given to an entity that receives both the benefits from the VIE as well as the substantive power to make its key economic decisions. While the Company participates in the benefits from VIEs in which it invests, but does not consolidate, the substantive power to make the key economic decisions for each respective VIE resides with entities not under common control with the Company. It is for this reason that the Company is not considered the primary beneficiary for the VIE investments that are not consolidated. We invest in various limited partnerships and limited liability companies primarily as a passive investor. These investments are primarily in credit funds with a bias towards current income, real assets, or private equity. Limited partnership and limited liability company interests are accounted for under the equity method and are included in Investments in unconsolidated affiliates on our Consolidated Balance Sheets. In addition, we invest in structured investments that may be VIEs, but for which we are not the primary beneficiary. These structured investments typically invest in fixed income investments and are managed by third parties and include asset-backed securities, commercial mortgage-backed securities and residential mortgage-backed securities included in fixed maturity securities available for sale on our Consolidated Balance Sheets. Our maximum exposure to loss with respect to these VIEs is limited to the investment carrying amounts reported in our Consolidated Balance Sheets for limited partnerships and the amortized costs of our fixed maturity securities, in addition to any required unfunded commitments (also refer to Note H Commitments and Contingencies ). The following table summarizes the carrying value and the maximum loss exposure of our unconsolidated VIEs: December 31, 2022 December 31, 2021 Carrying Value Maximum Loss Exposure Carrying Value Maximum Loss Exposure Investments in unconsolidated affiliates $ 2,427 $ 4,030 $ 2,350 $ 3,496 Fixed maturity securities 15,680 17,404 12,382 12,802 Total unconsolidated VIE investments $ 18,107 $ 21,434 $ 14,732 $ 16,298 Concentrations Our underlying investment concentrations that exceed 10% of shareholders equity are as follows (in millions): December 31, 2022 Blackstone Wave Asset Holdco (1) $ 741 __________________ (1) Represents a special purpose vehicle that holds investments in numerous limited partnership investments whose underlying investments are further diversified by holding interest in multiple individual investments and industries. Investment in Cannae Holdings, Inc. ("Cannae") Included in equity securities as of December 31, 2021 were 5,775,598 shares of Cannae common stock (NYSE: CNNE). The fair value of this investment based on quoted market prices was $203 million as of December 31, 2021. During the year ended December 31, 2022, we sold all 5,775,598 shares of CNNE common stock back to Cannae for approximately $109 million in the aggregate. As of December 31, 2022, we held no shares of CNNE common stock. |