EXHIBIT 99.1
| | |
Company Contact: | | Lankford Wade |
| | Vice President |
| | HealthSpring, Inc. |
| | (615) 401-4632 |
HealthSpring, Inc. Reports 2007 Second Quarter ResultsIncreases 2007 Earnings Guidance NASHVILLE, Tenn. (July 31, 2007) — HealthSpring, Inc. (NYSE:HS) today announced its results for the second quarter and six months ended June 30, 2007. Highlights for the 2007 second quarter included:
• | | Medicare Advantage members of 125,267 at June 30, 2007; up 16.4% over the 2006 second quarter. PDP membership of 118,124 at June 30, 2007; up 34.0% over the 2006 second quarter. |
• | | Second quarter total revenue of $368.2 million; up 14.0% over the 2006 second quarter. |
• | | Net income of $16.2 million, or $0.28 per diluted share, which includes a charge of $4.5 million, or $0.05 on a per diluted share basis (after-tax), for the impairment of intangible assets compared with $21.1 million, or $0.37 per share, in the 2006 second quarter. |
Commenting on 2007 second quarter results, Herb Fritch, Chairman, President, and Chief Executive Officer, said, “We are pleased to have ended the second quarter on a positive note. The higher-than-expected inpatient utilization we experienced in the first five months of 2007, primarily in our Texas market, moderated during June. As it continues to stabilize in July, we are optimistic that this improvement will continue. The higher-than-expected medical costs for outpatient and emergency room services experienced during the first half of the year will likely continue into the second half of 2007. We continue to believe our physician engagement and medical management efforts will facilitate our ability to address these issues.”
Second Quarter Results
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | Three Months Ended | | |
| | June 30, | | Percent |
($in thousands) | | 2007 | | 2006 | | Change |
Medicare premium revenue | | $ | 344,047 | | | $ | 282,347 | | | | 21.9 | % |
Total revenue | | | 368,151 | | | | 322,803 | | | | 14.0 | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
Medicare medical expense | | | 281,671 | | | | 221,451 | | | | 27.2 | |
Total medical expense | | | 292,213 | | | | 250,857 | | | | 16.5 | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
SG&A | | | 43,646 | | | | 35,962 | | | | 21.4 | |
Adjusted EBITDA(1) | | | 32,389 | | | | 36,047 | | | | (10.1 | ) |
Net income | | | 16,190 | | | | 21,109 | | | | (23.3 | ) |
Net income per common share — diluted | | | 0.28 | | | | 0.37 | | | | (24.3 | ) |
| | |
(1) | | See “Supplemental Information” below and the accompanying reconciliation of non-GAAP Adjusted EBITDA to GAAP Net Income. |
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HS Reports Second Quarter Results
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July 31, 2007
Operating Highlights
Revenue
• | | Medicare Advantage premiums were $316.9 million for the 2007 second quarter, reflecting an increase of 24.6% over the 2006 second quarter. Year-to-date results include the accrual of $17.8 million for in-year risk adjustment payments. For comparison purposes, retroactive risk adjustment payments of $12.3 million for 2006 were reflected as additional premium in the quarter ended September 30, 2006. See the supplemental non-GAAP schedule entitled “Medicare Advantage Results” atwww.healthspring.com under the Investor Relations link for a schedule that includes pro-forma adjustments that allocate the applicable portion of the actual 2006 CMS retroactive risk adjustment payment received in August 2006 over the first two quarters of 2006. |
|
• | | PDP premium revenue was $27.1 million for the 2007 second quarter, a decrease of 2.9% compared with the 2006 second quarter. The revenue decrease is primarily attributable to a decline in per member per month, or PMPM, premiums, which was substantially offset by an increase of 34.0% in membership. |
|
• | | Commercial membership was 14,698 at June 30, 2007, compared with 38,113 at June 30, 2006. Commercial premiums were $12.1 million for the 2007 second quarter. |
Medical Expense
• | | Total Medicare medical loss ratio (MLR) was 81.9% for the 2007 second quarter, compared with 78.4% for the prior year’s second quarter. |
• | | Medicare Advantage MLR (excluding PDP) was 81.0% for the 2007 second quarter and 81.1% for the six months ended June 30, 2007, compared with 79.5% and 79.4%, respectively, for the comparable prior-year periods. Adjusting the reported results for the three and six months ended June 30, 2006, to give pro forma effect to the recognition of the actual 2006 CMS risk adjustment payment attributable to each period, Medicare Advantage MLR would have been 78.0% and 77.9%, respectively. See the Supplemental Schedule, “Medicare Advantage Results,” referenced above. As previously announced, the increase in MLR was primarily the result of higher-than-expected costs of certain medical services in outpatient and emergency room settings and higher-than-expected in-patient utilization, primarily in the Company’s Texas market. |
• | | On a year-to-date basis, the MLR for PDP was 93.0% for 2007 compared with 90.6% in 2006. As anticipated under PDP benefit design, PDP expenses are disproportionately higher in the first half of the year. |
Selling General & Administrative (SG&A)
• | | SG&A expense represented 11.9% of total revenue in the 2007 second quarter compared with 11.1% in the 2006 second quarter. |
• | | In the second quarter of 2007, SG&A expense increased by $7.7 million, or 21.4%, over the 2006 second quarter, primarily as a result of increases in personnel, stock compensation expense, and corporate infrastructure. |
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HS Reports Second Quarter Results
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July 31, 2007
Impairment of Intangible Assets
• | | Financial results for the three months ended June 30, 2007, include a charge of $4.5 million, or $0.05 on a per diluted share basis (after-tax), for the impairment of intangible assets associated with commercial customer relationships in the Company’s Tennessee health plan. This charge is the result of the Company’s expectation that significant declines in commercial membership will occur as a result of its decision in the second quarter of 2007 to implement premium increases upon renewal for large group plans. |
• | | At June 30, 2007, the carrying value of the related intangible asset was $0.9 million and will be amortized ratably over the next nine months ending March 31, 2008. |
Balance Sheet Highlights
• | | At June 30, 2007, the Company’s cash and cash equivalents were $540.4 million, $78.3 million of which was held at unregulated subsidiaries. This amount included $114.8 million for the early receipt of the July CMS premium. Approximately $139.3 million of the cash balance relates to amounts held by the Company for the benefit of its Part D members and $32.8 million payable to CMS under the risk corridor provisions of Part D. |
• | | For the first six months of 2007, net cash provided by operating activities (adjusted for the early premium payment from CMS) was $21.2 million compared with $44.9 million for the first six months of 2006. For the second quarter of 2007, net cash provided by operating activities was $33.7 million, or 2.1x net income, compared with $25.4 million for the second quarter of 2006. |
• | | Days in claims payable totaled 39 at the end of the 2007 second quarter compared with 36 at the end of the first quarter 2007. |
Retroactive Risk Adjustment
On July 27, 2007, the Company received preliminary notification from CMS that its final retroactive risk adjustment payment for 2006 would be approximately $16.8 million, which is composed of $14.8 million for Medicare Advantage (excluding Part D) and $2.0 million for Part D. The Company is currently reviewing and analyzing the preliminary retroactive rate adjustment information and expects to recognize additional premium revenue in the third quarter ending September 30, 2007, when the Company’s analysis is expected to be completed. A portion of these payments will be paid to providers under risk sharing arrangements. The Company believes that any such amounts related to Part D will be subject to risk corridor adjustments.
Updated 2007 Guidance
• | | EPS: The Company estimates that earnings per share for 2007, on a fully diluted basis, will be in the range of $1.33 to $1.43, on weighted average shares outstanding of approximately 57.4 million. |
• | | Membership: The Company estimates that its Medicare Advantage membership will be in the range of 128,000 to 131,000 by the end of 2007. Additionally, the Company estimates that PDP membership will be approximately 130,000 by the end of 2007. |
• | | Revenue: The Company estimates that 2007 total revenue will be between $1.45 billion and $1.50 billion, with approximately 96% — 97% of total revenue for the year attributable to the Medicare business. |
• | | MLRs: The Company estimates Medicare Advantage full-year MLRs will range between 80.5% and 81.5% for 2007. The Company maintains its estimate that PDP MLRs will range between 82.0% and 87.0% for the year. |
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HS Reports Second Quarter Results
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July 31, 2007
Conference Call
A live audio webcast of the conference call regarding first quarter results will begin at 10:00 a.m. ET on Wednesday, August 1, 2007. The public may access the conference call through HealthSpring’s website, www.healthspring.com, under the Investor Relations tab. The conference call can also be accessed by dialing (913) 643-4199, confirmation number 7429899. An online replay will be available approximately two hours following the conclusion of the live broadcast and will continue for 30 days.
About HealthSpring, Inc.
HealthSpring is one of the largest managed care organizations in the United States whose primary focus is the Medicare Advantage market. The Company owns and operates Medicare Advantage and stand-alone Medicare prescription drug plans in Tennessee, Texas, Alabama, Illinois, and Mississippi and, effective January 1, 2007, began offering Medicare Part D prescription drug plans on a nationwide basis to persons in all 50 states who are eligible for Medicare. The Company also uses its infrastructure and provider networks in Tennessee and Alabama to offer commercial health plans to employer groups.
Cautionary Statement Regarding Forward Looking Statements
Statements contained in this release that are not historical fact are forward-looking statements, which the Company intends to be covered by the safe harbor provisions for forward-looking statements contained in the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. Statements that are predictive in nature, that depend on or refer to future events or conditions, or that include words such as “anticipates,” “believes,” “could,” “estimates,” “expects,” “intends,” “may,” “plans,” “potential,” “predicts,” “projects,” “should,” “will,” “would,” and similar expressions are forward-looking statements. Such statements include statements regarding explanations for medical cost trends, estimated CMS risk adjustment payments, timing of Part D benefits costs, Medicare-commercial premium revenue mix, estimates of retroactive risk rate adjustments, and earnings, membership, and MLR guidance. The Company cautions that forward-looking statements involve known and unknown risks, uncertainties, and other factors that may cause its actual results, performance, or achievements to be materially different from any future results, performance, or achievements expressed or implied by the forward-looking statements.
The following important factors could cause actual results to differ materially from those in the forward-looking statements: changes in membership enrollment and dis-enrollment patterns; changes in utilization; changes in medical and prescription drug cost trends; the Company’s ability to accurately estimate and calculate Part D risk corridor adjustments; the Company’s ability to accurately estimate CMS retroactive risk adjustments to Medicare rates; increasing competition and potential confusion in the marketplace regarding other MA, MA-PD, PDP, and PFFS plan offerings; the Company’s ability to accurately estimate incurred but not reported medical claims; negotiation of acceptable contracts with physicians, hospitals, and other providers; contractual disputes with providers; increases in costs or liabilities associated with litigation; legislative and regulatory actions or changes, including changes in Medicare funding; the reconciliation of Part D claims files errors; costs associated with information and data systems conversions and compliance with regulatory mandates; recent management changes; and changes in tax estimates, assets, or liabilities and valuation allowances related thereto. The foregoing list of important factors is not intended to be exhaustive. Additional information concerning these and other important risks and uncertainties can be found under the headings “Special Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements” and “Item 1A. — Risk Factors” in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2006, and in the Company’s Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q. Any projections or other forward-looking information in this release are based on limited information currently available to HealthSpring, which is subject to change. Although any
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HS Reports Second Quarter Results
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July 31, 2007
such projections and forward-looking information and the factors influencing them will likely change, HealthSpring will not necessarily update the information except as required by law, as HealthSpring will only provide guidance at certain points during the year. Such information speaks only as of the date of this release.
Supplemental Information
1. Non-GAAP Measures
The Company believes that Adjusted EBITDA, a non-GAAP measure used in this release, when presented in conjunction with comparable GAAP measures, is useful to both management and investors in analyzing financial and business trends regarding the Company’s ongoing business and operating performance. The Company uses Adjusted EBITDA, or earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation and amortization, and impairment of intangible assets, to assess business performance among its health plans and related management companies. This non-GAAP measure should be considered in addition to, but not as a substitute for, items prepared in accordance with GAAP.
The following table provides a reconciliation of Adjusted EBITDA as used in this release to net income calculated in accordance with GAAP:
| | | | | | | | |
| | Three Months Ended | |
| | June 30, | |
(in thousands) | | 2007 | | | 2006 | |
Net income | | $ | 16,190 | | | $ | 21,109 | |
Plus: income tax expense | | | 8,656 | | | | 12,398 | |
Plus: interest expense | | | 117 | | | | 96 | |
Plus: depreciation and amortization | | | 2,890 | | | | 2,444 | |
Plus: impairment of intangible assets | | | 4,536 | | | | — | |
| | | | | | |
Adjusted EBITDA | | $ | 32,389 | | | $ | 36,047 | |
| | | | | | |
2. Membership
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | June 30, | | Dec. 31, | | Percent | | June 30, | | Percent |
| | 2007 | | 2006 | | Change | | 2006 | | Change |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Medicare Advantage Membership: | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Tennessee | | | 49,618 | | | | 46,261 | | | | 7.3 | % | | | 44,814 | | | | 10.7 | % |
Texas | | | 36,503 | | | | 34,638 | | | | 5.4 | | | | 32,225 | | | | 13.3 | |
Alabama | | | 30,094 | | | | 27,307 | | | | 10.2 | | | | 24,669 | | | | 22.0 | |
Illinois | | | 8,299 | | | | 6,284 | | | | 32.1 | | | | 5,518 | | | | 50.4 | |
Mississippi | | | 753 | | | | 642 | | | | 17.3 | | | | 425 | | | | 77.2 | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Total | | | 125,267 | | | | 115,132 | | | | 8.8 | % | | | 107,651 | | | | 16.4 | % |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
PDP Membership: | | | 118,124 | | | | 88,753 | | | | 33.1 | % | | | 88,139 | | | | 34.0 | % |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
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HS Reports Second Quarter Results
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July 31, 2007
HealthSpring, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet Information
June 30, 2007 and December 31, 2006
(in thousands)
(Unaudited)
| | | | | | | | |
| | June 30, | | | December 31, | |
Assets | | 2007 | | | 2006 | |
Current Assets: | | | | | | | | |
Cash and cash equivalents | | $ | 540,359 | | | $ | 338,443 | |
Accounts receivable, net of allowance for doubtful accounts | | | 27,663 | | | | 17,588 | |
Investment securities available for sale | | | 6,769 | | | | 7,874 | |
Current portion of investment securities held to maturity | | | 10,359 | | | | 10,566 | |
Deferred income tax asset | | | 3,448 | | | | 3,644 | |
Prepaid expenses and other assets | | | 9,470 | | | | 4,047 | |
| | | | | | |
Total current assets | | | 598,068 | | | | 382,162 | |
Investment securities held to maturity, less current portion | | | 25,166 | | | | 19,560 | |
Non-current accounts receivable | | | 4,034 | | | | — | |
Property and equipment, net | | | 13,689 | | | | 8,831 | |
Goodwill | | | 341,469 | | | | 341,619 | |
Intangible assets, net | | | 73,156 | | | | 81,175 | |
Investment in and receivable from unconsolidated affiliate | | | 1,389 | | | | 1,301 | |
Deferred financing fee | | | 702 | | | | 802 | |
Restricted investments | | | 8,066 | | | | 7,195 | |
| | | | | | |
Total assets | | $ | 1,065,739 | | | $ | 842,645 | |
| | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | |
Liabilities and Stockholders’ Equity | | | | | | | | |
Current Liabilities: | | | | | | | | |
Medical claims liability | | $ | 125,906 | | | $ | 122,778 | |
Accounts payable and accrued expenses | | | 14,392 | | | | 25,149 | |
Deferred revenue | | | 114,887 | | | | 64 | |
Funds held for the benefit of members | | | 139,323 | | | | 62,125 | |
Risk corridor payable to CMS | | | 31,697 | | | | 27,587 | |
Other current liabilities | | | — | | | | 835 | |
| | | | | | |
Total current liabilities | | | 426,205 | | | | 238,538 | |
Risk corridor payable to CMS, non-current | | | 1,098 | | | | — | |
Deferred tax liability | | | 25,669 | | | | 28,444 | |
Other long-term liabilities | | | 2,114 | | | | 381 | |
| | | | | | |
Total liabilities | | | 455,086 | | | | 267,363 | |
| | | | | | |
Stockholders’ Equity: | | | | | | | | |
Common stock | | | 576 | | | | 575 | |
Additional paid in capital | | | 490,102 | | | | 485,002 | |
Retained earnings | | | 120,038 | | | | 89,758 | |
Treasury stock | | | (63 | ) | | | (53 | ) |
| | | | | | |
Total stockholders’ equity | | | 610,653 | | | | 575,282 | |
| | | | | | |
Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity | | $ | 1,065,739 | | | $ | 842,645 | |
| | | | | | |
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HS Reports Second Quarter Results
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July 31, 2007
HealthSpring, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Condensed Consolidated Statement of Income Information
(in thousands, except share data)
(Unaudited)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | Three-Month Period Ended | | | Six-Month Period Ended | |
| | June 30, | | | June 30, | |
| | 2007 | | | 2006 | | | 2007 | | | 2006 | |
Revenue: | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Premium: | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Medicare | | $ | 344,047 | | | $ | 282,347 | | | $ | 675,826 | | | $ | 549,034 | |
Commercial | | | 12,109 | | | | 31,852 | | | | 25,349 | | | | 64,086 | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
Total premium revenue | | | 356,156 | | | | 314,199 | | | | 701,175 | | | | 613,120 | |
Management and fee revenue | | | 6,036 | | | | 6,112 | | | | 12,085 | | | | 11,747 | |
Investment income | | | 5,959 | | | | 2,492 | | | | 11,207 | | | | 4,558 | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
Total revenue | | | 368,151 | | | | 322,803 | | | | 724,467 | | | | 629,425 | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
Operating Expenses: | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Medical Expense: | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Medicare expense | | | 281,671 | | | | 221,451 | | | | 555,311 | | | | 441,884 | |
Commercial expense | | | 10,542 | | | | 29,406 | | | | 20,597 | | | | 56,345 | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
Total medical expenses | | | 292,213 | | | | 250,857 | | | | 575,908 | | | | 498,229 | |
Selling, general and administrative | | | 43,646 | | | | 35,962 | | | | 91,152 | | | | 70,571 | |
Depreciation and amortization | | | 2,890 | | | | 2,444 | | | | 5,837 | | | | 4,867 | |
Impairment of intangible assets | | | 4,536 | | | | — | | | | 4,536 | | | | — | |
Interest expense | | | 117 | | | | 96 | | | | 232 | | | | 8,457 | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
Total operating expenses | | | 343,402 | | | | 289,359 | | | | 677,665 | | | | 582,124 | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
Income before equity in earnings of unconsolidated affiliate, minority interest and income taxes | | | 24,749 | | | | 33,444 | | | | 46,802 | | | | 47,301 | |
Equity in earnings of unconsolidated affiliate | | | 97 | | | | 63 | | | | 118 | | | | 170 | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
Income before minority interest and income taxes | | | 24,846 | | | | 33,507 | | | | 46,920 | | | | 47,471 | |
Minority interest | | | — | | | | — | | | | — | | | | (303 | ) |
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
Income before income taxes | | | 24,846 | | | | 33,507 | | | | 46,920 | | | | 47,168 | |
Income taxes | | | (8,656 | ) | | | (12,398 | ) | | | (16,640 | ) | | | (17,486 | ) |
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
Net income | | | 16,190 | | | | 21,109 | | | | 30,280 | | | | 29,682 | |
Preferred dividends | | | — | | | | — | | | | — | | | | (2,021 | ) |
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
Net income available to common stockholders and members | | $ | 16,190 | | | $ | 21,109 | | | $ | 30,280 | | | $ | 27,661 | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Net Income per common share: | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Basic | | $ | 0.28 | | | $ | 0.37 | | | $ | 0.53 | | | $ | 0.53 | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
Diluted | | $ | 0.28 | | | $ | 0.37 | | | $ | 0.53 | | | $ | 0.53 | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Weighted average common shares outstanding: | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Basic | | | 57,241,467 | | | | 57,271,044 | | | | 57,237,611 | | | | 51,984,926 | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
Diluted | | | 57,344,982 | | | | 57,364,519 | | | | 57,341,519 | | | | 52,082,017 | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
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HS Reports Second Quarter Results
Page 8
July 31, 2007
HealthSpring, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Condensed Consolidated Statement of Cash Flow Information
For the Six Months Ended June 30, 2007 and 2006
(in thousands)
(Unaudited)
| | | | | | | | |
| | Six Months Ended | |
| | June 30, | |
| | 2007 | | | 2006 | |
Cash flows from operating activities: | | | | | | | | |
Net income | | $ | 30,280 | | | $ | 29,682 | |
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities: | | | | | | | | |
Depreciation and amortization | | | 5,837 | | | | 4,867 | |
Impairment of intangible assets | | | 4,536 | | | | — | |
Amortization of deferred financing cost | | | 100 | | | | 148 | |
Equity in earnings of unconsolidated affiliate | | | (118 | ) | | | (170 | ) |
Minority interest | | | — | | | | 303 | |
Paid in kind (PIK) interest | | | — | | | | 116 | |
Stock-based compensation | | | 4,099 | | | | 2,164 | |
Deferred tax benefit | | | (2,429 | ) | | | (6,496 | ) |
Write off of deferred financing cost | | | — | | | | 5,375 | |
Increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents due changes in: | | | | | | | | |
Accounts receivable | | | (14,109 | ) | | | (27,472 | ) |
Prepaid expenses and other current assets | | | (5,423 | ) | | | 254 | |
Medical claims payable | | | 3,128 | | | | 21,182 | |
Accounts payable, accrued expenses and other current liabilities | | | (11,592 | ) | | | 10,135 | |
Risk corridor payable to CMS | | | 5,208 | | | | 4,838 | |
Other long-term liabilities | | | 1,733 | | | | (18 | ) |
Deferred revenue | | | 114,823 | | | | 94,386 | |
| | | | | | |
Net cash provided by operating activities | | | 136,073 | | | | 139,294 | |
| | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | |
Cash flows from investing activities: | | | | | | | | |
Purchase of property and equipment | | | (7,212 | ) | | | (1,633 | ) |
Purchase of investment securities held to maturity | | | (25,413 | ) | | | (5,885 | ) |
Maturity of investment securities held to maturity | | | 21,119 | | | | 7,251 | |
Purchase of restricted investments | | | (871 | ) | | | (1,063 | ) |
Distributions from affiliates | | | 30 | | | | 106 | |
| | | | | | |
Net cash used in investing activities | | | (12,347 | ) | | | (1,224 | ) |
| | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | |
Cash flows from financing activities: | | | | | | | | |
Funds received for the benefit of members | | | 77,198 | | | | 72,882 | |
Payments on borrowings | | | — | | | | (188,642 | ) |
Proceeds from issuance of common stock | | | 1,002 | | | | 188,749 | |
Purchase of treasury stock | | | (10 | ) | | | (7 | ) |
Deferred financing cost | | | — | | | | (932 | ) |
| | | | | | |
Net cash provided by financing activities | | | 78,190 | | | | 72,050 | |
| | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | |
Net increase in cash and cash equivalents | | | 201,916 | | | | 210,120 | |
| | | | | | | | |
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of period | | | 338,443 | | | | 110,085 | |
| | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | |
Cash and cash equivalents at end of period | | $ | 540,359 | | | $ | 320,205 | |
| | | | | | |
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