Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities | 3 Months Ended |
Mar. 31, 2014 |
Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities | ' |
Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities | ' |
Note 8—Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities |
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As described in Note 3—Subsequent Events—Sale of our Central Appalachian Assets and Termination of Credit Agreement, on May 12, 2014, we closed the Asset Sale. On that date, in connection with the closing of the Asset Sale, we settled all of our outstanding natural gas hedge positions for approximately $3.1 million. |
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The energy markets have historically been volatile, and there can be no assurance that future natural gas prices will not be subject to wide fluctuations. At March 31, 2014, we do not have the ability to enter into natural gas hedges because we do not have the credit capacity with our existing natural gas hedge counterparties. |
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In an effort to reduce the effects of the volatility of the price of natural gas on our operations, management has historically hedged natural gas prices primarily using derivative instruments in the form of three-way collars, traditional collars and swaps. While the use of these hedging arrangements limits the downside risk of adverse price movements, it also limits future gains from favorable movements. We entered into hedging transactions, generally for forward periods up to two years or more, which increased the probability of achieving our targeted level of cash flows. Our price risk management policy strictly prohibits the use of derivatives for speculative positions. |
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Swaps exchange floating price risk in the future for a fixed price at the time of the hedge. Costless collars set both a maximum ceiling (a sold ceiling) and a minimum floor (a bought floor) future price. We have accounted for these transactions using the mark-to-market accounting method. Generally, we incur accounting losses on derivatives during periods where prices are rising and gains during periods where prices are falling which may cause significant fluctuations in our Consolidated Balance Sheets (Unaudited) and Consolidated Statements of Operations (Unaudited). |
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Commodity Price Risk and Related Hedging Activities |
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At March 31, 2014, we had the following natural gas derivative contracts: |
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Contract | | Period | | Volume | | Sold Ceiling/ | | Derivative | | Derivative | | Total Fair | | | | | |
Type | (MMBtu) | Bought Floor | liability— | liability— | Value of | | | | |
| | | current (1) | non-current (1) | Contract | | | | |
Collar | | April 2014 through December 2015 | | 3,200,000 | | $ | 4.30/$3.60 | | $ | (671,882 | ) | $ | (144,771 | ) | $ | (816,653 | ) | | | | |
Collar | | April 2014 through December 2015 | | 3,200,000 | | $ | 4.20/$3.50 | | (769,576 | ) | (229,332 | ) | (998,908 | ) | | | | |
| | | | 6,400,000 | | | | $ | (1,441,458 | ) | $ | (374,103 | ) | $ | (1,815,561 | ) | | | | |
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(1) At March 31, 2014, Derivative liability—current and Derivative liability—non-current have each been classified as a current liability in Liabilities held for sale in the Consolidated Balance Sheet (Unaudited). See Note 4—Assets and Liabilities Held For Sale and Discontinued Operations for further discussion on the classification. |
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At December 31, 2013, we had the following natural gas derivative contracts: |
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Contract | | Period | | Volume | | Fixed Price or | | Derivative | | Derivative | | Total Fair | | | | | |
Type | (MMBtu) | Sold Ceiling/ | liability— | liability— | Value of | | | | |
| | Bought Floor | current | non-current | Contract | | | | |
Swap | | January 2014 through March 2014 | | 360,000 | | $ | 3.82 | | $ | (164,121 | ) | $ | — | | $ | (164,121 | ) | | | | |
Collar | | January 2014 through December 2015 | | 3,650,000 | | $ | 4.30/$3.60 | | (280,392 | ) | (296,436 | ) | (576,828 | ) | | | | |
Collar | | January 2014 through December 2015 | | 3,650,000 | | $ | 4.20/$3.50 | | (389,638 | ) | (413,135 | ) | (802,773 | ) | | | | |
| | | | 7,660,000 | | | | $ | (834,151 | ) | $ | (709,571 | ) | $ | (1,543,722 | ) | | | | |
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We have reviewed the financial strength of our hedge counterparties and believe our credit risk to be minimal. Our hedge counterparties are participants or affiliates of the participants in our credit agreement and the collateral for the outstanding borrowings under our credit agreement is used as collateral for our hedges. We do not have rights to collateral from our counterparties, nor do we have rights of offset against borrowings under our credit agreement. |
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We estimate the fair value of our natural gas derivative contracts using the income approach. The income approach uses valuation techniques that convert future cash flows to a single discounted value. In order to estimate the fair value of our natural gas derivative contracts, a forward price curve and volatility estimates were compiled from sources that include NYMEX settlements and observed trading activity in the Over-the-Counter markets. Pricing estimates for the theoretical market value of hedge positions were developed using analytical models accepted and employed by a broad cross-section of industry participants. To extrapolate future cash flows, discount factors incorporating our counterparties’ and our credit standing are used to discount future cash flows. The estimated fair value of our natural gas derivative contracts also reflects its nonperformance risk, the risk that the obligation will not be fulfilled. Because nonperformance risk includes our counterparties’ and our credit risk, we have considered the effect of credit risk on the fair value of our natural gas derivative contracts. The consideration for discounting our counterparties’ liabilities (our assets) was based on the difference between the S&P credit rating of a comparable company to our counterparties and the 1-Year Treasury bill rate, both at the reporting date. The consideration for discounting our liabilities was based on the difference between the market weighted average cost of debt capital plus a premium over the capital asset pricing model and the 1-Year Treasury bill rate. |
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We did not have any transfers of assets and liabilities between Level 1 and Level 2 of the fair value measurement hierarchy during the three months ended March 31, 2014. Based on the use of observable market inputs, we have designated these types of instruments designated below as Level 2. The fair value of our Level 2 derivative instruments were as follows: |
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| | Asset Derivatives | | Liability Derivatives | |
| | March 31, 2014 | | December 31, 2013 | | March 31, 2014 | | December 31, 2013 | |
| | Balance Sheet | | Fair | | Balance Sheet | | Fair | | Balance Sheet | | Fair | | Balance Sheet | | Fair | |
Location | Value | Location | Value | Location | Value | Location | Value |
Derivatives not designated as hedging instruments | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Natural gas hedge positions | | Derivative asset | | $ | — | | Derivative asset | | $ | — | | Derivative liability | | $ | 1,441,458 | | Derivative liability | | $ | 834,151 | |
(current) | (current) | (current) | (current) |
Natural gas hedge positions | | Derivative asset | | — | | Derivative asset | | — | | Derivative liability | | 374,103 | | Derivative liability | | 709,571 | |
(non- current) | (non- current) | (non- current) | (non-current) |
Total derivatives not designated as hedging instruments | | | | $ | — | | | | $ | — | | | | $ | 1,815,561 | | | | $ | 1,543,722 | |
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The following losses on our hedging instruments have been classified as Discontinued operations on the Consolidated Statements of Operations (Unaudited) for the three months ended March 31, 2014 and 2013. See Note 4—Assets and Liabilities Held For Sale and Discontinued Operations for further discussion on the classification. |
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| | Location of (Gain) or Loss Recognized in | | Amount of (Gain) or Loss | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Recognized in Income on | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Derivatives | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Derivatives not designated as hedging instruments | | Income on Derivatives | | 2014 | | 2013 | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Natural gas collar/swap settled positions | | Discontinued operations | | $ | 965,877 | | $ | (3,099,752 | ) | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Natural gas collar/swap unsettled positions | | Discontinued operations | | 271,839 | | 8,634,871 | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
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Total loss | | | | $ | 1,237,716 | | $ | 5,535,119 | | | | | | | | | | | | | |