Financial instruments | 13. Financial instruments Financial instruments by category The carrying value and fair value of financial instruments by class as at March 31, 2018 are as follows: Financial assets Loans and receivables Financial assets at FVTPL Derivative designated as cash flow hedges (carried at fair value) Available for sale Total carrying value Total fair value Cash and cash equivalents $ 99,829 $ — $ — $ — $ 99,829 $ 99,829 Investment in fixed deposits 21,548 — — — 21,548 21,548 Investments in marketable securities and mutual funds — — — 99,954 99,954 99,954 Trade receivables 71,388 — — — 71,388 71,388 Unbilled revenue 61,721 — — — 61,721 61,721 Funds held for clients 10,066 — — — 10,066 10,066 Prepayments and other assets (1) 4,410 — — — 4,410 4,410 Other non-current 10,243 — — — 10,243 10,243 Derivative assets — 2,212 12,771 — 14,983 14,983 Total carrying value $ 279,205 $ 2,212 $ 12,771 $ 99,954 $ 394,142 $ 394,142 Financial liabilities Financial liabilities at FVTPL Derivative designated as cash flow hedges (carried at fair value) Financial liabilities at amortized cost Total carrying value Total fair value Trade payables $ — $ — $ 19,703 $ 19,703 $ 19,703 Long term debt (includes current portion) (3) — — 89,900 89,900 89,900 Other employee obligations (4) — — 59,346 59,346 59,346 Provision and accrued expenses — — 28,826 28,826 28,826 Other liabilities (5) 11,388 — 2,447 13,835 13,835 Derivative liabilities 946 7,809 — 8,755 8,755 Total carrying value $ 12,334 $ 7,809 $ 200,222 $ 220,365 $ 220,365 Notes: (1) Excluding non-financial (2) Excluding non-financial (3) Excluding non-financial (4) Excluding non-financial (5) Excluding non-financial The carrying value and fair value of financial instruments by class as at March 31, 2017 are as follows: Financial assets Loans and receivables Financial assets at FVTPL Derivative designated as cash flow hedges (carried at fair value) Available for sale Total carrying value Total fair value Cash and cash equivalents $ 69,803 $ — $ — $ — $ 69,803 $ 69,803 Investment in fixed deposits 24,673 — — — 24,673 24,673 Investments in marketable securities and mutual funds — — — 87,652 87,652 87,652 Investment in FMPs — 96 — — 96 96 Trade receivables 60,423 — — — 60,423 60,423 Unbilled revenue 48,915 — — — 48,915 48,915 Funds held for clients 9,135 — — — 9,135 9,135 Prepayments and other assets (1) 4,262 — — — 4,262 4,262 Other non-current 10,791 — — — 10,791 10,791 Derivative assets — 5,041 36,941 — 41,982 41,982 Total carrying value $ 228,002 $ 5,137 $ 36,941 $ 87,652 $ 357,732 $ 357,732 Financial liabilities Financial liabilities at FVTPL Derivative designated as cash flow hedges (carried at fair value) Financial liabilities at amortized cost Total carrying value Total fair value Trade payables $ — $ — $ 14,239 $ 14,239 $ 14,239 Long term debt (includes current portion) (3) — — 118,000 118,000 118,000 Other employee obligations (4) — — 46,701 46,701 46,701 Provision and accrued expenses — — 27,217 27,217 27,217 Other liabilities (5) 19,678 — 1,086 20,764 20,764 Derivative liabilities 26 4,757 — 4,783 4,783 Total carrying value $ 19,704 $ 4,757 $ 207,243 $ 231,704 $ 231,704 Notes: (1) Excluding non-financial (2) Excluding non-financial (3) Excluding non-financial (4) Excluding non-financial (5) Excluding non-financial For the financial assets and liabilities subject to offsetting or similar arrangements, each agreement between the Company and the counterparty allows for net settlement of the relevant financial assets and liabilities when both elect to settle on a net basis. In the absence of such an election, financial assets and liabilities will be settled on a gross basis. Financial assets and liabilities subject to offsetting, enforceable master netting arrangements or similar agreements as at March 31, 2018 are as follows: Description of types of financial assets Gross amounts of recognized financial assets Gross amounts of recognized financial liabilities offset in the statement of financial position Net amounts of financial assets presented in the statement of financial position Related amount not set off in financial instruments Net Amount Financial instruments Cash collateral received Derivative assets $ 14,983 $ — $ 14,983 $ (4,215 ) $ — $ 10,768 Total $ 14,983 $ — $ 14,983 $ (4,215 ) $ — $ 10,768 Description of types of financial liabilities Gross amounts of recognized financial liabilities Gross amounts of recognized financial assets offset in the statement of financial position Net amounts of financial liabilities presented in the statement of financial position Related amount not set off in financial instruments Net Amount Financial instruments Cash collateral pledged Derivative liabilities $ 8,755 $ — $ 8,755 $ (4,215 ) $ — $ 4,540 Total $ 8,755 $ — $ 8,755 $ (4,215 ) $ — $ 4,540 Financial assets and liabilities subject to offsetting, enforceable master netting arrangements or similar agreements as at March 31, 2017 are as follows: Description of types of financial assets Gross amounts of recognized financial assets Gross amounts of recognized financial liabilities offset in the statement of financial position Net amounts of financial assets presented in the statement of financial position Related amount not set off in financial instruments Net Amount Financial instruments Cash collateral received Derivative assets $ 41,982 $ — $ 41,982 $ (1,712 ) $ — $ 40,270 Total $ 41,982 $ — $ 41,982 $ (1,712 ) $ — $ 40,270 Description of types of financial liabilities Gross amounts of recognized financial liabilities Gross amounts of recognized financial assets offset in the statement of financial position Net amounts of financial liabilities presented in the statement of financial position Related amount not set off in financial instruments Net Amount Financial instruments Cash collateral pledged Derivative liabilities $ 4,783 $ — $ 4,783 $ (1,712 ) $ — $ 3,071 Total $ 4,783 $ — $ 4,783 $ (1,712 ) $ — $ 3,071 Fair value hierarchy The following is the hierarchy for determining and disclosing the fair value of financial instruments by valuation technique: Level 1 — quoted prices (unadjusted) in active markets for identical assets or liabilities. Level 2 — other techniques for which all inputs have a significant effect on the recorded fair value are observable, either directly or indirectly. Level 3 — techniques which use inputs that have a significant effect on the recorded fair value that are not based on observable market data. The fair value is estimated using the discounted cash flow approach and market rates of interest. The valuation technique involves assumptions and judgments regarding risk characteristics of the instruments, discount rates and future cash flows. The Company uses valuation techniques in measuring the fair value of financial instruments, where active market quotes are not available. In applying the valuation techniques, the Company makes maximum use of market inputs, and uses estimates and assumptions that are, as far as possible, consistent with observable data that market participants would use in pricing the instrument. Where applicable data is not observable, the Company uses its best estimate about the assumptions that market participants would make. These estimates may vary from the actual prices that would be achieved in an arm’s length transaction at the reporting date. The assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis as at March 31, 2018 are as follows:- Fair value measurement at reporting date using Description March 31, 2018 Quoted prices in active markets for identical assets (Level 1) Significant other observable inputs (Level 2) Significant unobservable inputs (Level 3) Assets Financial assets at FVTPL Foreign exchange contracts $ 2,212 $ — $ 2,212 $ — Financial assets at fair value through other comprehensive income Foreign exchange contracts 11,709 — 11,709 — Interest rate swaps 1,062 — 1,062 — Investments in marketable securities and mutual funds 99,954 99,412 542 — Total assets $ 114,937 $ 99,412 $ 15,525 $ — Liabilities Financial liabilities at FVTPL Foreign exchange contracts $ 946 $ — $ 946 $ — Contingent consideration 11,388 — — 11,388 Financial liabilities at fair value through other comprehensive income Foreign exchange contracts 7,809 — 7,809 — Total liabilities $ 20,143 $ — $ 8,755 $ 11,388 The assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis as at March 31, 2017 are as follows:- Fair value measurement at reporting date using Description March 31, 2017 Quoted prices in active markets for identical assets (Level 1) Significant other observable inputs (Level 2) Significant unobservable inputs (Level 3) Assets Financial assets at FVTPL Foreign exchange contracts $ 5,041 $ — $ 5,041 $ — Investment in FMPs 96 96 — — Financial assets at fair value through other comprehensive income Foreign exchange contracts 36,733 — 36,733 — Interest rate swaps 208 — 208 — Investments in marketable securities and mutual funds 87,652 87,223 429 — Total assets $ 129,730 $ 87,319 $ 42,411 $ — Liabilities Financial liabilities at FVTPL Foreign exchange contracts $ 26 $ — $ 26 $ — Contingent consideration 19,678 — — 19,678 Financial liabilities at fair value through other comprehensive income Foreign exchange contracts 4,136 — 4,136 — Interest rate swaps 621 — 621 — Total liabilities $ 24,461 $ — $ 4,783 $ 19,678 Description of significant unobservable inputs to Level 3 valuation The fair value of the contingent consideration liability was estimated using a probability weighted method and achievement of revenue target with a discount rate of 2.5%. One percentage point change in the unobservable inputs used in fair valuation of the contingent consideration does not have a significant impact on its value. The fair value is estimated using discounted cash flow approach which involves assumptions and judgments regarding risk characteristics of the instruments, discount rates, future cash flows, foreign exchange spot, forward premium rates and market rates of interest. The movement in contingent consideration categorized under Level 3 fair value measurement is given below: For the year ended March 31, 2018 March 31, 2017 Balance at the beginning of the year $ 19,678 $ — Additions — 19,934 Payouts (7,000 ) — Gain recognized in the consolidated statement of income (1,553 ) (279 ) Finance expense recognized in the consolidated statement of income 263 23 Balance at the end of the year 11,388 19,678 During the years ended March 31, 2018 and 2017, there were no transfers between Level 1 and Level 2 fair value measurements, and no transfers into and out of Level 3 fair value measurements. Fair value on a non-recurring The non-recurring Derivative financial instruments The primary risks managed by using derivative instruments are foreign currency exchange risk and interest rate risk. Forward and option contracts up to 24 months on various foreign currencies are entered into to manage the foreign currency exchange rate risk on forecasted revenue denominated in foreign currencies and monetary assets and liabilities held in non-functional The following table presents the notional values of outstanding foreign exchange forward contracts, foreign exchange option contracts and interest rate swap contracts: As at March 31, 2018 March 31, 2017 Forward contracts (Sell) In US dollars $ 242,418 $ 241,673 In United Kingdom Pound Sterling 132,591 126,441 In Euro 23,883 14,769 In Australian dollars 48,147 43,474 Others 2,332 3,511 $ 449,371 $ 429,868 Option contracts (Sell) In US dollars $ 107,629 $ 84,490 In United Kingdom Pound Sterling 116,401 94,094 In Euro 21,483 14,494 In Australian dollars 28,828 19,412 Others 927 1,978 $ 275,268 $ 214,468 Interest Rate Swap contracts In US dollars 89,900 118,000 The amount of gain/ (loss) reclassified from other comprehensive income into consolidated statement of income in respective line items for the years ended March 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 are as follows: Year ended March 31, 2018 2017 2016 Revenue $ 11,231 $ 7,952 $ 7,941 Foreign exchange gain, net 15,766 16,896 6,281 Finance expense (561 ) (71 ) — Income tax related to amounts reclassified into consolidated statement of income (9,965 ) (8,998 ) (5,230 ) Total $ 16,471 $ 15,779 $ 8,992 As at March 31, 2018, a loss amounting to $1,015 on account of cash flow hedges in relation to forward and option contracts entered is expected to be reclassified from other comprehensive income into consolidated statement of income over a period of 24 months and a gain amounting to $995 on account of cash flow hedges in relation to interest rate swaps is expected to be reclassified from other comprehensive income into consolidated statement of income over a period of 48 months. Due to the discontinuation of cash flow hedge accounting on account of non-occurrence Financial risk management Financial risk factors The Company’s activities expose it to a variety of financial risks: market risk, interest risk, credit risk and liquidity risk. The Company’s primary focus is to foresee the unpredictability of financial markets and seek to minimize potential adverse effects on its financial performance. The primary market risk to the Company is foreign exchange risk. The Company uses derivative financial instruments to mitigate foreign exchange related risk exposures. The Company’s exposure to credit risk is influenced mainly by the individual characteristic of each customer and the concentration of risk from the top few customers. The demographics of the customer including the default risk of the industry and country in which the customer operates also has an influence on credit risk assessment. The Company does not enter into or trade financial instruments, including derivative financial instruments, for speculative purposes. Risk management procedures The Company manages market risk through treasury operations. Senior management and Board of Directors approve the Company’s treasury operations’ objectives and policies. The activities of treasury operations include management of cash resources, implementation of hedging strategies for foreign currency exposures, implementation of borrowing strategies and monitoring compliance with market risk limits and policies. The Company’s foreign exchange committee, comprising the Chairman of the Board, Group Chief Executive Officer and Group Chief Financial Officer, is the approving authority for all hedging transactions. Components of market risk Exchange rate or currency risk: The Company’s exposure to market risk arises principally from exchange rate risk. Although substantially all of revenue is denominated in pound sterling and US dollars, a significant portion of expenses for the year ended March 31, 2018 (net of payments to repair centers made as part of the Company’s WNS Auto Claims BPM segment) were incurred and paid in Indian rupees. The exchange rates among the Indian rupee, the pound sterling and the US dollar have changed substantially in recent years and may fluctuate substantially in the future. The Company hedges a portion of forecasted external and inter-company revenue denominated in foreign currencies with forward contracts and options. Based upon the Company’s level of operations for the year ended March 31, 2018, a sensitivity analysis shows that a 10% appreciation or depreciation in the pound sterling against the US dollar would have increased or decreased, respectively, the Company’s revenue for the year ended March 31, 2018 by approximately $24,107. Similarly, a 10% appreciation or depreciation in the Indian rupee against the US dollar would have increased or decreased, respectively, the Company’s expenses incurred and paid in Indian rupee for the year ended March 31, 2018 by approximately $27,282. The foreign currency risk from non-derivative As at March 31, 2018 US Dollar Pound Sterling Indian Rupees Australian Dollar Euro Other currencies Total Cash and cash equivalents $ 399 4,735 — 2,991 339 610 9,074 Trade receivables 100,002 46,658 3,850 24,686 7,289 2,525 185,010 Unbilled revenue 7,178 3,209 — 643 6,230 858 18,118 Prepayments and other current assets 428 188 10 29 63 11 729 Other non-current 3 — — — — 16 19 Trade payables (27,613 ) (64,070 ) (6,989 ) (16,093 ) (1,429 ) (19 ) (116,213 ) Provisions and accrued expenses (2,314 ) (291 ) (205 ) — (154 ) (19 ) (2,983 ) Pension and other employee obligations (134 ) — — — (12 ) (306 ) (452 ) Other liabilities (7 ) (4 ) — — — — (11 ) Net assets/ (liabilities) $ 77,942 (9,575 ) (3,334 ) 12,256 12,325 3,676 93,291 The foreign currency risk from non-derivative As at March 31, 2017 US Dollar Pound Sterling Indian Rupees Australian Dollar Euro Other currencies Total Cash and cash equivalents $ 599 253 — 2,606 1,323 35 4,816 Trade receivables 98,713 53,668 2,996 23,373 5,370 3,192 187,312 Unbilled revenue 4,656 1,241 3,062 3,205 494 12,658 Prepayments and other current assets 428 130 3 66 30 14 671 Other non-current 3 — — — — 16 19 Trade payables (40,600 ) (71,039 ) (3,986 ) (19,205 ) (1,140 ) (312 ) (136,282 ) Provisions and accrued expenses (1,706 ) (504 ) (105 ) (128 ) (68 ) (208 ) (2,719 ) Pension and other employee obligations (56 ) — — — (31 ) (165 ) (252 ) Other liabilities (5 ) (2 ) — — — 14 7 Net assets/ (liabilities) $ 62,032 (16,253 ) (1,092 ) 9,774 8,689 3,080 66,230 Other currencies includes mainly currencies such as Swiss Franc (CHF), Singapore Dollar (SGD), Philippine Peso (PHP), Canadian Dollar (CAD), Polish Zloty (PLN), Sri Lankan Rupee (LKR), Romanian Leu (RON), South African Rand (ZAR) and New Zealand Dollar (NZD). As at March 31, 2018, every 5% appreciation or depreciation of the respective foreign currencies compared to the functional currency of the Company would impact the Company’s profit before tax from operating activities by approximately $3,751. Interest rate risk: The Company’s exposure to interest rate risk arises from borrowings which have a floating rate of interest, which is linked to the US dollar LIBOR. The risk is managed by the Company by maintaining an appropriate mix between fixed and floating rate borrowings and by the use of interest rate swap contracts. The costs of floating rate borrowings may be affected by the fluctuations in the interest rates. In connection with the term loan facilities entered in fiscal 2017, the Company entered into interest rate swap agreements with the banks in fiscal 2017. These swap agreements effectively convert the term loans from variable US dollar LIBOR interest rates to fixed rates, thereby managing the Company’s exposure to changes in market interest rates under the term loans. The outstanding swap agreements as at March 31, 2018 aggregated $89,900. The Company monitors its positions and does not anticipate non-performance Credit risk: Credit risk arises from the possibility that customers may not be able to settle their obligations as agreed. Trade receivables are typically unsecured and are derived from revenue earned from customers primarily located in the United Kingdom and the United States. Credit risk is managed through periodical assessment of the financial reliability of customers, taking into account the financial condition, current economic trends, analysis of historical bad debts and ageing of trade receivables. The credit risk on marketable securities, FMPs, mutual funds, bank deposits and derivative financial instruments is limited because the counterparties are banks and mutual funds with high credit-ratings assigned by international credit-rating agencies. The following table gives details in respect of the percentage of revenue generated from the Company’s top customer and top five customers: Year Ended March 31, 2018 2017 2016 Revenue from top customer 6.8 % 9.0 % 10.9 % Revenue from top five customers 29.4 % 32.1 % 30.7 % Financial assets that are neither past due nor impaired Cash equivalents, bank deposits, marketable securities and investments in mutual funds, investment in FMPs, unbilled revenue and other assets, are neither past due nor impaired, except trade receivables as described below. Financial assets that are past due but not impaired There is no other class of financial assets that is past due but not impaired, except for trade receivables, which forms part of the class “Loans and receivables.” The Company’s credit period generally ranges from 30-60 age-wise As at March 31, 2018 March 31, 2017 Neither past due nor impaired $ 56,372 $ 45,939 Past due but not impaired Past due 0-30 9,578 8,260 Past due 31-60 2,738 2,544 Past due 61-90 834 1,174 Past due over 90 days 1,866 2,506 Past due and impaired 564 1,713 Total $ 71,952 $ 62,136 Allowances for doubtful trade receivables $ (564 ) $ (1,713 ) Trade receivables, net of allowances for doubtful receivables $ 71,388 $ 60,423 Liquidity risk: Liquidity risk is the risk that the Company will encounter difficulty in meeting the obligations associated with its financial liabilities that are settled by delivering cash or another financial asset. The Company’s approach to managing liquidity is to ensure, as far as possible, that it will always have sufficient liquidity to meet its liabilities when due, under normal and stressed conditions, without incurring unacceptable losses or risking damage to the reputation. Typically the Company ensures that it has sufficient cash on demand to meet expected operational expenses and service financial obligations. In addition, the Company has concluded arrangements with well reputed banks and has unused lines of credit of $78,290 as of March 31, 2018 that could be drawn upon should there be a need. The contractual maturities of financial liabilities are as follows: As at March 31, 2018 Less than 1 Year 1-2 years 2-5 years Total Long term debt (includes current portion) (1) $ 28,100 $ 28,200 $ 33,600 $ 89,900 Trade payables 19,703 — — 19,703 Provision and accrued expenses 28,826 — — 28,826 Other liabilities 10,680 3,154 — 13,834 Other employee obligations 59,347 — — 59,347 Derivative financial instruments 6,466 2,289 — 8,755 Total (2) $ 153,122 $ 33,643 $ 33,600 $ 220,365 Notes: (1) Before netting off debt issuance cost of $769. (2) Non-financial As at March 31, 2017 Less than 1 Year 1-2 years 2-5 years Total Long term debt (includes current portion) (1) $ 28,100 $ 28,100 $ 61,800 $ 118,000 Trade payables 14,239 — — 14,239 Provision and accrued expenses 27,217 — — 27,217 Other liabilities 9,338 8,195 3,231 20,764 Other employee obligations 46,701 — — 46,701 Derivative financial instruments 3,947 836 — 4,783 Total (2) $ 129,542 $ 37,131 $ 65,031 $ 231,704 Notes: (1) Before netting off debt issuance cost of $1,257. (2) Non-financial The balanced view of liquidity and financial indebtedness is stated in the table below. This calculation of the net cash position is used by the management: As at March 31, 2018 March 31, 2017 Cash and cash equivalents $ 99,829 $ 69,803 Investments 121,502 112,421 Long term debt (includes current portion) (1) (89,900 ) (118,000 ) Net cash position $ 131,431 $ 64,224 Note: (1) Before netting off debt issuance cost of $769 and $1,257 as at March 31, 2018 and March 31, 2017, respectively. |