Financial instruments | 14. Financial instruments Financial instruments by category The carrying value and fair value of financial instruments by class as at March 31, 2023 are as follows: Financial assets Financial Financial Financial Total carrying value Total fair value Cash and cash equivalents $ 127,898 $ — $ — $ 127,898 $ 127,898 Investment in fixed deposits 9,196 — — 9,196 9,196 Investments in marketable securities and mutual funds — 167,844 — 167,844 167,844 Trade receivables 113,107 — — 113,107 113,107 Unbilled revenue (1) 99,192 — — 99,192 99,192 Funds held for clients 9,411 — — 9,411 9,411 Prepayments and other assets (2) 6,357 — — 6,357 6,357 Other non-current (3) 15,920 — — 15,920 15,920 Derivative assets — 1,424 7,630 9,054 9,054 Total carrying value $ 381,081 $ 169,268 $ 7,630 $ 557,979 $ 557,979 Financial liabilities Financial Financial Financial Total carrying value Total fair Value Trade payables $ 25,397 $ — $ — $ 25,397 $ 25,397 Long-term debt (4) 174,381 — — 174,381 174,381 Other employee obligations (5) 100,148 — — 100,148 100,148 Provisions and accrued expenses 41,761 — — 41,761 41,761 Lease liabilities 198,982 — — 198,982 198,982 Other liabilities (6) 6,347 42,256 — 48,603 48,603 Derivative liabilities — 409 9,509 9,918 9,918 Total carrying value $ 547,016 $ 42,665 $ 9,509 $ 599,190 $ 599,190 Notes: (1) Excluding non-financial (2) Excluding non-financial (3) Excluding non-financial (4) Excluding non-financial asset (unamortized debt issuance cost) $975. (5) Excluding non-financial (6) Excluding non-financial The carrying value and fair value of financial instruments by class as at March 31, 2022 are as follows: Financial assets Financial Financial Financial Total carrying value Total fair value Cash and cash equivalents $ 108,153 $ — $ — $ 108,153 $ 108,153 Investment in fixed deposits 41,827 — — 41,827 41,827 Investments in marketable securities and mutual funds — 263,013 — 263,013 263,013 Trade receivables 100,522 — — 100,522 100,522 Unbilled revenue (1) 86,786 — — 86,786 86,786 Funds held for clients 11,643 — — 11,643 11,643 Prepayments and other assets (2) 6,283 — — 6,283 6,283 Other non-current (3) 13,509 — — 13,509 13,509 Derivative assets — 556 13,044 13,600 13,600 Total carrying value $ 368,723 $ 263,569 $ 13,044 $ 645,336 $ 645,336 Financial liabilities Financial Financial Financial Total Total fair Trade payables $ 27,829 $ — $ — $ 27,829 $ 27,829 Other employee obligations (4) 95,098 — — 95,098 95,098 Provisions and accrued expenses 36,752 — — 36,752 36,752 Lease liabilities 166,994 — — 166,994 166,994 Other liabilities (5) 2,015 — — 2,015 2,015 Derivative liabilities — 2,295 4,578 6,873 6,873 Total carrying value $ 328,688 $ 2,295 $ 4,578 $ 335,561 $ 335,561 Notes: (1) Excluding non-financial (2) Excluding non-financial (3) Excluding non-financial (4) Excluding non-financial (5) Excluding non-financial For the financial assets and liabilities subject to offsetting or similar arrangements, each agreement between the Company and the counterparty allows for net settlement of the relevant financial assets and liabilities when both elect to settle on a net basis. In the absence of such an election, financial assets and liabilities will be settled on a gross basis. Financial assets and liabilities subject to offsetting, enforceable master netting arrangements or similar agreements as at March 31, 2023 are as follows: Description of types of financial assets Gross amounts of recognized financial assets Gross amounts of recognized financial liabilities offset in the statement of financial position Net amounts of financial assets presented in the statement of financial position Related amount not set off in financial instruments Net Amount Financial Instruments Cash collateral received Derivative assets $ 9,054 $ — $ 9,054 $ (4,325 ) $ — $ 4,729 Total $ 9,054 $ — $ 9,054 $ (4,325 ) $ — $ 4,729 Description of types of financial liabilities Gross amounts of recognized financial liabilities Gross amounts of recognized financial assets offset in the statement of financial position Net amounts of financial liabilities presented in the statement of financial position Related amount not set off in financial instruments Net Amount Financial instruments Cash collateral pledged Derivative liabilities $ 9,917 $ — $ 9,917 $ (4,325 ) $ — $ 5,592 Total $ 9,917 $ — $ 9,917 $ (4,325 ) $ — $ 5,592 Financial assets and liabilities subject to offsetting, enforceable master netting arrangements or similar agreements as at March 31, 2022 are as follows: Description of types of financial assets Gross amounts of recognized financial assets Gross amounts of recognized financial liabilities offset in the statement of financial position Net amounts of financial assets presented in the statement of financial position Related amount not set off in financial instruments Net Amount Financial Instruments Cash collateral received Derivative assets $ 13,600 $ — $ 13,600 $ (646 ) $ — $ 12,954 Total $ 13,600 $ — $ 13,600 $ (646 ) $ — $ 12,954 Description of types of financial liabilities Gross amounts of recognized financial liabilities Gross amounts of recognized financial assets offset in the statement of financial position Net amounts of financial liabilities presented in the statement of financial position Related amount not set off in financial instruments Net Amount Financial instruments Cash collateral pledged Derivative liabilities $ 6,873 $ — $ 6,873 $ (646 ) $ — $ 6,227 Total $ 6,873 $ — $ 6,873 $ (646 ) $ — $ 6,227 Fair value hierarchy The following is the hierarchy for determining and disclosing the fair value of financial instruments by valuation technique: Level 1 — quoted prices (unadjusted) in active markets for identical assets or liabilities. Level 2 — other techniques for which all inputs have a significant effect on the recorded fair value are observable, either directly or indirectly. Level 3 — techniques which use inputs that have a significant effect on the recorded fair value that are not based on observable market data. The fair value is estimated using the discounted cash flow approach and market rates of interest. The valuation technique involves assumptions and judgments regarding risk characteristics of the instruments, discount rates and future cash flows. The Company uses valuation techniques in measuring the fair value of financial instruments, where active market quotes are not available. In applying the valuation techniques, the Company makes maximum use of market inputs, and uses estimates and assumptions that are, as far as possible, consistent with observable data that market participants would use in pricing the instrument. Where applicable data is not observable, the Company uses its best estimate about the assumptions that market participants would make. These estimates may vary from the actual prices that would be achieved in an arm’s length transaction at the reporting date. The assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis as at March 31, 2023 are as follows: Fair value measurement at reporting date using Description March 31, 2023 Quoted prices in identical assets Significant other observable inputs (Level 2) Significant unobservable inputs (Level 3) Assets Financial assets at FVTPL Foreign exchange contracts $ 1,424 $ — $ 1,424 $ — Investments in marketable securities and mutual funds 167,844 167,509 335 — Financial assets at FVOCI Foreign exchange contracts 7,630 — 7,630 — Total assets $ 176,898 $ 167,509 $ 9,389 $ — Liabilities Financial liabilities at FVTPL Foreign exchange contracts $ 409 $ — $ 409 $ — Contingent consideration 42,256 — — 42,256 Financial liabilities at FVOCI Foreign exchange contracts 9,508 — 9,508 — Total liabilities $ 52,173 $ — $ 9,917 $ 42,256 The assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis as at March 31, 2022 are as follows: Fair value measurement at reporting date using Description March 31, 2022 Quoted prices in identical assets Significant other observable inputs (Level 2) Significant unobservable inputs (Level 3) Assets Financial assets at FVTPL Foreign exchange contracts $ 556 $ — $ 556 $ — Investments in marketable securities and mutual funds 263,013 262,602 411 — Financial assets at FVOCI Foreign exchange contracts 13,044 — 13,044 — Total assets $ 276,613 $ 262,202 $ 14,011 $ — Liabilities Financial liabilities at FVTPL Foreign exchange contracts $ 2,295 $ — $ 2,295 $ — Financial liabilities at FVOCI Foreign exchange contracts 4,578 — 4,578 — Interest rate swaps — — — — Total liabilities $ 6,873 $ — $ 6,873 $ — Description of significant unobservable inputs to Level 3 valuation The fair value of the contingent consideration liability for The Smart Cube, OptiBuy and Vuram was estimated using a probability weighted method and achievement of target revenues and adjusted EBITDA (with certain adjustments) with a discount rate of 2.75%, 4.93% and 2.90%, respectively. One percentage point change in the unobservable inputs used in fair valuation of the contingent consideration does not have a significant impact on its value. The fair value is estimated using the discounted cash flow approach which involves assumptions and judgments regarding risk characteristics of the instruments, discount rates, future cash flows, foreign exchange spot, forward premium rates and market rates of interest. The movement in contingent consideration categorised under Level 3 fair value measurement is given below: For the year ended March 31, 2023 March 31, 2022 Balance at the beginning of the year $ — $ — On acquisitions (Refer Note 4(a), 4(b), 4(d)) 43,534 Payable upon achievement of target (Refer Note 4(b)) (2,168 ) — Finance expense recognized in the consolidated statement of income 706 — Translation 184 — Balance at the end of the year $ 42,256 $ — During the years ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, there were no transfers between Level 1 and Level 2 fair value measurements, and no transfers into and out of Level 3 fair value measurements. Derivative financial instruments The primary risks managed by using derivative instruments are foreign currency exchange risk and interest rate risk. Forward and option contracts up to 24 months on various foreign currencies are entered into to manage the foreign currency exchange rate risk on forecasted revenue denominated in foreign currencies and monetary assets and liabilities held in non-functional The following table presents the notional values of outstanding foreign exchange forward contracts and foreign exchange option contracts: As at March 31, 2023 March 31, 2022 Forward contracts (Sell) In US dollars $ 346,081 $ 316,651 In Pound Sterling 113,398 99,006 In Euro 30,125 21,811 In Australian dollars 25,123 27,290 Others 19,641 20,406 $ 534,368 $ 485,164 Option contracts (Sell) In US dollars $ 239,747 $ 204,773 In Pound Sterling 101,737 88,899 In Euro 35,690 26,147 In Australian dollars 32,825 38,004 $ 409,999 $ 357,823 The amount of gain/ (loss) reclassified from other comprehensive income into consolidated statement of income in respective line items for the years ended March 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021 are as follows: Year ended March 31, 2023 2022 2021 Revenue $ (2,185 ) $ 3,451 $ 4,237 Foreign exchange gain/(loss), net — 93 (222 ) Finance expense — (217 ) (460 ) Income tax related to amounts reclassified into consolidated statement of income (1,432 ) (1,150 ) 425 Total $ (3,617 ) $ 2,177 $ 3,980 As at March 31, 2023, a gain amounting to $3,721 on account of cash flow hedges in relation to forward and option contracts entered is expected to be reclassified from other comprehensive income into the consolidated statement of income over a period of 24 months. Due to the discontinuation of cash flow hedge accounting on account of non-occurrence s COVID-19. Financial risk management Financial risk factors The Company’s activities expose it to a variety of financial risks: market risk, interest rate risk, credit risk and liquidity risk. The Company’s primary focus is to foresee the unpredictability of financial markets and seek to minimize potential adverse effects on its financial performance. The primary market risk to the Company is foreign exchange risk. The Company uses derivative financial instruments to mitigate foreign exchange related risk exposures. The Company’s exposure to credit risk is influenced mainly by the individual characteristic of each customer and the concentration of risk from the top few customers. The demographics of the customer including the default risk of the industry and country in which the customer operates also has an influence on credit risk assessment. The Company does not enter into or trade financial instruments, including derivative financial instruments, for speculative purposes. Risk management procedures The Company manages market risk through treasury operations. Senior management and the Board of Directors approve the Company’s treasury operations’ objectives and policies. The activities of treasury operations include management of cash resources, implementation of hedging strategies for foreign currency exposures, implementation of borrowing strategies and monitoring compliance with market risk limits and policies. The Company’s foreign exchange committee, comprising the Director nominated by the Board, Group Chief Executive Officer and Group Chief Financial Officer, is the approving authority for all hedging transactions. Components of market risk Exchange rate or currency risk The Company’s exposure to market risk arises principally from exchange rate risk. Although substantially all of the Company’s revenue is denominated in pound sterling and US dollars, a significant portion of expenses for the year ended March 31, 2023 (net of payments to repair centers made as part of the Company’s WNS Auto Claims BPM segment) were incurred and paid in Indian rupees. The exchange rates among the Indian rupee, the pound sterling and the US dollar have changed substantially in recent years and may fluctuate substantially in the future. The Company hedges a portion of forecasted external and inter-company revenue denominated in foreign currencies with forward contracts and options. Based upon the Company’s level of operations for the year ended March 31, 2023, a sensitivity analysis shows that a 10% appreciation or depreciation in the pound sterling against the US dollar would have increased or decreased, respectively, the Company’s revenue for the year ended March 31, 2023 by approximately $30,523. Similarly, a 10% appreciation or depreciation in the Indian rupee against the US dollar would have increased or decreased, respectively, the Company’s expenses incurred and paid in Indian rupee for the year ended March 31, 2023 by approximately $47,914. The foreign currency risk from non-derivative As at March 31, 2023 US Dollar Pound Sterling Indian Rupees Australian Dollar Euro Other currencies Total Cash and cash equivalents $ 4,762 631 — 66 3,983 31 $ 9,473 Trade receivables 189,929 31,964 2,759 8,381 20,018 4,543 257,594 Unbilled revenue 7,774 5,260 — — 7,517 685 21,236 Prepayments and other current assets 401 129 51 18 258 23 857 Other non-current assets 13 — — — — 22 35 Trade payables (46,179 ) (50,094 ) (6,099 ) — (25,217 ) (713 ) (128,302 ) Provisions and accrued expenses (6,919 ) (955 ) (458 ) (8 ) (828 ) (68 ) (9,236 ) Pension and other employee obligations (33 ) (742 ) — — (1 ) (396 ) (1,172 ) Lease liabilities — — — — (2,721 ) (1 ) (2722 ) Other liabilities (15,188 ) (14 ) — — (2,518 ) (29 ) (17,726 ) Non-current liabilities (23,457 ) — — — (4,786 ) — (28,243 ) Net assets/ (liabilities) $ 111,103 (13,821 ) (3,747 ) 8,457 (4,295 ) 4,097 $ 101,794 The foreign currency risk from non-derivative As at March 31, 2022 US Dollar Pound Sterling Indian Rupees Australian Dollar Euro Other currencies Total Cash and cash equivalents $ 3,412 1,813 — 54 899 196 $ 6,374 Investment 600 — — — — — 600 Trade receivables 127,640 22,934 1,363 7,366 11,631 3,064 173,998 Unbilled revenue 7,105 4,460 — — 4,304 537 16,406 Prepayments and other current assets 205 66 55 2 246 — 574 Other non-current 3 — — — — 16 19 Trade payables (33,849 ) (74,701 ) (5,576 ) (103 ) (20,627 ) (467 ) (135,323 ) Provisions and accrued expenses (4,493 ) (1,084 ) (56 ) — (446 ) (71 ) (6,150 ) Pension and other employee obligations — (794 ) — — (1 ) (441 ) (1,236 ) Lease liabilities — — — — (4,736 ) (27 ) (4,763 ) Other liabilities — (14 ) — — (2 ) — (16 ) Net assets/ (liabilities) $ 100,623 (47,320 ) (4,214 ) 7,319 (8,732 ) 2,807 $ 50,483 Other currencies include currencies such as the Swiss Franc (CHF), Singapore Dollar (SGD), Philippine Peso (PHP), Canadian Dollar (CAD), Polish Zloty (PLN), Sri Lankan Rupee (LKR), Romanian Leu (RON), South African Rand (ZAR), New Zealand Dollar (NZD), Hong Kong Dollar (HKD), United Arab Emirates Dirham (AED), Chinese Yuan Renminbi (CNY), Costa Rican colon (CRC), Danish Krone (DKK), Swedish Krona (SEK), Malaysian Ringgit (MYR), Omani Riyal (OMR) and Turkish Lira (TRY). As at March 31, 2023, every 10% appreciation or depreciation of the respective foreign currencies compared to the functional currency of the Company would impact the Company’s profit before tax from operating activities by approximately $2,130. Interest rate risk The Company’s exposure to interest rate risk arises from borrowings which have a floating rate of interest, which is linked to SOFR and SONIA. The risk is managed by the Company by maintaining an appropriate mix of fixed and floating rate borrowings and by the use of interest rate swap contracts. The costs of floating rate borrowings may be affected by the fluctuations in the interest rates. As at March 31, 2023, there was no amount outstanding under these swap agreements. The Company monitors its positions and does not anticipate non-performance Credit risk Credit risk arises from the possibility that customers may not be able to settle their obligations as agreed. Trade receivables are typically unsecured and are derived from revenue earned from customers primarily located in the UK and the US. Credit risk is managed through periodic assessment of the financial reliability of customers, taking into account the financial condition, current economic trends, analysis of historical bad debts and ageing of trade receivables. The credit risk on marketable securities, FMPs, mutual funds, bank deposits and derivative financial instruments is limited because the counterparties are banks and mutual funds with high credit ratings assigned by international credit-rating agencies. The maximum exposure to credit risk at the reporting date is primarily from trade receivables and unbilled revenue which amounted to $113,107 and $99,785, respectively as at March 31, 2023 and $100,522 and $87,032, respectively, as at March 31, 2022. The Company provides loss allowance using the ECL model on trade receivables and unbilled revenue with no significant financing component at an amount equal to lifetime ECL (Refer Note 7). The following table gives details in respect of the percentage of revenue generated from the Company’s top customer and top five customers: Year ended March 31, 2023 2022 2021 Revenue from top customer 6.5 % 7.3 % 8.1 % Revenue from top five customers 23.8 % 27.1 % 26.8 % Liquidity risk Liquidity risk is the risk that the Company will encounter difficulty in meeting the obligations associated with its financial liabilities that are settled by delivering cash or another financial asset. The Company’s approach to managing liquidity risk is to ensure, as far as possible, that it will always have sufficient liquidity to meet its liabilities when due, under normal and stressed conditions, without incurring unacceptable losses or risking damage to its reputation. Typically, the Company ensures that it has sufficient cash on demand to meet expected operational expenses and service financial obligations. In addition, the Company has concluded arrangements with reputable banks and has unused lines of credit of $139,551 as at March 31, 2023 that could be drawn upon, should there be a need. The contractual maturities of financial liabilities are as follows: As at March 31, 2023 Less than 1 Year 1-2 years 2-5 years Total Trade payables $ 25,397 $ — $ — $ 25,397 Long-term debt (includes current portion) (1) 36,476 36,476 101,429 174,381 Provisions and accrued expenses 41,761 — — 41,761 Other liabilities 27,837 325 20,441 48,603 Other employee obligations 100,148 — — 100,148 Derivative financial instruments 7,505 2,413 — 9,918 Total (2) (3) $ 239,124 $ 39,214 $ 121,870 $ 400,208 Notes: (1) Before netting off debt issuance cost of $975 (2) For contractual maturities of lease liabilities refer note 12. (3) Non-financial As at March 31, 2022 Less than 1 Year 1-2 years 2-5 years Total Trade payables $ 27,829 $ — $ — $ 27,829 Provisions and accrued expenses 36,752 — — 36,752 Other liabilities 2,015 — — 2,015 Other employee obligations 95,098 — — 95,098 Derivative financial instruments 6,042 831 — 6,873 Total (1) (2) $ 167,736 $ 831 $ — $ 168,567 Notes: (1) For contractual maturities of lease liabilities refer note 12. (2) Non-financial The balanced view of liquidity and financial indebtedness is stated in the table below. This calculation of the net cash position is used by the management: As at March 31, 2023 March 31, 2022 Cash and cash equivalents $ 127,898 $ 108,153 Investments 177,040 304,840 Long-term debt (includes current portion) (1) (174,381 ) — Net cash position $ 130,557 $ 412,993 Note: (1) Before netting off debt issuance cost of $975 and Nil as at March 31, 2023 and March 31, 2022, respectively. |