Capital Stock | 10. Capital Stock Common Stock Reserved for Issuance The Company had reserved shares of common stock, on an as if converted basis, for issuance as follows: As of December 31, 2017 2016 Issuance in connection with outstanding stock options 997,674 1,570,765 Issuance in connection with restricted stock units outstanding 2,353,315 1,994,790 Reserved for future stock option and restricted stock unit grants 2,572,922 2,464,181 Reserved for future issuance under the employee stock purchase plan 1,298,442 1,161,396 7,222,353 7,191,132 Preferred Stock Our board of directors is authorized, subject to any limitations prescribed by law, without stockholder approval, to issue from time to time up to an aggregate of 5,000,000 shares of preferred stock, in one or more series, each series to have such rights and preferences, including voting rights, dividend rights, conversion rights, redemption privileges and liquidation preferences as the Company’s board of directors determines. The rights of the holders of common stock will be subject to, and may be adversely affected by, the rights of holders of any preferred stock that may be issued in the future. The Company currently has no shares of preferred stock outstanding and the Company has no present plans to issue any shares of preferred stock. Stock Plans (a) 2003 Stock Plan During 2003, the Board of Directors adopted the 2003 Stock Plan (the “2003 Plan”), which allowed for the grant of both incentive stock options and non-qualified stock options and the direct award or sale of shares of the Company’s common stock (including restricted common stock) to officers, employees, directors, consultants and other key persons. In connection with the Company’s initial public offering, which was completed in November 2011, the Board of Directors determined not to grant any further awards under the 2003 Plan upon completion of the public offering. The 2011 Stock Option and Incentive Plan (the “2011 Plan”) replaced the 2003 Plan in November 2011. Under the 2003 Plan, incentive stock options could have been granted to employees with exercise prices of no less than the fair value of the common stock on the grant date, and non-qualified options could have been granted to employees, directors, or consultants at exercise prices of no less than 85% of the fair value of the common stock on the grant date, as determined by the Board of Directors. If, at the time the Company granted an option, the optionee directly or by attribution owned stock possessing more than 10% of the total combined voting power of all classes of stock of the Company, the option price had to have been at least 110% of the fair value. Options granted under the 2003 Plan generally expire no later than ten years from the date of grant and, in general, vest four years from the date of grant. (b) 2011 Stock Option and Incentive Plan In September 2011, the Board of Directors adopted the 2011 Plan which was subsequently approved by the Company’s stockholders. The 2011 Plan replaced the 2003 Plan and the Company no longer grants awards under the 2003 Plan. The Company initially reserved a total of 1,000,000 shares of common stock for issuance under the 2011 Plan. In addition, 955,568 reserved but unissued shares under the 2003 Stock Plan were added to the number of shares reserved for issuance under the 2011 Plan. The 2011 Plan also provided that the number of shares reserved and available for issuance under the plan would automatically increase each January 1, beginning in 2012 and ending in 2015, by 4% of the outstanding number of shares of common stock on the immediately preceding December 31. The last automatic increase occurred on January 1, 2015. In April 2017 and May 2016, the Company’s stockholders approved an increase to the share reserve under the 2011 Plan by 850,000 shares and 1,300,000 shares respectively. The 2011 Plan permits the granting of incentive stock options, non-qualified stock options, restricted stock units (“RSUs”), stock appreciation rights, restricted shares of common stock and performance share awards. The exercise price of stock options may not be less than 100% of the fair market value of the common stock on the date of grant. Options granted pursuant to the 2011 Plan generally expire no later than ten years from the date of grant. The Company also grants RSUs. RSUs granted to new hires and merit grants to existing employees generally vest over a four-year period with 25% vesting at the end of one year and the remainder vesting quarterly thereafter. Additionally, from time to time, the Company grants performance-based RSUs (“PRSUs”). The PRSUs provide for a target number of shares that generally vest over three years including a one year performance period and two years of service-based vesting. During the quarters ended March 31, 2017 and June 30, 2017, the Company granted PRSUs to its executives to align with the Company’s pay-for-performance philosophy. An aggregate of 46,619 PRSUs were issued to executives during the quarter ended March 31, 2017, based on the Company’s achievement against its annual contract value of subscription bookings target for fiscal 2016 and achieving total operating expenses for 2016 that were 110% or less of the internal operating plan. The PRSUs are subject to vest over a two-year period and vest quarterly through February 15, 2019. For fiscal 2017, the PRSUs vest contingent upon the Company’s achievement of an annual contract value of subscription bookings target for fiscal 2017 and total operating expenses for 2017 that are at 110% or less of the internal operating plan. The amount of PRSUs earned was an aggregate of 74,621 PRSUs to be issued to executives during the quarter ending March 31, 2018. (c) 2011 Employee Stock Purchase Plan In September 2011, the Board of Directors adopted the 2011 Employee Stock Purchase Plan (the “ESPP”) which was subsequently approved by the Company’s stockholders. The ESPP took effect on November 8, 2011, the effective date of the registration statement for the Company’s initial public offering. The ESPP permits eligible employees to acquire shares of the Company’s common stock by accumulating funds through periodic payroll deductions of up to 15% of base salary. Each offering period may run for no more than 24 months and consist of no more than five purchase periods. The purchase price for shares of the Company’s common stock purchased under the ESPP will be 85% of the lesser of the fair market value of the Company’s common stock on the first day of the offering period or the last trading day of the applicable purchase period within that offering period. The Company initially reserved a total of 500,000 shares of common stock for future issuance under the ESPP. The number of shares reserved for issuance under the ESPP increases automatically on January 1 of each of the first eight years commencing in 2012 by the number of shares equal to 1% of the Company’s total outstanding shares as of the immediately preceding December 31. The Board of Directors or compensation committee may reduce the amount of the increase in any particular year. No more than 20,000,000 shares of common stock may be issued under the ESPP and no other shares may be added to the ESPP without the approval of the Company’s stockholders. On January 1, 2017, the share reserve under the 2011 Employee Stock Purchase Plan was automatically increased by 330,889 shares. (d) Inducement Stock Option Plans and Agreement and Inducement Restricted Stock Unit Plans and Agreement In August 2014 and August 2015, the Compensation Committee of the Board of Directors adopted Inducement Stock Option Plans and Agreements (the “Inducement Option Plans”) and Inducement Restricted Stock Unit Plans and Agreements (the “Inducement RSU Plans”), in each case created as employment inducement awards. In accordance with the terms of the Inducement Option Plans, the Company issued options to purchase 290,000 shares of the Company’s common stock at an exercise price equal to the fair market value of a share of the Company’s common stock on the dates of grant of the options. The options, which have a ten-year term, vest at the rate of 25% of the shares on each of the first anniversary of the vesting commencement date with an additional 6.25% of the shares subject to the option vesting each quarter thereafter so long as the participant has not been terminated. In accordance with the terms of the Inducement RSU Plans, the Company issued RSUs representing an aggregate of 290,000 shares of the Company’s common stock. The RSUs, which expire following settlement, vest at the rate of 25% of the shares on each of the first anniversary of the vesting commencement date with an additional 6.25% of the shares subject to the RSU vesting each quarter thereafter so long as the participant has not been terminated. (e) 2015 Equity Inducement Plan In October 2015, the Board of Directors adopted the 2015 Equity Inducement Plan, a non-stockholder approved plan that provides for the granting of stock options and RSUs as employment inducement awards and in connection with acquisitions, subject to compliance with applicable securities laws and stock exchange requirements for such plans. The Company has reserved 100,000 shares of common stock for issuance under the 2015 Equity Inducement Plan. No awards have been made under the 2015 Equity Inducement Plan and the entire reserve remains available for grant. Under the terms of the 2015 Equity Inducement Plan, the exercise price of stock options may not be less than 100% of the fair market value of common stock on the date of grant and generally expire no later than ten years from the date of grant. In August 2017 and December 2017, the Board of Directors amended the Equity Inducement Plan to increase the number of shares available for grant by 100,000 shares and 250,000 shares, respectively. (f) Option Activity The following table summarizes option activity under the Plans and related information: Options Outstanding Weighted- Average Remaining Number of Shares Weighted Average Exercis e Contractual Term (in years) Aggregate Intrinsic Value (i n Outstanding - December 31, 2014 2,244,363 $ 33.83 8.27 $ 38,457 Granted 696,971 $ 49.20 Exercised or released (636,424 ) $ 29.44 Cancelled or forfeited (355,821 ) $ 42.00 Outstanding - December 31, 2015 1,949,089 $ 39.27 8.09 $ 47,480 Granted 48,260 $ 53.59 Exercised or released (184,737 ) $ 29.24 Cancelled or forfeited (241,847 ) $ 47.35 Balances - December 31, 2016 1,570,765 $ 39.64 6.90 $ 9,226 Granted - $ - Exercised or released (415,022 ) $ 30.02 Cancelled or forfeited (158,069 ) $ 50.79 Balances - December 31, 2017 997,674 $ 41.87 5.72 $ 5,689 Vested and expected to vest - December 31, 2017 997,674 $ 41.87 5.72 $ 5,689 Exercisable - December 31, 2017 779,746 $ 41.11 5.34 $ 4,958 (1) The aggregate intrinsic value is calculated as the difference between the exercise price of the underlying awards and the closing stock price of $39.70 of the Company’s common stock on December 31, 2017 Additional information regarding the Company’s stock options outstanding and exercisable as of December 31, 2017 is summarized below: Options Outstanding Options Exercisable Exercise Prices Number of Stock Options Outstanding Weighted Average Remaining Contractual Life (Years) Weighted Average Exercise Price per Share Shares Subject to Stock Options Weighted Average Exercise Price per Share $0.02 to $10.70 101,276 3.24 $ 8.26 101,276 $ 8.26 $10.71 to $29.10 77,236 5.18 $ 25.30 60,439 $ 24.51 $29.11 to $32.50 93,747 6.53 $ 29.37 42,932 $ 29.50 $32.51 to $35.50 65,474 4.37 $ 34.07 64,499 $ 34.09 $35.51 to $54.50 320,119 6.73 $ 43.20 232,819 $ 43.21 $54.51 to $61.50 209,260 4.92 $ 55.14 190,385 $ 55.02 $61.51 to $69.50 111,802 6.74 $ 65.19 76,855 $ 64.79 $69.51 to $77.50 18,760 7.52 $ 71.72 10,541 $ 71.69 997,674 5.72 $ 41.87 779,746 $ 41.11 (g) RSU Activity A summary of RSU activity for the year ended December 31, 2017, is as follows: Number of Restricted Stock Units Outstanding Weighted- Average Grant Date Fair Value Unvested - December 31, 2015 1,898,025 $ 49.53 Granted 1,160,062 $ 47.42 Granted, performance RSUs 273,900 $ 51.55 Released (884,349 ) $ 43.04 Cancelled or forfeited (452,848 ) $ 49.86 Unvested - December 31, 2016 1,994,790 $ 51.42 Granted 1,489,189 $ 43.36 Granted, performance RSUs 301,900 $ 41.96 Released (749,845 ) $ 47.18 Cancelled or forfeited (682,719 ) $ 48.09 Unvested - December 31, 2017 2,353,315 $ 47.42 (h) Stock-Based Compensation Expense The Company recognized stock-based compensation expense under the 2011 Stock Option and Incentive Plan, 2003 Stock Plan, Inducement Plans, 2011 Employee Stock Purchase Plan, and the Incapsula 2010 Share Incentive Plan in the consolidated statements of operations as follows (in thousands): Years Ended December 31, 2017 2016 2015 Cost of revenue $ 5,290 $ 4,664 $ 3,862 Research and development 12,187 14,711 13,831 Sales and marketing 14,696 20,510 16,717 General and administrative 13,822 17,131 16,554 Restructuring charges 675 5,859 - Total stock-based compensation expense $ 46,670 $ 62,875 $ 50,964 (i) Determining the Fair Value of RSUs, Performance RSUs, Stock Options, and ESPP The fair value of RSUs is determined using the closing price of the Company’s stock on the date of grant. Compensation is recognized on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period of each grant. The fair value of RSUs granted to employees which have multiple performance conditions is determined by the Company using a Monte Carlo simulation model. The key inputs used were the Company’s stock price on the date of grant, the expected volatility, the risk free interest rate and a revenue forecast. The Company updates the estimated expense, at the end of each reporting period. The expense is recognized on an accelerated basis over the requisite service period, which is generally the vesting period of the respective awards. For performance based RSUs granted to employees which only have performance conditions, we recognized expense based on our best estimate of number of awards which are expected to vest upon achievement of performance conditions. We revisit this estimate periodically. The fair value of each stock option and ESPP grant to employees was determined by the Company and its board of directors using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model and assumptions discussed below. Each of these inputs is subjective and generally requires significant judgment to determine. Expected Term — The expected term represents the period that the Company’s stock-based awards are expected to be outstanding. The expected term is derived from historical data on employee exercises and post-vesting employment termination behavior taking into account the contractual life of the award. For ESPP grants, the expected term is based on the length of the offering period, which is six months. Expected Volatility —The expected volatility was based on our historical volatilities. The volatility is over a period equal to the expected terms of the stock option grants and the offering period for employee stock purchase plan. Risk-Free Interest Rate —The risk-free interest rate is based on the U.S. Treasury yield curve in effect at the time of grant for zero coupon U.S. Treasury notes with maturities approximately equal to the grant’s expected term. Expected Dividend — The Company has never paid dividends and does not expect to pay dividends. A summary of the weighted-average assumptions is as follows: Years Ended December 31 2017 2016 2015 Stock option grants: Dividend rate - 0 % 0 % Risk-free interest rate - 1.4 % 1.8 % Expected term (in years) - 6.0 6.1 Expected volatility - 58 % 49 % ESPP grants: Dividend rate 0 % 0 % 0 % Risk-free interest rate 1.3 % 0.5 % 0.4 % Expected term (in years) 0.5 0.5 0.5 Expected volatility 49 % 58 % 65 % The Company did not issue stock option grants for the year ended December 31, 2017. The weighted-average grant date fair value of the Company’s stock options granted during the years ended December 31, 2016 and 2015 was $29.23, and $23.75 per share, respectively. The aggregate grant date fair value of the Company’s stock options granted to employees during the years ended December 31, 2016 and 2015 was $1.4 million, and $16.6 million, respectively. The aggregate grant date fair value of the Company’s stock options vested during the years ended December 31, 2016, and 2015 was $11.9 million, and $11.7 million, respectively. The fair value of the Company’s RSUs vested during the year ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015 was $33.2 million, $38.1 million and $31.4 million, respectively. The aggregate intrinsic value of options exercised under the Plans was $6.2 million, $2.5 million, and $21.6 million for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015, respectively. The aggregate intrinsic value of options exercised is calculated as the difference between the fair market value of the Company’s common stock on the date of the exercise and the exercise price of each option. As of December 31, 2017, total compensation cost related to unvested stock-based awards granted to employees under the Plans, but not yet recognized, was $83.7 million. As of December 31, 2017, this cost will be amortized to expense over a weighted-average remaining period of 2.6 years. Future option grants will increase the amount of compensation expense to be recorded in these periods. Net cash proceeds from the exercise of stock options and the issuance of common stock in connection with the employee stock purchase plan were $9.5 million, $2.4 million, and $12.1 million for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015, respectively. There was no capitalized stock-based compensation cost during the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015. Recognized stock-based compensation tax benefits during the year ended December 31, 2016 and 2015 was $0.1 million and $0.2 million, respectively. There was no stock-based compensation tax benefits recognized during the year ended December 31, 2017. (j) Follow-On Public Offering In March 2015, the Company completed a follow-on public offering whereby the Company sold 3,450,000 shares of common stock at a price of $39.00 per share, for aggregate net proceeds of $127.9 million, after deducting underwriting discounts, commissions and other offering costs of approximately $6.7 million. |